
The Basque language in Navarre in the last two thousand years
The Basque language in Navarre in the last two thousand years
byu/paniniconqueso inspain
by paniniconqueso

The Basque language in Navarre in the last two thousand years
The Basque language in Navarre in the last two thousand years
byu/paniniconqueso inspain
by paniniconqueso
5 comments
Mendea y urtea = siglo y año?
Fuentes, por favor.
Before the Middle Ages, the map is speculative but plausible. There’s not a lot of evidence about how far and widespread Basque was spoken in the Iberian Peninsula in Roman or pre-Roman times.
But from the early Middle Ages onwards, we have very significant written evidence. For example, we have a document dated to 1578 which classifies towns in the diocese of Iruñea (=Pamplona) according to their linguistic status, which was discovered by the scholar Manuel Lekuona in 1933. This was well after the Castillian-Aragonese conquest of the Navarran kingdom. The purpose of this document was possibly to help determine the profile of the priests sent to these towns, as they would need to know the language of they people they were serving. In the document, out of 536 towns listed, 451 towns are listed as Basque speaking, and 85 as Romance-speaking, which gives us a lower limit of how far the Romance language of Navarre (Navarro-Aragonese, closely related to the Aragonese language) had spread in Navarre by this point, as well as the foreign Romance language of Spanish, the language of the Castillian kingdom.
But because “Romance-speaking” does not tell us if bilingualism in Basque was prevalent, it only means that you didn’t need a Basque speaking priest if the population could also understand Romance, this list is a lower limit, meaning that the list of Basque speaking towns was bigger. Just like today, you don’t have to send a Basque speaking priest to Donostia, because everyone in Donostia knows Spanish, but that doesn’t mean Basque isn’t spoken in Donostia by some Basques.
But even if we are conservative, according to this document, the majority of the population of Navarre lived in the Basque speaking territory. The Navarran historian Peio Monteano, who works for the Royal Archives of Navarre, estimates that 8 out of 10 Navarrans were Basque speaking at this time.
A few centuries later, the French prince Lucien Bonaparte (younger brother of Napoléon Bonaparte), who was an avid researcher and linguist of the Basque language, carried out a number of surveys and on these bases, in 1863 he classified Navarre according to its linguistic status: Basque speaking, Basque speaking but being replaced, and Romance speaking. This is useful because this allows us to accurately define the maximal limit of the Basque language. Compared to the document of 1578, Bonaparte’s map shows that over the centuries, the border had moved north. In the 16th century, Basque was still spoken in the middle region of Navarre and in some parts of the South. In the 19th century, it had been pushed back to just above the capital of Iruñea (Pamplona).
https://preview.redd.it/kx8ose6hjjad1.png?width=1098&format=png&auto=webp&s=8a250094495eb8f008948032ee7ae6352fec128a
Buena fumada la de que ese idioma siquiera se hablase en la Ribera. Entiendo que el nacionalismo vasco tiene mucho de fantasía pero tampoco hay que pasarse.
La lengua romance indígena de Navarra fue el navarro-aragonés, tristemente extinguida ya (todos sabemos el porqué, y no es precisamente el euskera que la destruyó, como no es el euskera que está destruyendo su lengua hermana, el aragonés, en Aragón). Los altos cargos y la clase superior del Reino navarro eran bilingües cuando no multilingües.
Si queréis ver un ejemplo de este bilingüísmo entre el navarro-aragonés y el euskera, hay un intercambio epistolar datado de **1416** de dos altos cargos de la nobleza navarra, Martín de Sant Martín y Matxin de Zalba, de la corte del rey navarro Carlos III. San Martín era secretario real y administrador económico de la Casa Real navarra; Zalba era notario del rey, de las Cortes Generales y de la Cámara de Comptos. Es decir, dos de los hombres más importantes del Reino, la élite de la élite.
>Martín de Sant Martín:
>Machin seinor, supplico vos que me imbiedes por escripto quoanta es la gracia que los de Sant Johan han de la imposition. Et jaunatiçula egun hon. Et me imbiat a dizir si berres al combit o non. El todo buestro Martin de Sant Martin
>Matxin de Zalba:
>Seynnor maestre Martin. Acomendo vos a Miguel Papon bien amic. Et seredes bien ayssa en casa de Peyre de Tors del bon baron que mal li se faga en el coillon et escusatme de combit que non puedo ser que huespedes tiengo. Et jaunatiçula abarion ez nayz bildur ezten alla. Et jaquiçu Done Johanne Garaçicoec dute gracia erregue baytaric hurtean yruroguey eta amaui florin hurtean baytator sey florin eta tercio bat ylean rebatiçera colectoreari. Et alegraçaytec ongui. Çure guçia Machin de Çalua
La parte en euskera para cualquier vascohablante de hoy en día es muy comprensible, si la ponemos en la grafía actual: *Eta Jaunak dizula afari on, ez naiz bildur ez den hala. Eta jakizu Donibane Garazikoek dute grazia Errege baitarik urtean hirurogeita hamabi florin urtean, baitator sei florin eta tertzio bat hilean rebatitzera kolektoreari. Eta alegra zaitez ongi. Zure guztia, Matxin de Zalba.*
Es decir: *Y que el señor os de buena cena; no tengo temor de que no sea así. Y sabed que los de Donibane Garazi (Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port) tienen la gracia recibida del Rey: setenta y dos florines al año, que resulta seis florines, descontándose un tercio al colector, al mes. Y alegraos bien. El todo vuestro Machín de Çalua.*
Utilizan el euskera para despachar un asunto técnico sobre finanzas administrativas, y leen y escriben en euskera. Nótese también que el asunto financiero a tratar se refiere a Donibane Garazi (actual Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, en el Estado francés). El estado navarro abarcó ambos lados de los Pirineos, antes de que el sur fuera invadido y conquistado por Castilla.
Fijaos en “bon baron, que mal li se faga en el coillon”, que cualquier hablante del aragonés de Aragón, hoy mismo, podría entender y repetir palabra por palabra. En castellano “buen hombre, que mal se le haga en el cojón”.
https://preview.redd.it/uqikgo5jmjad1.jpeg?width=777&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=ea8b3b899dc77de12c409cbe52bb673041c9aa8b