Nov 3, 2025
The U.S. Federal Reserve provided $29.4 billion to the banking system on Friday, according to a report from Yahoo Finance. The action, the largest since the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, was conducted to ease liquidity stress and is seen as supportive of risk assets, including bitcoin.
The operation was executed via the standing repo facility (SRF) and involved overnight repo operations. The Fed’s intervention aimed to temporarily boost cash available with primary dealers and banks, add short-term liquidity into the system, lower repo rates back toward normal levels, prevent a sudden freeze in short-term funding markets, and give banks breathing room to manage reserves.
Understanding the Repo Market
A repurchase agreement, or repo, is a short-term overnight loan between two parties. One party has idle cash in a bank deposit and wants to generate yield, while the other seeks a cash loan against valuable collateral like U.S. Treasury securities and bills. The parties agree on an interest rate, and the cash is loaned overnight with an agreement to repurchase the asset the following day. Large money managers, such as money market funds, typically act as the lenders.
Impact on Bank Reserves
Repo transactions directly affect bank reserves. When a lender transfers cash to a borrower, the reserves at the lender’s bank decrease, while the reserves at the borrower’s bank increase. An individual bank can face strain if many of its accounts lend money to borrowers at other banks. Banks must maintain sufficient reserves to meet regulatory requirements and conduct daily operations, which may involve borrowing reserves or adjusting their balance sheets. In a shortage, they access the repo market or other Fed facilities.
When reserve shortages become severe across the banking system, it pushes up repo rates as lendable cash becomes scarce and more borrowers compete for it, causing liquidity to tighten. The Fed’s action on October 31 occurred as bank reserves slipped to $2.8 trillion, which had been lifting repo rates. The SRF provides fast loans collateralized with Treasury or mortgage bonds.
1. INTRODUCTION
Making Data-Driven Decisions to Grow Your Business
REPORT DESCRIPTION
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND THE AI PLATFORM
DATA-DRIVEN DECISIONS FOR YOUR BUSINESS
GLOSSARY AND SPECIFIC TERMS
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A Quick Overview of Market Performance
KEY FINDINGS
MARKET TRENDS This Chapter is Available Only for the Professional EditionPRO
3. MARKET OVERVIEW
Understanding the Current State of The Market and its Prospects
MARKET SIZE: HISTORICAL DATA (2012–2024) AND FORECAST (2025–2035)
CONSUMPTION BY COUNTRY: HISTORICAL DATA (2012–2024) AND FORECAST (2025–2035)
MARKET FORECAST TO 2035
4. MOST PROMISING PRODUCTS FOR DIVERSIFICATION
Finding New Products to Diversify Your Business
TOP PRODUCTS TO DIVERSIFY YOUR BUSINESS
BEST-SELLING PRODUCTS
MOST CONSUMED PRODUCTS
MOST TRADED PRODUCTS
MOST PROFITABLE PRODUCTS FOR EXPORT
5. MOST PROMISING SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
Choosing the Best Countries to Establish Your Sustainable Supply Chain
TOP COUNTRIES TO SOURCE YOUR PRODUCT
TOP PRODUCING COUNTRIES
TOP EXPORTING COUNTRIES
LOW-COST EXPORTING COUNTRIES
6. MOST PROMISING OVERSEAS MARKETS
Choosing the Best Countries to Boost Your Export
TOP OVERSEAS MARKETS FOR EXPORTING YOUR PRODUCT
TOP CONSUMING MARKETS
UNSATURATED MARKETS
TOP IMPORTING MARKETS
MOST PROFITABLE MARKETS
7. PRODUCTION
The Latest Trends and Insights into The Industry
PRODUCTION VOLUME AND VALUE: HISTORICAL DATA (2012–2024) AND FORECAST (2025–2035)
PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY: HISTORICAL DATA (2012–2024) AND FORECAST (2025–2035)
8. IMPORTS
The Largest Import Supplying Countries
IMPORTS: HISTORICAL DATA (2012–2024) AND FORECAST (2025–2035)
IMPORTS BY COUNTRY: HISTORICAL DATA (2012–2024) AND FORECAST (2025–2035)
IMPORT PRICES BY COUNTRY: HISTORICAL DATA (2012–2024) AND FORECAST (2025–2035)
9. EXPORTS
The Largest Destinations for Exports
EXPORTS: HISTORICAL DATA (2012–2024) AND FORECAST (2025–2035)
EXPORTS BY COUNTRY: HISTORICAL DATA (2012–2024) AND FORECAST (2025–2035)
EXPORT PRICES BY COUNTRY: HISTORICAL DATA (2012–2024) AND FORECAST (2025–2035)
10. PROFILES OF MAJOR PRODUCERS
The Largest Producers on The Market and Their Profiles
11. COUNTRY PROFILES
The Largest Markets And Their Profiles
This Chapter is Available Only for the Professional Edition
PRO
United States
China
Japan
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Brazil
Italy
Russian Federation
India
Canada
Australia
Republic of Korea
Spain
Mexico
Indonesia
Netherlands
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
Switzerland
Sweden
Nigeria
Poland
Belgium
Argentina
Norway
Austria
Thailand
United Arab Emirates
Colombia
Denmark
South Africa
Malaysia
Israel
Singapore
Egypt
Philippines
Finland
Chile
Ireland
Pakistan
Greece
Portugal
Kazakhstan
Algeria
Czech Republic
Qatar
Peru
Romania
Vietnam
LIST OF TABLES
Key Findings In 2024
Market Volume, In Physical Terms: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Market Value: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Per Capita Consumption, by Country, 2022–2024
Production, In Physical Terms, By Country: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Imports, In Physical Terms, By Country: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Imports, In Value Terms, By Country: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Import Prices, By Country: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Exports, In Physical Terms, By Country: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Exports, In Value Terms, By Country: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Export Prices, By Country: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
LIST OF FIGURES
Market Volume, In Physical Terms: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Market Value: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Consumption, by Country, 2024
Market Volume Forecast to 2035
Market Value Forecast to 2035
Market Size and Growth, By Product
Average Per Capita Consumption, By Product
Exports and Growth, By Product
Export Prices and Growth, By Product
Production Volume and Growth
Exports and Growth
Export Prices and Growth
Market Size and Growth
Per Capita Consumption
Imports and Growth
Import Prices
Production, In Physical Terms: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Production, In Value Terms: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Production, by Country, 2024
Production, In Physical Terms, by Country: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Imports, In Physical Terms: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Imports, In Value Terms: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Imports, In Physical Terms, By Country, 2024
Imports, In Physical Terms, By Country: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Imports, In Value Terms, By Country: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Import Prices, By Country: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Exports, In Physical Terms: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Exports, In Value Terms: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Exports, In Physical Terms, By Country, 2024
Exports, In Physical Terms, By Country: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Exports, In Value Terms, By Country: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)
Export Prices, By Country: Historical Data (2012–2024) and Forecast (2025–2035)