{"id":100151,"date":"2026-02-23T17:09:41","date_gmt":"2026-02-23T17:09:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/africa\/100151\/"},"modified":"2026-02-23T17:09:41","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T17:09:41","slug":"life-strategies-in-an-upwelling-world-distribution-patterns-and-niche-partitioning-of-calanidae-copepods-in-the-benguela-current","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/africa\/100151\/","title":{"rendered":"Life strategies in an upwelling world: distribution patterns and niche partitioning of Calanidae copepods in the Benguela Current"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hutchings, L. et al. The Benguela Current: An ecosystem of four components. Prog. Oceanogr. 83, 15\u201332 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Crawford, R. J. M., Shannon, L. V. & Pollock, D. E. The Benguela ecosystem part VI. The major fish and invertebrate resources. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 25, 323\u2013505 (1987).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Crawford, R. J. M. Food, fishing and seabirds in the Benguela upwelling system. J. Ornithol. 148, S253\u2013S260 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ekau, W. et al. Pelagic key species and mechanisms driving energy flows in the northern Benguela upwelling ecosystem and their feedback into biogeochemical cycles. J. Mar. Syst. 188, 49\u201362 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Geist, S. J. et al. Distribution, feeding behaviour, and condition of Cape horse mackerel early life stages, Trachurus capensis, under different environmental conditions in the northern Benguela upwelling ecosystem. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 72, 543\u2013557 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kirkman, S. P. et al. Spatial characterisation of the Benguela ecosystem for ecosystem-based management. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 38, 7\u201322 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Roux, J.-P. et al. Jellyfication of marine ecosystems as a likely consequence of overfishing small pelagic fishes: Lessons from the Benguela. Bull. Mar. Sci. 89, 249\u2013284 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Watermeyer, K., Shannon, L., Roux, J.-P. & Griffiths, C. Changes in the trophic structure of the northern Benguela before and after the onset of industrial fishing. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 30, 383\u2013403 (2008).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Coetzee, J. C., van der Lingen, C. D., Hutchings, L. & Fairweather, T. P. Has the fishery contributed to a major shift in the distribution of South African sardine?. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 65, 1676\u20131688 (2008).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

van der Lingen, C. D., Hutchings, L. & Field, J. G. Comparative trophodynamics of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus and sardine Sardinops sagax in the southern Benguela: Are species alternations between small pelagic fish trophodynamically mediated?. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 28, 465\u2013477 (2006).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

