The Extreme-Fine Tuning of the Universe For The Existence of Life (The Teleological Argument) and The Kalam Cosmological Argument / [Sources and Additional Info in Comments]

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1. ***• Cosmologist and Astrophysicist Martin Rees, formulates the Fine-Tuning of the Universe in terms of the following six dimensionless physical constants:***

   *“N, the ratio of the electromagnetic force to the gravitational force between a pair of protons, is approximately 1036. According to Rees, if it were significantly smaller, only a small and short-lived universe could exist.”*

   *“Epsilon (ε), a measure of the nuclear efficiency of fusion from hydrogen to helium, is 0.007: when four nucleons fuse into helium, 0.007 (0.7%) of their mass is converted to energy. The value of ε is in part determined by the strength of the strong nuclear force. If ε were 0.006, only hydrogen could exist, and complex chemistry would be impossible. According to Rees, if it were above 0.008, no hydrogen would exist, as all the hydrogen would have been fused shortly after the Big Bang. Other physicists disagree, calculating that substantial hydrogen remains as long as the strong force coupling constant increases by less than about 50%.”*

   *“Omega (Ω), commonly known as the density parameter, is the relative importance of gravity and expansion energy in the universe. It is the ratio of the mass density of the universe to the “critical density” and is approximately 1. If gravity were too strong compared with dark energy and the initial metric expansion, the universe would have collapsed before life could have evolved. If gravity were too weak, no stars would have formed.”*

   *“Lambda (Λ), commonly known as the cosmological constant, describes the ratio of the density of dark energy to the critical energy density of the universe, given certain reasonable assumptions such as that dark energy density is a constant. In terms of Planck units, and as a natural dimensionless value, Λ is on the order of 10−122. This is so small that it has no significant effect on cosmic structures that are smaller than a billion light-years across. A slightly larger value of the cosmological constant would have caused space to expand rapidly enough that stars and other astronomical structures would not be able to form.”*

   *“Q, the ratio of the gravitational energy required to pull a large galaxy apart to the energy equivalent of its mass, is around 10−5. If it is too small, no stars can form. If it is too large, no stars can survive because the universe is too violent, according to Rees.”*

   *“D, the number of spatial dimensions in spacetime, is 3. Rees claims that life could not exist if there were 2 or 4 dimensions of spacetime nor if the number of time dimensions in spacetime were anything other than 1. Rees argues this does not preclude the existence of ten-dimensional strings.”*

   ***• Carbon and Oxygen****: “An older example is the Hoyle state, the third-lowest energy state of the carbon-12 nucleus, with an energy of 7.656 MeV above the ground level. According to one calculation, if the state’s energy level were lower than 7.3 or greater than 7.9 MeV, insufficient carbon would exist to support life. Furthermore, to explain the universe’s abundance of carbon, the Hoyle state must be further tuned to a value between 7.596 and 7.716 MeV. A similar calculation, focusing on the underlying fundamental constants that give rise to various energy levels, concludes that the strong force must be tuned to a precision of at least 0.5%, and the electromagnetic force to a precision of at least 4%, to prevent either carbon production or oxygen production from dropping significantly.” –
   Source:* [*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe#Carbon_and_oxygen*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe#Carbon_and_oxygen)

   *Oxford University Professor of Mathematics John Lennox quotes renowned Oxford University mathematical physicist Roger Penrose:*

   *“Try to imagine phase space… of the entire Universe. Each point in this phase space represents a different possible way that the Universe might have started off. We are to picture the Creator, armed with a ‘pin’ — which is to be placed at some point in phase space… Each different positioning of the pin provides a different Universe. Now the accuracy that is needed for the Creator’s aim depends on the entropy of the Universe that is thereby created. It would be relatively ‘easy’ to produce a high entropy Universe, since then there would be a large volume of the phase space available for the pin to hit. But in order to start off the Universe in a state of low entropy — so that there will indeed be a second law of thermodynamics — the Creator must aim for a much tinier volume of the phase space. How tiny would this region be, in order that a Universe closely resembling the one in which we actually live would be the result?”*

   *Lennox goes on to cite Penrose’s answer:*

   *“His calculations lead him to the remarkable conclusion that the ‘Creator’s aim’ must have been accurate to 1 part in 10 to the power of 10 to the power of 123, that is 1 followed by 10 to the 123rd power zeros.” As Penrose puts it, “that is a number which it would be impossible to write out in the usual decimal way, because even if you were able to put a zero on every particle in the Universe, there would not even be enough particles to do the job.”
   Source:* [*https://godevidence.com/2010/12/ok-i-want-numbers-what-is-the-probability-the-universe-is-the-result-of-chance/*](https://godevidence.com/2010/12/ok-i-want-numbers-what-is-the-probability-the-universe-is-the-result-of-chance/)

   *“When we consider the first seconds of the Big Bang that created the Universe, writes Bernard Lovell, an astronomer, “it is an astonishing reflection that at this critical early moment in the history of the Universe, all of the hydrogen would have turned into helium if the force of attraction between protons—that is, the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms—had been only a few percent stronger. . . . No galaxies, no stars, no life would have emerged. It would have been a Universe forever unknowable by living creatures. A remarkable and intimate relationship between man, the fundamental constants of nature and the initial moments of space and time seems to be an inescapable condition of our existence” (“Whence?,” New York Times Magazine, November 16, 1975).”*

   *“Astronomer Fred Hoyle reports that his atheism was shaken by his own discovery that in the stars, carbon just manages to form and then just avoids complete conversion into oxygen. If one atomic level had varied by half a percent, life would have been impossible.” “Would you not say to yourself . . . ‘Some supercalculating intellect must have designed the properties of the carbon atom, otherwise the chance of my finding such an atom through the blind forces of nature would be utterly minuscule’ ? Of course you would. . . . The carbon atom is a fix. . . . A common sense interpretation of the facts suggests that a superintellect has monkeyed with the physics. . . . The numbers one calculates from the facts seem to me so overwhelming as to put this conclusion almost beyond question” (“The Universe: Past and Present Reflections,” Engineering and Science, November 1981).”*

2. *Sources*

   *- Fine Tuning Odds Less than 1 in 10^10^123 Roger Penrose -* [*https://youtu.be/lU5-rhhyrag*](https://youtu.be/lU5-rhhyrag)

   *- The Fine Tuning of the Universe (by Dr. William Lane Craig) -* [*https://youtu.be/EE76nwimuT0*](https://youtu.be/EE76nwimuT0)

   *- The Kalam Cosmological Argument (by Dr. William Lane Craig) -*[*https://youtu.be/6CulBuMCLg0*](https://youtu.be/6CulBuMCLg0)

   *- Proof of God: Miracle of the Sun -* [*https://youtu.be/-7ju68IjSTg*](https://youtu.be/-7ju68IjSTg)

3. Traparije.
   To je delanje statistike iz enega samega podatka.

   Krožna logika, ki je v osnovi še vedno : nečesa ne vemo, zato je to bog. Nesmiselno.

4. To je kinda random post na slo sub

5. This is rather as if you imagine a puddle waking up one morning and thinking, ‘This is an interesting world I find myself in — an interesting hole I find myself in — fits me rather neatly, doesn’t it? In fact it fits me staggeringly well, must have been made to have me in it!

   -Douglas Adams

6. Nisem gledala posnetka, ampak mislim da je vesolji neskončno, velika večina jih ni primerna za razvoj življenja, mi se nahajamo v takem, ki slučajno podpira razvoj življenja v času ko je le to možno.

7. Model a kr 11 minutne videje lahko kle gor daš??