Greek, Italian, Turkish genetic ancestral origins, GraecoAnatolian migrations to Italy and more. Imperial Roman and Medieval era focus.

This is a continuation of my previous post because i forgot many important stuff: [https://www.reddit.com/r/cyprus/comments/12jqrui/closest\_people\_genetically\_to\_minoans\_ancient/](https://www.reddit.com/r/cyprus/comments/12jqrui/closest_people_genetically_to_minoans_ancient/)

The models with a grey background were made using G25 on vahaduo with the Nmonte algorithm.

During the Imperial Rome era Italy received a significant Graeco-Anatolian migration, **mainly from west Anatolia and the Greek islands**. The Graeco-Anatolian samples below are the main Graeco-Anatolian cluster found in Italy. Only the samples that are Graeco-Anatolian were included.

**Now we see how much of the ancestry of modern people is similar to those samples**. The models below do not imply direct ancestry from them but they show the “shifts”. Populations who coincidentally mixed with the same ancestral populations of the Graeco-Anatolians will score Graeco-Anatolian and anything proportionally extra will be shown as excess.

If the percentages are below 1% they might be noise.

**Few main Greek areas and other populations**

[Keep in mind that some of the Balkan ancestry in Greeks could be from ancient North Greeks such as the Macedonians. The ancient Greeks were not all exactly the same genetically. We only have ancient samples from the south border of modern North Macedonia when it comes to stuff near ancient Macedonia. its probably the closest thing to ancient Macedonian DNA or its the same. If you want to see what they were mixed with then check all the models on this post, more below.](https://preview.redd.it/y5lbznvwx3ua1.png?width=927&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=a454cb3f234785dec88b1bf200066b27cf96e5c7)

**All Greeks included**

https://preview.redd.it/nd3jjxms74ua1.png?width=993&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=0f40f02ccc80b4261210e7b8dc15c595197fdbd8

https://preview.redd.it/w1a5dxncy3ua1.png?width=637&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=3563533696eb77d8204628a975c9bef3c4a9548e

https://preview.redd.it/78y1o1hny3ua1.png?width=836&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=3b03c65a5d4fda63446f0c40a1eebbc9286d6268

https://preview.redd.it/24ziqxko04ua1.png?width=878&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=10c49438ad85a2b7e5d77d877410e6bbd01958e2

**Edit: there is a typo in the Slavic date, its meant to be 1100AD.**

**Comparing Turk Cypriot’s DNA to Greek Cypriots, Turks and the Lebanese.**

https://preview.redd.it/j8tcy2j2t3ua1.png?width=246&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=6984548a9914ed3abcd40fa3cfe7aeaec9efff8f

**Another model but with an Italian proxy.**

https://preview.redd.it/jk5w94l9t3ua1.png?width=242&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=657e510d9242dec1faf30b320eb92cdd38d019fb

**The Graeco-Anatolian’s admixture**.

Keep in mind that their earlier West Anatolian ancestry is hard to tell apart from Mycenaean and Central Anatolian because they were similar so i ran 2 models, one with and one without the earlier West Anatolians.

[Graeco Anatolian cluster.](https://preview.redd.it/xfep17jvd3ua1.png?width=381&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=903940762fffbcb66acfbf02c2be0bbc7653518c)

[Graeco Anatolian cluster.](https://preview.redd.it/kg69c0esf3ua1.png?width=460&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=6004f6876851d3d7cbe80ff39b1410365e8a56e0)

**Most similar modern people to the Graeco-Anatolian cluster.**

https://preview.redd.it/2gdois5ze3ua1.png?width=454&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=c454af1760f09898d2fbf925d75e66c18d011e05

**Most similar ancient DNA samples to the Graeco-Anatolian cluster.** Samples ending in **\_Anc** are from the Classical antiquity period, **\_Rom** for Roman Imperial and **\_Byz** Byzantine period. The first 3 letters are the country codes. **TUR = Turkey,** \_o stands for Outlier.

