President Trump’s punishing new tariffs took effect for roughly 90 countries on Aug. 7. The rates, some of them staggeringly high at 50 percent, marked a new era in an expanding U.S. trade war without parallel in modern history.
Mr. Trump implemented the new duties after months of haggling, tinkering and delay, a period that began with the president’s proclamation of “Liberation Day” this spring. The president enacted the new rates through a series of executive orders, some of which reflect preliminary trade deals struck recently with countries that offered favorable concessions to the United States.
The president has said negotiations with other foreign leaders are ongoing, while signaling more tariffs are still to come. On Aug. 11, he signed an executive order that extended a trade truce between the United States and China for another 90 days, as the two superpowers continue talks toward a deal.
Mr. Trump has also pledged to unveil new taxes on foreign pharmaceuticals and semiconductors, suggesting earlier this month that the tariff on chip imports could be set at 100 percent.
The actions amount to an audacious gamble by the White House, which believes its policies can reset the world trading order, raise new federal revenue and pressure private businesses to make more of their products domestically.
Whether Mr. Trump can succeed remains an open question with great consequence for the U.S. economy. The president’s trade brinkmanship has rattled financial markets around the world, and his tariffs threaten to raise prices on American consumers and businesses, who often ultimately foot the bill for those duties on imported goods.
Here’s where things stand for the world.
imposed50*40*—50——10India New rate
imposed50*25*2625——25Syria New rate
imposed41—41———41Laos New rate
imposed40—4840——40Myanmar New rate
imposed40—4440——40Switzerland New rate
imposed39—31———39Canada New rate
imposed35*35*—————Iraq New rate
imposed35—3930——35Serbia New rate
imposed35—3735——35Algeria New rate
imposed30—3030——30Bosnia and Herzegovina New rate
imposed30—3530——30Libya New rate
imposed30—3130——30South Africa New rate
imposed30—3030——30Brunei New rate
imposed25—2425——25Kazakhstan New rate
imposed25—2725——25Moldova New rate
imposed25—3125——25Tunisia New rate
imposed25—2825——25Bangladesh New rate
imposed20—3735——20Sri Lanka New rate
imposed20—4430——20Taiwan New rate
imposed20—32———20Cambodia New rate
imposed19—4936N/A—19Malaysia New rate
imposed19—2425——19Pakistan New rate
imposed19—29———19Thailand New rate
imposed19—3636N/A—19Nicaragua New rate
imposed18—18———18Afghanistan New rate
imposed15—————15Angola New rate
imposed15—32———15Bolivia New rate
imposed15—————15Botswana New rate
imposed15—37———15Cameroon New rate
imposed15—11———15Chad New rate
imposed15—13———15Costa Rica New rate
imposed15—————15Cote d’Ivoire New rate
imposed15—21———15Dem. Rep. Congo New rate
imposed15—11———15Ecuador New rate
imposed15—————15Equatorial Guinea New rate
imposed15—13———15Fiji New rate
imposed15—32———15Ghana New rate
imposed15—————15Guyana New rate
imposed15—38———15Iceland New rate
imposed15—————15Israel New rate
imposed15—17———15Jordan New rate
imposed15—20———15Lesotho New rate
imposed15—50———15Liechtenstein New rate
imposed15—37———15Madagascar New rate
imposed15—47———15Malawi New rate
imposed15—17———15Mauritius New rate
imposed15—40———15Mozambique New rate
imposed15—16———15Namibia New rate
imposed15—21———15Nauru New rate
imposed15—30———15New Zealand New rate
imposed15—————15Nigeria New rate
imposed15—14———15North Macedonia New rate
imposed15—33———15Norway New rate
imposed15—15———15Papua New Guinea New rate
imposed15—————15Trinidad and Tobago New rate
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imposed15—————15Uganda New rate
imposed15—————15Vanuatu New rate
imposed15—22———15Venezuela New rate
imposed15—15———15Zambia New rate
imposed15—17———15Zimbabwe New rate
imposed15—18———15Vietnam Deal rate20—46—20—20Indonesia Deal rate19—323219—19Philippines Deal rate19—171719—19Austria Deal rate15*—202015—15*Belgium Deal rate15*—202015—15*Bulgaria Deal rate15*—202015—15*Croatia Deal rate15*—202015—15*Cyprus Deal rate15*—202015—15*Czechia Deal rate15*—202015—15*Denmark Deal rate15*—202015—15*Estonia Deal rate15*—202015—15*Finland Deal rate15*—202015—15*France Deal rate15*—202015—15*Germany Deal rate15*—202015—15*Greece Deal rate15*—202015—15*Hungary Deal rate15*—202015—15*Ireland Deal rate15*—202015—15*Italy Deal rate15*—202015—15*Japan Deal rate15—242515—15Latvia Deal rate15*—202015—15*Lithuania Deal rate15*—202015—15*Luxembourg Deal rate15*—202015—15*Malta Deal rate15*—202015—15*Netherlands Deal rate15*—202015—15*Poland Deal rate15*—202015—15*Portugal Deal rate15*—202015—15*Romania Deal rate15*—202015—15*Slovakia Deal rate15*—202015—15*Slovenia Deal rate15*—202015—15*South Korea Deal rate15—252515—15Spain Deal rate15*—202015—15*Sweden Deal rate15*—202015—15*United Kingdom Deal rate10———10—10China Upcoming
deadline30*20*125——10*—Mexico Upcoming
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At the end of July, Mr. Trump announced tariffs on dozens of countries that he accused of treating the United States unfairly on trade. Those duties became official on Aug. 7, just after the stroke of midnight.
