Australia is bracing for its most high-stakes Census in recent history as three major changes signal a deeper cultural shift at play, including one that is expected to “raise eyebrows in many households” across the country.
Run by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) every five years, the nationwide count provides a snapshot of population growth, housing, and shifting demographics.
The next Census lands on August 11, following the last major survey in August 2021. Households will start receiving their instruction letters and access codes from late July, with most completing the form online.
‘Culture wars’ may enter the Census chat
The wording for the question that records sex is changing to “sex recorded at birth,” and fresh topics on “sexual orientation and gender” are being introduced into the upcoming Census.
Demographers say collecting this data will give us a more comprehensive understanding of LGBTQIA communities across Australia, but it would likely trigger controversies that could see the Census becoming politicised.
The questions will “raise eyebrows in many households”, and inject debates on “Wokeness” and “Political Correctness” into the Census discussion, one demographer said.
“All that would be disappointing because the Census is such an important tool for Australians and has always been free of politics,” social analyst and demographer, Mark McCrindle told news.com.au.
“This is coming right at the time of that reassessment of culture and identity, so it will certainly be interesting to see how it plays out in the national conversation.”
Many households including older demographics, regional communities, non-English speakers, or parents filling out the form on behalf of their 16-year old children may feel “perplexed” or “confused”.
Mr McCrindle said it is going to be a challenge to convince Australians to participate, potentially leading to a high non-completion result for the two ‘optional’ questions of sexual orientation and gender.
“In government bubbles, the Canberra bubble and the academic bubbles, this is well ventilated, but your average Australian doesn’t understand what a cis-male or a cis-female is, or what a pansexual is,” Mr McCrindle said.
The Demographics Group’s chief data scientist, Hari Hara Priya Kannan said the update is a “global standout” moment for Australia, as no other country has attempted to measure such data at this scale.
Ms Kannan said the data could help the government in tailoring health and community services for under-represented groups.
“If we have the LGBTQIA data, it helps us with how we educate children and the community to be more aware of who’s around us and how we are more sensitive to the community, “ Ms Kannan said.
To be more inclusive, the updated survey will also have non-gendered terminology used for households and family relationships. For example, terms like ‘Parent 1 and Parent 2’ could replace traditional terms like mother and father.
Aussies will get to champion their complex cultural heritage
Beyond these inclusivity efforts, the Census is also changing to better capture the depth of Australia’s multicultural identity.
For the first time, Australians are able to list up to four ancestries on their Census form instead of the current limit of two, allowing individuals with complex family backgrounds to better represent their heritage.
The ABS says the change follows extensive public consultation and testing and is designed to better capture Australia’s growing cultural diversity.
The expansion comes after the ABS considered introducing a separate question on “ethnic identity” but ultimately abandoned the idea after finding many people were confused about the difference between ethnicity and ancestry.
Instead, it decided expanding the ancestry question would provide clearer and more useful data.
Ancestry’s (the business not the word) family history expert Jason Reeve told news.com.au the shift recognised that modern Australian families often span multiple cultures and generations.
“Until now people could only record two ancestries, which often meant leaving out important parts of a story,” he told news.com.au.
“In a deeply multicultural nation, this matters because it lets people represent their full family story rather than a simplified version.”
The extra responses are also expected to improve the quality of Census data used by researchers, historians and governments to better understand Australia’s changing population.
Mr Reeve said while not everyone would need all four spaces, many Australians would be surprised by what they could uncover if they explored their family history.
“Someone with predominantly English ancestry might find a great-grandmother who arrived from Ireland during the famine.”
He said the broader data would help reveal migration stories that have often been hidden by previous Census limits.
The ABS stressed ancestry and ethnic identity are different concepts.
Testing found Australians did not have a consistent understanding of what “ethnic identity” meant or how it differed from ancestry, prompting the bureau to drop the proposed question.
Mr Reeve agrees with the decision.
“Ancestry is about biology and ethnicity is about the culture you identify with and practise,” he said.
The change also reflects what family historians increasingly discover through historical records and DNA testing.
For Australians unsure of their background ahead of next year’s Census, Mr Reeve recommends starting with conversations at home.
“Talk with your relatives,” he said.
“They hold stories, names and dates that no database has captured yet.
Risk to fertility data as ‘number of children ever born’ is removed
While the expansion of the ancestry question encourages Australians to more accurately document their family histories, the removal of the “number of children ever born” question simultaneously risks creating a significant gap in crucial long-term fertility data.
The question is being scaled back by the ABS to a once in a decade collection cycle, and will appear in the 2031 Census.
It is understood that ABS may need to make some trade-offs to minimise the burden of respondents, fertility experts and demographers are concerned about the potential loss of crucial fertility data that has been collected as part of longitudinal records over the years.
Despite other available datasets on birthrate, we might miss out on tracking childless women, single-child families and overall family sizes.
“Without timely and comprehensive birth data, it is difficult to know how many children have been conceived using the same donor or to accurately track donor sibling numbers,” Australia and New Zealand Fertility Society board member and fertility specialist, Manuela Toledo said.
“This issue is increasingly important given the growth of informal and unregulated sperm donation outside fertility clinics,” she said.
Updated data could help with more precise understanding of ongoing fertility trends ensuring policy choices are grounded in present-day realities instead of relying on a “decade-old snapshot”.