Oct 25, 2025
IndexBox has just published a new report: United Kingdom – Clays – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights.
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the United Kingdom’s clay market from 2013 to 2024, with forecasts extending to 2035. In 2024, the UK’s clay consumption reached 8.6 million tons, valued at $1.4 billion, continuing a multi-year growth trend. The market is dominated by clays for construction and industrial use, which account for 88% of consumption volume. Domestic production was 9.3 million tons, valued at $2.3 billion, indicating the UK is a net exporter. Imports saw a rebound to 322K tons ($102M), led by the United States, Spain, and Senegal, while exports declined to 1.1M tons ($266M), with kaolin being the primary export. The market is forecast to grow, reaching 11 million tons and a value of $1.8 billion by 2035.
Key Findings
UK clay market is forecast to grow to 11M tons and $1.8B by 2035Construction and industrial clays dominate, constituting 88% of consumption volumeThe UK is a net exporter, with production (9.3M tons) exceeding consumption (8.6M tons)Kaolin is the primary export, making up 91% of export volume, while the US is the top import partner by valueBoth import and export prices have shown significant long-term growth, increasing over 55% since 2015-2016Market Forecast
Driven by increasing demand for clays in the UK, the market is expected to continue an upward consumption trend over the next decade. Market performance is forecast to retain its current trend pattern, expanding with an anticipated CAGR of +2.0% for the period from 2024 to 2035, which is projected to bring the market volume to 11M tons by the end of 2035.
In value terms, the market is forecast to increase with an anticipated CAGR of +2.4% for the period from 2024 to 2035, which is projected to bring the market value to $1.8B (in nominal wholesale prices) by the end of 2035.
ConsumptionUnited Kingdom’s Consumption of Clays
In 2024, consumption of clays increased by 6.4% to 8.6M tons, rising for the third year in a row after two years of decline. The total consumption volume increased at an average annual rate of +2.8% from 2013 to 2024; the trend pattern remained consistent, with only minor fluctuations being observed in certain years. Clay consumption peaked in 2024 and is expected to retain growth in years to come.
The revenue of the clay market in the UK rose modestly to $1.4B in 2024, picking up by 4.2% against the previous year. This figure reflects the total revenues of producers and importers (excluding logistics costs, retail marketing costs, and retailers’ margins, which will be included in the final consumer price). Overall, the total consumption indicated pronounced growth from 2013 to 2024: its value increased at an average annual rate of +4.1% over the last eleven years. The trend pattern, however, indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period. Based on 2024 figures, consumption increased by +70.4% against 2017 indices. Clay consumption peaked in 2024 and is expected to retain growth in the immediate term.
Consumption By Type
Clays for construction and industrial use (7.5M tons) constituted the product with the largest volume of consumption, accounting for 88% of total volume. Moreover, clays for construction and industrial use exceeded the figures recorded for the second-largest type, kaolin and kaolinic clays (937K tons), eightfold. Bentonite (124K tons) ranked third in terms of total consumption with a 1.4% share.
From 2013 to 2024, the average annual rate of growth in terms of the volume of clays for construction and industrial use consumption amounted to +3.0%. With regard to the other consumed products, the following average annual rates of growth were recorded: kaolin and kaolinic clays (+1.3% per year) and bentonite (-0.9% per year).
In value terms, clays for construction and industrial use ($1.1B) led the market, alone. The second position in the ranking was held by kaolin and kaolinic clays ($216M). It was followed by bentonite.
From 2013 to 2024, the average annual growth rate of the value of clays for construction and industrial use market totaled +4.0%. With regard to the other consumed products, the following average annual rates of growth were recorded: kaolin and kaolinic clays (+4.9% per year) and bentonite (+2.6% per year).
ProductionUnited Kingdom’s Production of Clays
For the fourth year in a row, the UK recorded growth in production of clays, which increased by 4.4% to 9.3M tons in 2024. The total output volume increased at an average annual rate of +1.8% over the period from 2013 to 2024; the trend pattern remained relatively stable, with somewhat noticeable fluctuations being observed throughout the analyzed period. The pace of growth appeared the most rapid in 2023 with an increase of 5.9%. Over the period under review, production reached the maximum volume in 2024 and is likely to see gradual growth in years to come.
In value terms, clay production soared to $2.3B in 2024 estimated in export price. In general, the total production indicated a buoyant increase from 2013 to 2024: its value increased at an average annual rate of +5.6% over the last eleven years. The trend pattern, however, indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period. Based on 2024 figures, production increased by +87.3% against 2016 indices. As a result, production reached the peak level and is likely to continue growth in the immediate term.
