Firozjaei, M. K. et al. Seyed Kazem Alavipanah, A historical and future impact assessment of mining activities on surface biophysical characteristics change: A remote sensing-based approach. Ecol. Ind. 122, 107264 (2021).
Tarun Kumar Thakur, J. D. et al. Joystu Dutta, Prachi Upadhyay, Digvesh Kumar Patel, Anita Thakur, Munesh Kumar, Assessment of land degradation and restoration in coal mines of central India: A time series analysis. Ecol. Eng., 175: p. 106493. (2022).
Qi Zhu, Z. H., Liu, X. & Wu, Y. Topsoil alternatives selection for surface coal-mined land reclamation in Inner Mongolia, China: an experimental study. Int. J. Min. Reclam. Environ. 35 (6), 421–434 (2021).
Chengye Zhang, F. L. et al. Assessing the effect, attribution, and potential of vegetation restoration in open-pit coal mines’ dumping sites during 2003–2020 utilizing remote sensing. Ecol. Ind. 155, 111003 (2023).
Corporation, B. P. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2025. (2025).
Zhengfu Bian, X. M., Shaogang Lei, S., Chen, W., Wang, S. & Struthers The challenges of reusing mining and mineral-processing wastes. Science 337 (6095), 702–703 (2012).
Ma, W. B., Shao-Gang, H. D. L., Lei, X. H., Xu, S. G. & Xue Good governance can save China’s mine ecosystems. Science 383 (6697), 157–158 (2024).
Martins, W. B. R. Udson de Oliveira Barros Junior, Larissa Sousa Villas-Boas Amorim, Francisco de Assis Oliveira, Gustavo Schwartz, Ecological methods and indicators for recovering and monitoring ecosystems after mining: A global literature review. Ecol. Eng. 145, 105707 (2020).
Maoquan Wu, M. H., Wang, T. & Xia, C. F. B. Recognition of urban ecological source area based on ecological security pattern and multi-scale landscape connectivity. Acta Ecol. Sin. 39 (13), 4720–4731 (2019).
Wu Xiao, X. D., He, T. & Guo, J. Using POI and time series Landsat data to identify and rebuilt surface mining, vegetation disturbance and land reclamation process based on Google Earth Engine. J. Environ. Manage. 327, 116920 (2023).
Yanjun Guan, J. W., Wei Zhou, Z., Bai, Y. & Cao Delimiting supervision zones to inform the revision of land reclamation management modes in coal mining areas: A perspective from the succession characteristics of rehabilitated vegetation. Land. Use Policy. 131, 106729 (2023).
Shunlin Liang, R. B. et al. Review of China’ s land surface quantitative remote sensing development in 2019. J. Remote Sensing(Chinese). 6 (24), 618–671 (2020).
Zhang, M. & Li, J. W. S. Tempo-spatial changes and main anthropogenic influence factors of vegetation fractional coverage in a large-scale opencast coal mine area from 1992 to 2015. J. Clean. Prod. 232, 940–952 (2019).
Paul Arellano, K. T., Balzte, H. 3 & Boyd, D. S. Detecting the effects of hydrocarbon pollution in the Amazon forest using hyperspectral satellite images. Environ. Pollut. 205 (1), 225–239 (2015).
Shiliang Liu, W. L., Qiao, W., Wang, Q. & Wang, Y. H. Z. Effect of natural conditions and mining activities on vegetation variations in arid and semiarid mining regions. Ecol. Ind. 103, 331–345 (2019).
Yan Zhou, S. L., Xie, M., Sun, Y. & An, Y. Dynamics of regional vegetation changes under the disturbance of human activities: A case study of Xishuangbanna. Acta Ecol. Sin. 41 (2), 565–574 (2021).
Tianpeng Gao, W. X., He, Y. & Li, C. Discussion on the Relationship between Ecological Security and Economic Development in the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River in Gannan Plateau. Ecol. Econ., 37(10). (2021).
Veraverbeke, S., Katagis, I. G. T., Polychronaki, A., Somers, B. & Goossens, R. Assessing post-fire vegetation recovery using red–near infrared vegetation indices: Accounting for background and vegetation variability. ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens. 68, 28–39 (2012).
Hailiang Xu, F. X. et al. A systematic review and comprehensive analysis on ecological restoration of mining areas in the arid region of China: Challenge, capability and reconsideration. Ecol. Ind. 154, 110630 (2023).
Lechner, A. M. F.K.S.C., Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz, Biodiversity conservation should be a core value of China’s Belt and Road Initiative Vol. 2, p. 408–409 (Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2018).
Chun Deng, X. J., Nie, T., Cai, W. & He, J. Multi-factor Detection Characteristics and Driving Force Analysis of Vegetation Coverage in Shanxi Province Vol. 45, p. 182–191 Environ. Sci. Technol. (2022).