The Graeco-Anatolians were most similar to the West Anatolians from Hellenistic to Byzantine times.

https://preview.redd.it/ceh20oe8f3ua1.png?width=469&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=184f2d34d6e6e856bc692a40c08e5c1a0e995107

**More information about the admixture of Pelasgians/Minoans/Pre Greeks and the ancient Greeks.**

**Pre-Greek vs Proto Greek ancestry of the Mycenaeans.**

![img](3poltf6ai3ua1 ”
“)

https://preview.redd.it/vmfbtpcpi3ua1.png?width=486&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=f8424df0299db235e145258f4061ed77aaa99619

**Admixtools** is an open-source software package developed by researchers at Harvard University for analyzing and visualizing population admixture and structure in genetic data. The software provides a suite of tools for estimating admixture proportions, identifying population structure, and conducting hypothesis tests for various demographic scenarios.[https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/217/4/iyaa045/6070149](https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/217/4/iyaa045/6070149)

The fixation index (FST) is **a measure of population differentiation due to genetic structure**. It is frequently estimated from genetic polymorphism data, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) or microsatellites.Most similar populations to Anatolian Neolithic Farmers, Minoans, Mycenaeans and more.

**The most similar populations genetically to the Anatolian Neolithic Farmers, ancient Greeks, Minoans and more.**

https://preview.redd.it/smgtsg1yi3ua1.png?width=1624&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=8d39e2df63d848f23ac5dd7f26d370a3d93b4ad2

The next models will show you the Neolithic ancestry of the Minoans, pre-Greek people of Greece, Mycenaeans and Bronze age Anatolians. So you can see how similar or different they are to each other in terms of Neolithic ancestry proportions. The following models were made using ADMIXTOOLS 2 qpAdm.

They are based on the models from these papers, the paper only modeled ancients so i remade similar models for both ancients and moderns:[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247)

[https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abq0762?url\_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr\_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr\_dat=cr\_pub%20%200pubmed](https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abq0762?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed)

**The Neolithic ancestry of ancient Greeks, Minoans and more populations.**

[Neolithic admixture](https://preview.redd.it/zscc1yrzi3ua1.png?width=1466&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=b400b2614c83de92c015952b79a945e736b7bfee)

**The Mesolithic ancestry of ancient Greeks, Minoans and more populations.**

[Mesolithic admixture](https://preview.redd.it/zbwej4x0j3ua1.png?width=1532&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=c6a0a7282f038be78cf9426fc37cd5a4adf1f491)

I simulated Cyprus\_PPNB G25 coordinates based on their Mesolithic admixture proportions because they are low DNA coverage and aren’t available on G25. I selected some samples to calculate the most similar populations. Chalcolithic Cypriots were also similar Check this scientific paper for more information about their genetics: [https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abq0762?url\_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr\_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr\_dat=cr\_pub%20%200pubmed](https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abq0762?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed)

Archeologists used to think that they came from the Levant but apparently they were genetically more related to the Minoans and Pre-Greek people of Greece and they were not Levantines.

https://preview.redd.it/8nwvamseu3ua1.png?width=443&format=png&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=9c660f11274f642f19e77863b65e1b988752b060

**A historical reference of the Graeco-Anatolian migration to Italy**

Juvenal’s Satires are a series of sixteen poems written in Latin by the Roman poet Juvenal between 100-127 AD. The poems are notable for their biting wit, scathing social commentary, and vivid depictions of Roman life.

He also criticized the increasing influence of Greek culture and people in Rome during the time of the author. The author argues that the influx of Greeks has brought with it a decline in morals and a disregard for traditional Roman values. He complains about the Greeks’ quick wit and ability to excel in various professions, but also accuses them of being untrustworthy, lustful, and disrespectful towards Roman women. The author is also critical of Greek philosophy and its practitioners, arguing that they are responsible for crimes and lack moral fiber. Ultimately, the author expresses his disdain for the Greeks and their growing presence in Rome, calling for them to be excluded from Roman society.

Why did i use G25? G25 proximal models produce ADMIXTOOLS qpAdm like results but allow for more complicated models. Neolithic modeling on G25 does not work very well which is why i used qpAdm for Neolithic/Mesolithic models.

Proximal models are when we use more recent DNA samples to model a population while distal are more ancient populations, like Anatolian Neolithic Farmers.

[https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/07/getting-most-out-of-global25\_12.html](https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/07/getting-most-out-of-global25_12.html)

This paper modeled Mycenaeans’s ancestry in the supplementary material[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247)