Production By Type
Clays for construction and industrial use (7.5M tons) constituted the product with the largest volume of production, accounting for 80% of total volume. Moreover, clays for construction and industrial use exceeded the figures recorded for the second-largest type, kaolin and kaolinic clays (1.9M tons), fourfold.
From 2013 to 2024, the average annual rate of growth in terms of the volume of clays for construction and industrial use production amounted to +3.1%.
In value terms, clays for construction and industrial use ($1.9B) led the market, alone. The second position in the ranking was taken by kaolin and kaolinic clays ($438M).
From 2013 to 2024, the average annual growth rate of the value of clays for construction and industrial use production totaled +7.5%.
ImportsUnited Kingdom’s Imports of Clays
In 2024, after five years of decline, there was significant growth in overseas purchases of clays, when their volume increased by 6.4% to 322K tons. Overall, imports, however, recorded a pronounced curtailment. The growth pace was the most rapid in 2018 when imports increased by 11%. As a result, imports reached the peak of 458K tons. From 2019 to 2024, the growth of imports remained at a lower figure.
In value terms, clay imports expanded markedly to $102M in 2024. In general, imports, however, saw a relatively flat trend pattern. The pace of growth appeared the most rapid in 2021 with an increase of 12%. Imports peaked at $103M in 2014; however, from 2015 to 2024, imports stood at a somewhat lower figure.
Imports By Country
Spain (52K tons), Senegal (51K tons) and the United States (47K tons) were the main suppliers of clay imports to the UK, with a combined 47% share of total imports.
From 2013 to 2024, the most notable rate of growth in terms of purchases, amongst the main suppliers, was attained by Spain (with a CAGR of +3.9%), while imports for the other leaders experienced mixed trend patterns.
In value terms, the United States ($42M) constituted the largest supplier of clays to the UK, comprising 41% of total imports. The second position in the ranking was held by Spain ($12M), with a 12% share of total imports. It was followed by Turkey, with a 6.2% share.
From 2013 to 2024, the average annual rate of growth in terms of value from the United States stood at +1.8%. The remaining supplying countries recorded the following average annual rates of imports growth: Spain (+8.7% per year) and Turkey (+1.1% per year).
Imports By Type
Bentonite (137K tons), clays for construction and industrial use (127K tons) and kaolin and kaolinic clays (49K tons) were the main products of clay imports to the UK, with a combined 97% share of total imports. These products were followed by fireclay, which accounted for a further 2.8%.
From 2013 to 2024, the biggest increases were recorded for fireclay (with a CAGR of +7.2%), while purchases for the other products experienced a decline.
In value terms, clays for construction and industrial use ($45M), bentonite ($29M) and kaolin and kaolinic clays ($25M) constituted the most imported types of clays in the UK, with a combined 96% share of total imports. Fireclay lagged somewhat behind, comprising a further 4.5%.
Fireclay, with a CAGR of +7.7%, saw the highest rates of growth with regard to the value of imports, among the main product categories over the period under review, while purchases for the other products experienced mixed trend patterns.
Import Prices By Type
In 2024, the average clay import price amounted to $318 per ton, picking up by 4.5% against the previous year. Overall, import price indicated moderate growth from 2013 to 2024: its price increased at an average annual rate of +2.9% over the last eleven years. The trend pattern, however, indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period. Based on 2024 figures, clay import price increased by +55.6% against 2015 indices. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2022 when the average import price increased by 15%. Over the period under review, average import prices attained the maximum in 2024 and is expected to retain growth in years to come.
There were significant differences in the average prices amongst the major supplied products. In 2024, the product with the highest price was fireclay ($515 per ton), while the price for bentonite ($209 per ton) was amongst the lowest.
From 2013 to 2024, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by kaolin (+4.7%), while the prices for the other products experienced more modest paces of growth.
Import Prices By Country
The average clay import price stood at $318 per ton in 2024, surging by 4.5% against the previous year. Overall, import price indicated a measured expansion from 2013 to 2024: its price increased at an average annual rate of +2.9% over the last eleven-year period. The trend pattern, however, indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period. Based on 2024 figures, clay import price increased by +55.6% against 2015 indices. The pace of growth was the most pronounced in 2022 an increase of 15% against the previous year. Over the period under review, average import prices hit record highs in 2024 and is likely to continue growth in the immediate term.