Wang, Y. et al. Remote sensing monitoring and spatiotemporal variation analysis of vegetation cover under coal mining activities in the Shendong mining area from 1986 to 2023. Remote Sens. Nat. Resour. 37 (3), 65–75 (2025).
Gaozhen Jiang, B. H. et al. Review of 40-year earth observation with Landsat series and prospects of LDCM. J. Remote Sens., 2013(5): pp. 1033–1048 .
Gao, B. C. Quantitative improvement in the estimates of NDVI values from remotely sensed data by correcting thin cirrus scattering effects. Remote Sens. Environ. 74 (3), 494–502 (2000).
Deqin Fan, X. Z., Zhu, W. & Zheng, Z. Review of influencing factors of accuracy of plant phenology monitoring based on remote sensing data. Progress Geogr. 35 (3), 304–319 (2016).
Phillip, B., McKenna, A. M. L., Stuart Phinn, P. D. & Erskine Remote Sensing of Mine Site Rehabilitation for Ecological Outcomes: A Global Systematic Review. Remote Sens. 12 (21), 3535 (2020).
Zhang, C., Lei, J. L. S., Yang, J. & Yang, N. Progress and Prospect of the Quantitative Remote Sensing for Monitoring the Eco-environment in Mining Area. Metal Mine. 3 (549), 1–27 (2022).
Jiawei Hui, Z. B., Liu, K. & Wang, Z. Applicability analysis of normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) in grassland open-pit coal mine. Chin. J. Eng. 45 (1), 54–63 (2023).
Xiaoxiao Yan, J. L., Yang Shao, Z., Yang, H. Z., Yin, S. & Cui Driving forces of grassland vegetation changes in Chen Barag Banner, Inner Mongolia. Remote Sens. 57 (6), 1–17 (2020). GIScience.
Yanli Huang, Y. G. et al. Evolution and degradation mechanism of surface vegetation coverage in typical ecologically fragile mining areas in western China. J. China Coal Soc. 47 (12), 4217–4227 (2022).
Yachao Guo, Y. H., Li, J., Ouyang, S., Wu, L. & Qi, W. Study on the influence of mining disturbance on the variation characteristics of vegetation index: A case study of Lingwu Mining Area. Environ. Dev. 45, 100811 (2023).
Yue Han, Y. K., Zhu, L., Feng, H., Zhang, Q. & Zhua, Z. S. L. Tracking vegetation degradation and recovery in multiple mining areas in Beijing, China, based on time-series Landsat imagery Vol. 58, p. 1447–1496 (GIScience & Remote Sensing, 2021).
Chuanying Peng, Q. L. et al. An Automated Identification Method of Disturbance Ranges of Surface Coal Mines on Vegetation Based on the Fitting of NDVI Spatial Trajectory Vol. 36, p. 2458–2473 Land Degr. Devel. (2025).
Zhang, C. et al. Identifying the vegetation destruction and restoration in surface coal mines across China over the past three decades by EAuto-VDR. J. Environ. Manage. 389, 126195 (2025).
Jing Wang, W. G., Chen, Z. & Bai, E. Biomass distribution law of winter wheat in mining-affected area based on UAV remote sensing. J. China Coal Soc. 6 (50), 3044–3057 (2025).
Zhenhua Wu, S. L. et al. Impacts of Large-Scale Open-Pit Coal Base on the Landscape Ecological Health of Semi-Arid Grasslands. Remote Sens. 11 (15), 1820–1841 (2019).
Zhang, W. et al. Multiscale geographically weighted regression-based analysis of vegetation driving factors and mining-induced quantification in the Fengfeng District, China. Ecol. Inf. 80, 102506 (2024).
Ning Li, Y. G., Wang, L., Wang, Q., Zhao, D. Y. S. & Lei, T. Evaluation and quantitative characterization for the ecological environment impact of open pit mining on vegetation destruction from landsat time series: A case study of Wulishan limestone mine. Ecol. Ind. 158, 111371 (2024).
Zhang, X., Cheng, Z. C. Y. J. Y., Zhu, Z., Wang, S. & Zhang, H. Quantitative Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics and Driving Factors in the Shendong Mining Area under the Background of Coal Mining. Forests 15 (7), 1207 (2024).
Noel Gorelick, M. H., Dixon, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D. & Moore, R. Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sens. Environ. 202, 18–27 (2017).
Haifa Tamiminia, B. S., Mahdianpari, M., Quackenbush, L., Adeli, S. & Briscoc, B. Google Earth Engine for geo-big data applications: A meta-analysis and systematic review. ISPRS J. Photogr. Remote Sens. 164, 152–170 (2020).
Le Wang, C. D. et al. A summary of the special issue on remote sensing of land change science with Google earth engine. Remote Sens. Environ. 248, 112002 (2020).
Shiyong Kang, S. X., Wang, H. & Liu, R. Ecological Construction Mode of Shendong Mining Area of China Shenhua. Shenhua Technol. 14 (6), 2–6 (2016).
