Non-EU citizens make up 5.3% (23.7 million) of the EU population: the largest numbers of non-nationals living in the EU Member States were found in Germany (10.6 million people), Spain (5.4 million), France and Italy (both 5.2 million).

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  1. In addition, there were 13.7 million people living in one of the EU Member States with the citizenship of another EU Member State.

    **Highest shares of non-nationals in Luxembourg, lowest in Romania**

    In relative terms, the EU Member State with the highest share of non-national citizens was Luxembourg (47% of its total population).

    A high proportion of non-nationals (10% or more of the resident population) was also observed in Malta, Cyprus, Austria, Estonia, Latvia, Ireland, Germany, Belgium and Spain.

    In contrast, non-nationals represented less than 1% of the population in Romania.

    In most EU Member States, the majority of non-nationals were citizens of non-EU countries. Only in Luxembourg, Cyprus, Austria, Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands and Slovakia were non-nationals mainly citizens of another EU Member State.

    Romanian, Polish, Italian and Portuguese citizens were the four main groups of EU citizens living in other EU Member States on 1 January 2021.

  2. Non-nationals is a strange metric since millions of Europeans choose to live and work in a different EU state than the one issuing their passport.

    Also, there are plenty of UK citizens in the non-eu category (eg in Ireland, Germany, Netherlands), many of whom have been living in EU for decades.

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