van der Lingen, C. D. & Hampton, I. Climate change impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptations: Southeast Atlantic and Southwest Indian Ocean marine fisheries. In Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries and Aquaculture (eds. Brange, M. et al.) 219\u2013250 (FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, Rome, 2018).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Shannon, L. J., Moloney, C. L., Jarre, A. & Field, J. G. Trophic flows in the southern Benguela during the 1980s and 1990s. J. Mar. Syst. 39, 83\u2013116 (2003).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Verheye, H. M., Lamont, T., Huggett, J. A., Kreiner, A. & Hampton, I. Plankton productivity of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME). Environ. Dev. 17, 75\u201392 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Verheye, H. M., Hutchings, L., Huggett, J. A. & Painting, S. J. Mesozooplankton dynamics in the Benguela ecosystem, with emphasis on the herbivorous copepods. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 12, 561\u2013584 (1992).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hansen, F. C., Cloete, R. R. & Verheye, H. M. Seasonal and spatial variability of dominant copepods along a transect off Walvis Bay (23\u00b0S), Namibia. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 27, 55\u201363 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bode, M. et al. Spatio-temporal variability of copepod abundance along the 20\u00b0S monitoring transect in the northern Benguela Upwelling System from 2005 to 2011. PLoS ONE 9, e97738 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Emeis, K. et al. Biogeochemical processes and turnover rates in the Northern Benguela Upwelling System. J. Mar. Syst. 188, 63\u201380 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mohrholz, V. et al. Cross shelf hydrographic and hydrochemical conditions and their short-term variability at the northern Benguela during a normal upwelling season. J. Mar. Syst. 140, 92\u2013110 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bertrand, A. et al. Oxygen: A fundamental property regulating pelagic ecosystem structure in the coastal southeastern tropical Pacific. PLoS ONE 6, e29558 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ekau, W., Auel, H., P\u00f6rtner, H.-O. & Gilbert, D. Impacts of hypoxia on the structure and processes in pelagic communities (zooplankton, macro-invertebrates and fish). Biogeosciences 7, 1669\u20131699 (2010).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Auel, H. & Verheye, H. M. Hypoxia tolerance in the copepod Calanoides carinatus and the effect of an intermediate oxygen minimum layer on copepod vertical distribution in the northern Benguela Current upwelling system and the Angola\u2013Benguela Front. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 352, 234\u2013243 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wishner, K. F., Seibel, B. & Outram, D. Ocean deoxygenation and copepods: Coping with oxygen minimum zone variability. Biogeosciences 17, 2315\u20132339 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Huggett, J. A., Noyon, M., Carstensen, J. & Walker, D. R. Patterns in the plankton\u2014Spatial distribution and long-term variability of copepods on the Agulhas Bank. Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr2.2023.105265<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Huggett, J. A., Richardson, A. J. & Field, J. G. Comparative ecology of the copepods Calanoides carinatus and Calanus agulhensis\u2014The influence of temperature and food. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 29, 473\u2013490 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Auel, H., Hagen, W., Ekau, W. & Verheye, H. M. Metabolic adaptations and reduced respiration of the copepod Calanoides carinatus during diapause at depth in the Angola-Benguela Front and northern Benguela upwelling regions. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 27, 653\u2013657 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Verheye, H. M. et al. Life strategies, energetics and growth characteristics of Calanoides carinatus (Copepoda) in the Angola-Benguela frontal region. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 27, 641\u2013651 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kosobokova, K. N., Drits, A. V. & Krylov, P. Physiological and biochemical characteristics of Calanoides carinatus in waters of an upwelling off coast of Namibia. Oceanology 28, 375\u2013379 (1988).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Verheye, H. M. Short-term variability during an anchor station study in the southern Benguela upwelling system: Abundance, distribution and estimated production of mesozooplankton with special reference to Calanoides carinatus (Kr\u00f8yer, 1849). Prog. Oceanogr. 28, 91\u2013119 (1991).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Arashkevich, E. G., Drits, A. V. & Timonin, A. G. Diapause in the life cycle of Calanoides carinatus (Kr\u00f8yer), (Copepoda, Calanoida). Hydrobiologia 320, 197\u2013208 (1996).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Loick, N., Ekau, W. & Verheye, H. Water-body preferences of dominant calanoid copepod species in the Angola-Benguela frontal zone. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 27, 597\u2013608 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brinkman, F. R. V. et al. Unveiling ecosystem shifts in the southern Benguela through otolith biochronologies of sardine (Sardinops sagax). Fish. Oceanogr. 34, e12710 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Shannon, L. V. et al. The 1980s\u2014A decade of change in the Benguela ecosystem. South Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 12, 271\u2013276 (1992).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Verheye, H. M. Decadal-scale trends across several marine trophic levels in the southern Benguela Upwelling System off South Africa. AMBIO J. Hum. Environ. 29, 30\u201334 (2000).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Verheye, H. M. & Richardson, A. J. Long-term increase in crustacean zooplankton abundance in the southern Benguela upwelling region (1951\u20131996): Bottom-up or top-down control?. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 55, 803\u2013807 (1998).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lamont, T., Garcia-Reyes, M., Bograd, S. J., van der Lingen, C. D. & Sydeman, W. J. Upwelling indices for comparative ecosystem studies: Variability in the Benguela Upwelling System. J. Mar. Syst. 188, 3\u201316 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rouault, M., Pohl, B. & Penven, P. Coastal oceanic climate change and variability from 1982 to 2009 around South Africa. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 32, 237\u2013246 (2010).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Verheye, H. M., Richardson, A. J., Hutchings, L., Marska, G. & Gianakouras, D. Long-term trends in the abundance and community structure of coastal zooplankton in the southern Benguela system, 1951\u20131996. South Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 19, 317\u2013332 (1998).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rixen, T. et al. Oxygen and nutrient trapping in the Southern Benguela Upwelling System. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 730591 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gibbons, M. J. & Hutchings, L. Zooplankton diversity and community structure around southern Africa, with special attention to the Benguela upwelling system. South Afr. J. Sci. 92, 63\u201375 (1996).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Schukat, A., Teuber, L., Hagen, W., Wasmund, N. & Auel, H. Energetics and carbon budgets of dominant calanoid copepods in the northern Benguela upwelling system. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 442, 1\u20139 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Verheye, H. M., Hutchings, L. & Peterson, W. T. Life history and population maintenance strategies of Calanoides carinatus (Copepods: Calanoida) in the southern Benguela ecosystem. South Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 11, 179\u2013191 (1991).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Benedetti, F., Gasparini, S. & Ayata, S.-D. Identifying copepod functional groups from species functional traits. J. Plankton Res. 38, 159\u2013166 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brun, P., Payne, M. R. & Ki\u00f8rboe, T. A trait database for marine copepods. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 9, 99\u2013113 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Huggett, J. A. & Richardson, A. J. A review of the biology and ecology of Calanus agulhensis off South Africa. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57, 1834\u20131849 (2000).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Morgan, C. A., Peterson, W. T. & Emmett, R. L. Onshore-offshore variations in copepod community structure off the Oregon coast during the summer upwelling season. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 249, 223\u2013236 (2003).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Schukat, A., Auel, H., Teuber, L. & Hagen, W. Complex trophic interactions of calanoid copepods in the Benguela upwelling system. J. Sea Res. 85, 186\u2013196 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hutchings, L., Jarre, A., Lamont, T., van den Berg, M. & Kirkman, S. P. St Helena Bay (southern Benguela) then and now: Muted climate signals, large human impact. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 34, 559\u2013583 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bradford-Grieve, J. M. & Ahyong, S. T. Phylogenetic relationships among genera in the Calanidae (Crustacea: Copepoda) based on morphology. J. Nat. Hist. 44, 279\u2013299 (2010).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bradford-Grieve, J. M., Markhaseva, E., Rocha, C. E. F. & Abiahy, B. B. Copepoda. In South Atlantic Zooplankton Vol. 2 (ed. Boltovskoy, D.) 869\u20131098 (Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 1999).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Razouls, C., Desreumanaux, N., Kouwenberg, J., & de Bov\u00e9e, F. Biodiversity of marine planktonic copepods (morphology, geographical distribution and biological data). http:\/\/copepodes.obs-banyuls.fr\/en<\/a> (2005).<\/p>\n