Bolivia, Ecuador, Iceland, Nigeria and many other nations have tariff rates of 15 percent, while others, including Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Vietnam, face duties of 20 percent.
The tariffs do not apply to goods that were loaded onto ships just before the president signed his executive order, so long as those goods enter the United States by early October. The president also put in place new penalties for countries that engage in transshipment, a tactic where goods from highly tariffed countries are routed through nations with lower duties. If the administration finds evidence of this, Mr. Trump has established a steep additional tariff of 40 percent.
Some of the highest new rates apply to imports from Brazil, which are subject to a tariff of 50 percent.
Mr. Trump first targeted Brazil in a searing letter last month that attacked that country’s leaders for their treatment of former President Jair Bolsonaro, an ally of Mr. Trump’s who is facing charges for inciting a coup.
For India, meanwhile, the new tariffs are set at 25 percent. But those duties stand to double later this month, after Mr. Trump announced another slate of duties on India stemming from the country’s purchase of Russian oil.
Some of these countries had faced the prospect of even steeper duties when the president began his trade war earlier this year. At the time, Mr. Trump sought to impose “reciprocal tariffs,” which he calibrated using a widely questioned methodology based on the size of the U.S. trade deficit with each country. In the end, Mr. Trump settled on a different approach.
Some countries have not been targeted with specific new tariff threats. Instead, they are subject to a flat, 10 percent tariff on all imports into the United States, under an order Mr. Trump signed earlier this year.
Mr. Trump initially sought to broker 90 deals in 90 days, as one of his advisers described it. While the White House would ultimately fall far short of that goal, the president did manage to strike a series of preliminary trade agreements with a handful of nations, including those in the European Union, before his self-imposed Aug. 1 deadline.
Each of the deals set those countries’ tariffs at 15 percent or higher, lowering what would have been steeper duties in exchange for favorable trade concessions and new promises to invest in the United States. But details of many of those agreements remain scant, and in some cases, they still need to be negotiated.
In late July, Mr. Trump said he brokered a deal with South Korea, setting tariffs on its exports at 15 percent. South Korea pledged to open its markets to American goods, invest in the United States and purchase more of its energy.
The president has also inked a preliminary agreement with the European Union that set a 15 percent tariff on most of the bloc’s goods, including cars and pharmaceuticals. While E.U. officials similarly pledged to purchase U.S. energy and make new investments, the bloc’s leaders later suggested that the financial commitments were less rigid than they appeared.
White House officials previously announced similar framework agreements with Britain, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia and Japan. The deal with Indonesia, for example, set its tariff rate at 19 percent. For several countries, the deals impose higher duties on goods that use a significant portion of parts or raw materials from countries including China and Russia.
”Reciprocal“
tariff
Rate increases as China punches back
Negotiated truce rate
Feb. 1
March 4
April 2
May 12
The United States has set a 30 percent baseline tariff on imports from China under an agreement unveiled in May that walked back, at least for now, a highly damaging tit-for-tat escalation of duties between the two superpowers. (Other tariffs may also apply to Chinese goods.)
The deadline for the current rate to expire is Nov. 10, after Mr. Trump signed an executive order this month granting a new 90-day extension.
Mr. Trump has said that tariffs could rise again without a new deal. But he signaled that it would be less than the 145 percent rate the U.S. government had imposed at one point in April, as the two sides escalated trade penalties on each other. China has long been a target for Mr. Trump, dating back to his first term. Upon returning to office, he initially sought to penalize Beijing for failing to stem the flow of fentanyl into the United States.
Canada now faces a tariff of 35 percent, up from 25 percent, under an order that Mr. Trump signed last week. Mexico, meanwhile, will not see an increase to its 25 percent tariff for the next 90 days, as the two sides continue negotiating. In both cases, White House officials signaled they would exempt some goods that were already covered by a trade deal brokered by the three countries during the president’s first term: the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, or U.S.M.C.A.
Mr. Trump first took aim at Canada and Mexico in February, announcing a 25 percent import tax on all arriving goods, which the president justified by saying the two nations had not sufficiently helped to combat the flow of fentanyl. Facing blowback domestically and abroad, he later paused and modified that arrangement to reflect the U.S.M.C.A. while talks continued.
Share of imports entering under U.S.M.C.A. trade deal
Several of Mr. Trump’s tariffs target specific products or industries globally, using a provision of federal law — Section 232 — meant to help the president address trade issues that present national security threats. His latest targeted copper imports.
Since the start of his second term, Mr. Trump has announced these duties on imports of aluminum, foreign cars, car parts and steel. In some cases, the tariffs do not pile on top of duties targeted at specific countries. For others, like the European Union, agreements brokered with the United States would override the sector-specific duties.
The president has signaled on numerous occasions that he is nearly ready to unveil additional sector-specific tariffs on products including pharmaceuticals and semiconductors. He said this month the tariffs on some chips could be set at 100 percent