There were significant differences in the average prices amongst the major supplying countries. In 2024, amid the top importers, the country with the highest price was the United States ($901 per ton), while the price for Cyprus ($78 per ton) was amongst the lowest.
From 2013 to 2024, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by France (+6.0%), while the prices for the other major suppliers experienced more modest paces of growth.
ExportsUnited Kingdom’s Exports of Clays
In 2024, shipments abroad of clays decreased by -8.5% to 1.1M tons, falling for the second year in a row after two years of growth. In general, exports continue to indicate a perceptible downturn. The pace of growth appeared the most rapid in 2021 with an increase of 24%. Over the period under review, the exports reached the peak figure at 1.7M tons in 2014; however, from 2015 to 2024, the exports failed to regain momentum.
In value terms, clay exports amounted to $266M in 2024. Overall, exports saw a relatively flat trend pattern. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2021 when exports increased by 38%. Over the period under review, the exports hit record highs at $313M in 2022; however, from 2023 to 2024, the exports remained at a lower figure.
Exports By Country
Egypt (122K tons), Spain (105K tons) and Turkey (75K tons) were the main destinations of clay exports from the UK, together comprising 28% of total exports. Italy, India, Portugal, the Netherlands, China, Morocco, Finland, Germany, Sweden and Norway lagged somewhat behind, together comprising a further 36%.
From 2013 to 2024, the biggest increases were recorded for the Netherlands (with a CAGR of +15.6%), while shipments for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.
In value terms, the largest markets for clay exported from the UK were Italy ($20M), Turkey ($20M) and India ($17M), together comprising 21% of total exports. Spain, Germany, Egypt, the Netherlands, China, Portugal, Morocco, Finland, Sweden and Norway lagged somewhat behind, together accounting for a further 37%.
The Netherlands, with a CAGR of +15.7%, recorded the highest growth rate of the value of exports, among the main countries of destination over the period under review, while shipments for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.
Exports By Type
Kaolin and kaolinic clays (968K tons) was the largest type of clays exported from the UK, with a 91% share of total exports. Moreover, kaolin and kaolinic clays exceeded the volume of the second product type, clays for construction and industrial use (81K tons), more than tenfold. The third position in this ranking was taken by bentonite (13K tons), with a 1.2% share.
From 2013 to 2024, the average annual growth rate of the volume of kaolin and kaolinic clays exports totaled -4.3%. With regard to the other exported products, the following average annual rates of growth were recorded: clays for construction and industrial use (-2.4% per year) and bentonite (-8.5% per year).
In value terms, kaolin and kaolinic clays ($235M) remains the largest type of clays exported from the UK, comprising 88% of total exports. The second position in the ranking was taken by clays for construction and industrial use ($21M), with a 7.8% share of total exports. It was followed by bentonite, with a 3.6% share.
From 2013 to 2024, the average annual rate of growth in terms of the value of kaolin and kaolinic clays exports was relatively modest. With regard to the other exported products, the following average annual rates of growth were recorded: clays for construction and industrial use (+1.8% per year) and bentonite (-5.9% per year).
Export Prices By Type
In 2024, the average clay export price amounted to $250 per ton, growing by 14% against the previous year. In general, export price indicated a temperate expansion from 2013 to 2024: its price increased at an average annual rate of +4.0% over the last eleven years. The trend pattern, however, indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period. Based on 2024 figures, clay export price increased by +66.1% against 2016 indices. As a result, the export price reached the peak level and is likely to continue growth in the immediate term.
There were significant differences in the average prices for the major types of exported product. In 2024, the product with the highest price was fireclay ($1,237 per ton), while the average price for exports of kaolin and kaolinic clays ($243 per ton) was amongst the lowest.
From 2013 to 2024, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was recorded for the following types: clays for construction and industrial use (+4.3%), while the prices for the other products experienced more modest paces of growth.
Export Prices By Country
In 2024, the average clay export price amounted to $250 per ton, increasing by 14% against the previous year. In general, export price indicated a measured increase from 2013 to 2024: its price increased at an average annual rate of +4.0% over the last eleven years. The trend pattern, however, indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period. Based on 2024 figures, clay export price increased by +66.1% against 2016 indices. As a result, the export price attained the peak level and is likely to continue growth in the immediate term.
Prices varied noticeably by country of destination: amid the top suppliers, the country with the highest price was Germany ($507 per ton), while the average price for exports to Finland ($126 per ton) was amongst the lowest.
From 2013 to 2024, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was recorded for supplies to Germany (+7.4%), while the prices for the other major destinations experienced more modest paces of growth.