Shimode, S., Hiroe, Y., Hidaka, K., Takahashi, K. & Tsuda, A. Life history and ontogenetic vertical migration of Neocalanus gracilis in the western North Pacific Ocean. Aquat. Biol. 7, 295\u2013306 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Atkinson, A. & Sinclair, J. D. Zonal distribution and seasonal vertical migration of copepod assemblages in the Scotia Sea. Polar Biol. 23, 46\u201358 (2000).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Miller, K. J., Bradford-Grieve, J. M. & Jillett, J. B. Genetic relationship between winter deep-dwelling and spring surface-dwelling female Neocalanus tonsus in the Southern Ocean. Mar. Biol. 134, 99\u2013106 (1999).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ohman, M. D., Bradford, J. M. & Jillett, J. B. Seasonal growth and lipid storage of the circumglobal, subantarctic copepod, Neocalanus tonsus (Brady). Deep Sea Res. Part A Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 36, 1309\u20131326 (1989).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Richardson, A. J., Verheye, H. M., Herbert, V., Rogers, C. & Arendse, L. M. Egg production, somatic growth and productivity of copepods in the Benguela Current system and Angola-Benguela Front. South Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 97, 251\u2013257 (2001).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ram\u00edrez, F. C. & Sabatini, M. E. The occurrence of Calanidae species in waters off Argentina. Hydrobiologia 439, 21\u201342 (2000).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Verheye, H. M. & Field, J. G. Vertical distribution and diel vertical migration of Calanoides carinatus (Kr\u00f8yer, 1849) developmental stages in the southern Benguela upwelling region. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 158, 123\u2013140 (1992).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hirst, A. G., Bonnet, D., Conway, D. V. P. & Ki\u00f8rboe, T. Does predation control adult sex ratios and longevities in marine pelagic copepods?. Limnol. Oceanogr. 55, 2193\u20132206 (2010).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Titelman, J., Varpe, O., Eliassen, S. & Fiksen, O. Copepod mating: Chance or choice?. J. Plankton Res. 29, 1023\u20131030 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ki\u00f8rboe, T. Sex, sex-ratios, and the dynamics of pelagic copepod populations. Oecologia 148, 40\u201350 (2006).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

DEFF (Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries) 2020. Status of the South African Marine Fishery Resources 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.30734.48962<\/a>.<\/p>\n

van der Lingen, C. D. Adapting to climate change in the South African small pelagic fishery. In Adaptive Management of Fisheries in Response to Climate Change (eds. Bahri, T. et al.) 177\u2013194 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 2021).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Peterson, W. Life cycle strategies of copepods in coastal upwelling zones. J. Mar. Syst. 15, 313\u2013326 (1998).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

H\u00f6ring, F., Cornils, A., Auel, H., Bode, M. & Held, C. Population genetic structure of Calanoides natalis (Copepoda, Calanoida) in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and Benguela upwelling system. J. Plankton Res. 39, 618\u2013630 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sabatini, M., Ram\u00edrez, F. C. & Martos, P. Distribution pattern and population structure of Calanus australis Brodsky, 1959 over the southern Patagonian Shelf off Argentina in summer. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57, 1856\u20131866 (2000).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Saumweber, W. J. & Durbin, E. G. Estimating potential diapause duration in Calanus finmarchicus. Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 53, 2597\u20132617 (2006).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