Qianru Chen, Q. W., Peng, S. & Xie, H. The basic logic, core mechanism, and path of market-oriented advancement of mine ecological restoration: Taking EOD as an example. J. Nat. Resour. 40 (11), 3030–3047 (2025).
Zhang, J. et al. Practical challenges of photovoltaic + ecological management model and strategic suggestions. J. Desert Res. 45 (5), 92–101 (2025).
Ying Liu, S. L. et al. Zhengfu Bian, Temporal variation and driving factors of vegetation coverage in Shendong central mining area based on the perspective of guided restoration. J. China Coal Soc. 46 (10), 3319–3331 (2021).
Zhang, S. et al. Analysis of spatio-temporal evolution and driving factors of vegetation fraction for opencast coal mine in grassland area. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agricult. Eng. 32 (17), 233–241 (2016).
Shaogang Lei, L. R. & Bian, Z. Time-space characterization of vegetation in a semiarid mining area using empirical orthogonal function decomposition of MODIS NDVI time series. Environ. Earth Sci., 75(6) 516. (2016).
Yuechuan Hu, Y. C., Luorongliulian, L. & Wu Analysis of Cumulative Effect of Vegetation Disturbance in Open-Pit Mining Area in the Eastern Steppe of Inner Mongolia. Landsc. Archit. 38 (8), 22–29 (2025).
Bradshaw, A. Restoration of mined lands—using natural processes. Ecol. Eng. 8, 255–269 (1997).
Tong Wu, Z. Y., Guochi Zhou, K., Wang, M., Pei, Y. & Tian Changes in photosynthetic characteristics andgrowth responses of herbaceous plants under dust deposition during the reclamation of open-pit mines in Inner Mongolia. Acta Ecol. Sinica. 45 (16), 8071–8084 (2025).
Winkler, N., Auge, W. W. H., Klotz, S., Finkenbein, P. & Heilmeier, H. Drought resistance of native pioneer species indicates potential suitability for restoration of post-mining areas. Web Ecol. 14 (1), 65–74 (2015).
Zhenhua Wu, S. L. et al. Spatial Distribution of the Impact of Surface Mining on the Landscape Ecological Health of Semi-arid Grasslands. Ecol. Ind. 111, 105996–106006 (2020).
Isabel Parraga-Aguado, M. N. G. A., Alvarez-Rogel, J., Jimenez-Carceles, F. J. & Conesa, H. M. The importance of edaphic niches and pioneer plant species succession for the phytomanagement of mine tailings. Environ. Pollut. 176, 134–143 (2013).
Zhenhua Wu, S. L., Qingwu Yan, Z., Bian, Q. & Lu Landscape ecological network construction controlling surface coal mining effect on landscape ecology: A case study of a mining city in semi-arid steppe. Ecol. Ind. 133, 108403 (2021).
Huihui Wang, M. X., Li, H., Feng, Q., Zhang, C. & Bai, Z. Monitoring ecosystem restoration of multiple surface coal mine sites in China via LANDSAT images using the Google Earth Engine, Land Degradation Devel., Vol. 32, p. 2936–2950 (2021).
Zhang, G., Yu, W. L. S. & Sun, X. Study on the spatio-temporal evolution of vegetation coverage and driving factors in the ecological restoration area of typical open-pit mine. China Min. Magazine. 33 (11), 49–58 (2024).
Elmira, T., Asr, R. K., Ataei, M. & Mohammadi, M. R. T. A review of studies on sustainable development in mining life cycle. J. Clean. Prod. 229, 213–231 (2019).
Caroline, G. & Druschke, K. C. H. Manager perspectives on communication and public engagement in ecological restoration project success. Ecol. Soc. 20 (1), 58 (2015).
Erskine, P. D., McKenna, R. B. P. & Humphrey, C. Using reference sites to guide ecological engineering and restoration of an internationally significant uranium mine in the Northern Territory. Ecol. Eng. 129, 61–70 (2019).
Farjana, S. H., Parvez Mahmud, N. H. M. A. & Saidur, R. A review on the impact of mining and mineral processing industries through life cycle assessment. J. Clean. Prod. 231, 1200–1217 (2019).
Yang Ya, L. D. & Lin, Y. Staging effects of biological soil crust-driven coupled soil–water-vegetation mechanisms in vegetation-limited areas. CATENA 260, 109430 (2025).
Paula Letícia, W. & Kettenhuber, R. S. S. Júnior Joel Dewes, Hans Peter Rauch, Fabrício Jaques Sutili, Stephan Hörbinger, Performance assessment of a soil and water bioengineering work on the basis of the flora development and its associated ecosystem processes. Ecol. Eng. 186, 106840 (2023).
Qin Yue, W. S., Shengyun, C. & Xingran, C. A systematic review of ecological restoration in China from 1991 to 2024: A bibliometric analysis. Ecol. Eng. 222, 107794 (2026).