DFFE (Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment). Status of the South African Marine Fishery Resources 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15493\/DFFE.10000006<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n

Tim, N., Zorita, E. & H\u00fcnicke, B. Decadal variability and trends of the Benguela upwelling system as simulated in a high-resolution ocean simulation. Ocean Sci. 11, 483\u2013502 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bograd, S. J. et al. Climate change impacts on eastern boundary upwelling systems. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 15, 303\u2013328 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Cury, P. Small pelagics in upwelling systems: Patterns of interaction and structural changes in \u201cwasp-waist\u201d ecosystems. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57, 603\u2013618 (2000).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

van der Lingen, C. D. Diet of sardine Sardinops sagax in the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 24, 301\u2013316 (2002).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. (2019).<\/p>\n

L\u00ea, S., Josse, J. & Husson, F. FactoMineR: An R package for multivariate analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 25, 1\u201318 (2008).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Motoda, S. Instructions for use devices of simple plankton apparatus Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University. Mem. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 7, 73\u2013111 (1959).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Steedman, H. F. Zooplankton fixation and preservation. In Monographs Oceangraphic Methology, Vol. 4 (UNESCO Press, Vendome, 1976).<\/p>\n

Bode-Dalby, M. et al. Small is beautiful: The important role of small copepods in carbon budgets of the southern Benguela upwelling system. J. Plankton Res. 45, 110\u2013128 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Andersen, V., Gubanova, A., Nival, P. & Ruellet, T. Zooplankton community during the transition from spring bloom to oligotrophy in the open NW Mediterranean and effects of wind events. 2. Vertical distributions and migrations. J. Plankton Res. 23, 243\u2013261 (2001).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Oksanen, J. et al. vegan: Community Ecology Package. 2.6-10 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.vegan<\/a> (2019).<\/p>\n

Harrell, J., F. E. Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous. 5.2\u20133 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.Hmisc<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n

Wickham, H. reshape2: Flexibly reshape data: A reboot of the reshape package. 1.4.4 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.reshape2<\/a> (2010).<\/p>\n

Wickham, H. Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer, 2016).<\/p>\n

Book<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bicknell, A. W. J. et al. Effects of formalin preservation on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures in calanoid copepods: Implications for the use of Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey samples in stable isotope analyses. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 25, 1794\u20131800 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hobson, K. A. et al. A stable isotope (\u03b413C, \u03b415N) model for the North Water food web: Implications for evaluating trophodynamics and the flow of energy and contaminants. Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 49, 5131\u20135150 (2002).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bode, M. et al. Feeding strategies of tropical and subtropical calanoid copepods throughout the eastern Atlantic Ocean\u2014Latitudinal and bathymetric aspects. Prog. Oceanogr. 138, 268\u2013282 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Folch, J., Lees, M. & Sloane Stanley, G. H. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497\u2013509 (1957).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kattner, G. & Fricke, H. S. G. Simple gas-liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of fatty acids and alcohols in wax esters of marine organisms. J. Chromatogr. A 361, 263\u2013268 (1986).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kattner, G., Albers, C., Graeve, M. & Schnack-Schiel, S. B. Fatty acid and alcohol composition of the small polar copepods, Oithona and Oncaea: Indication on feeding modes. Polar Biol. 26, 666\u2013671 (2003).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dalsgaard, J., St. John, M., Kattner, G., M\u00fcller-Navarra, D. & Hagen, W. Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine environment. Adv. Mar. Biol. 46, 225\u2013340 (2003).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Clarke, K. R. & Warwick, R. M. Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation 2nd edn. (PRIMER-E, Plymouth, 2001).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Hutchings, L. et al. The Benguela Current: An ecosystem of four components. Prog. Oceanogr. 83, 15\u201332 (2009). Article\u00a0…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":100152,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[57141,19420,12071,57143,57140,2109,2110,102,57138,759,57142,57139],"class_list":{"0":"post-100151","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-namibia","8":"tag-abundance","9":"tag-diversity","10":"tag-ecology","11":"tag-fatty-acids","12":"tag-functional-traits","13":"tag-humanities-and-social-sciences","14":"tag-multidisciplinary","15":"tag-namibia","16":"tag-ocean-sciences","17":"tag-science","18":"tag-stable-isotopes","19":"tag-zooplankton"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@africa\/116121057681697592","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100151","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=100151"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100151\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/100152"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100151"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100151"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100151"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}