Twenty years ago, and only a few days into his role as the ABC\u2019s managing director, Mark Scott stood in his Brisbane newsroom to face the staff who had come to believe that coming to work was slowly killing them.<\/p>\n
For several years, women had quietly been disappearing from work to undergo chemotherapy and radiation treatment. The newsroom\u2019s production desk in particular had been a revolving door of breast cancer diagnoses.<\/p>\n
They believed something was poisoning them, creating abnormal cells to grow in their body, divide and spread.<\/p>\n
They\u2019d raised concerns, asked for an investigation. The investigation concluded their\u00a0workplace was safe, that the empty desks were coincidence. <\/p>\n
And so, one day, they walked off the job.<\/p>\n
Scott, who\u2019d had his feet under the desk for less than a week, had flown to Brisbane to listen\u00a0to them. <\/p>\n
In the crowd of concerned faces, he noticed one: a young woman, perhaps in her 20s. She\u2019d looked frightened. And he thought: She thinks her job is killing her. And so months later, even though there\u2019d not been any hint of a cause, he told them all to pack up their desks and leave.<\/p>\n
Two luxury residential towers now sit on the inner-city riverfront land that was once home to\u00a0the ABC.<\/p>\n
In 2014, eight years after the public broadcaster\u2019s 350 Brisbane-based staff abandoned their Toowong workplace, the buildings were razed and preparations began for\u00a0a high-end residential development.<\/p>\n
Today it is home to hundreds of people \u2013 including media and political identities \u2013 seemingly undeterred by the site\u2019s checkered past, and willing to pay more than $3m for a three-bedroom apartment with access to a rooftop swimming pool, spa, sauna, gym, private dining rooms and spectacular river views.<\/p>\n
In 1994, a young production assistant at the ABC\u2019s Toowong newsroom found a lump in her breast and was diagnosed with cancer. <\/p>\n
Doctors operated immediately and remarked on her poor luck. She was very young to have breast cancer, they said. They didn\u2019t quite understand it. The following year another staff member was diagnosed. <\/p>\n
There were four more cases in 1998, another in 1999 and in 2001, yet another. The 2001 case had been a news operations assistant, with 24 years at the Toowong site behind her. She\u2019d woken one morning with a red, sore breast. Doctors initially thought little of it but then she\u2019d taken an urgent phone call. It was cancer.<\/p>\n
When a journalist was diagnosed the following year, they stopped believing in coincidence. <\/p>\n
Nadia Farha was 35 at the time, with two young children. She\u2019d have three operations, a mastectomy and six months of chemotherapy before returning to work. She hadn\u2019t been sure she\u2019d be around to see her children grow.<\/p>\n
In 2003 and 2004, four more women were diagnosed. Weekend TV newsreader Lisa Backhouse was one.<\/p>\n
\u201cAm I going to die?\u201d she\u2019d asked her doctor. <\/p>\n
She was 35, with two young boys. <\/p>\n
The GP had leaned forward, patted her leg and said: \u201cEveryone has to die.\u201d<\/p>\n
She had surgery a week later, followed by chemotherapy and then radiation.<\/p>\n
Journalist Jo Stone had filled in for Backhouse reading the news but she\u2019d been feeling increasingly uneasy about the growing number of women diagnosed with cancer.<\/p>\n
She went to her doctor and asked for a mammogram. \u201cYou\u2019re too young,\u201d the doctor told her. She was 30, fit and healthy and with no family history. But the fear remained and soon yet another woman was diagnosed \u2013 a 41-year-old television producer.<\/p>\n
Stone went to another doctor and pleaded her case. It would save her life.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe\u2019ll do it just for your peace of mind,\u201d the\u00a0doctor said. The scan showed tiny specs of\u00a0calcification. A biopsy showed they were cancerous.<\/p>\n
Doctors told her it would have been years before she\u2019d have felt the lump, that cancerous cells would have divided and spread inside her body undetected.<\/p>\n
Staff demanded answers from management. They felt there was something wrong with their\u00a0workplace, that something was giving them cancer. <\/p>\n
There was lots of electrical equipment in the newsroom and in the studio where many of the women worked. A large satellite dish was mounted on the roof of the Toowong building.<\/p>\n
Both television and radio broadcasts were beamed around the country from their workplace. Was it electromagnetic radiation making them sick? <\/p>\n
Or was it the soil or the water?<\/p>\n
In early 2005, following agitation from staff, ABC management sent in an occupational physician to conduct an epidemiological survey of the women. He wrote a questionnaire to help him collate information about them, focusing on risk factors like health, lifestyle and family and reproductive history.<\/p>\n
It upset them. Many refused to take part. <\/p>\n
The occupational physician did not write a report as a result. At the same time, a company\u00a0was commissioned to investigate electromagnetic radiation at the Toowong site. <\/p>\n
Measurements were taken inside the building\u00a0and near broadcasting vans over three days in April.<\/p>\n
A month later staff were told the site had the\u00a0all-clear \u2013 all tests had come within Australian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Agency reference levels. <\/p>\n
That same month, staff approached Queensland Health. They wanted to know whether the rate of breast cancer at the ABC office was normal compared to the general population and whether their working environment might be behind the spate of\u00a0diagnoses.<\/p>\n
Backhouse had drawn them a map of the office, shown them the desk where seven of the women who had cancer had sat.<\/p>\n
\u201cWould you let your daughter sit in one of those seats?\u201d she asked them.<\/p>\n
The report came back in December, 2005. The investigation took into account eight recent cases and while it found \u201cthere was a likelihood of excess\u201d instances of cancer, it could not say to what extent.<\/p>\n
The investigation also found that there was no plausible explanation for that excess and so it\u00a0was unlikely an environmental factor was to\u00a0blame. The staff were disappointed, angry. Then, in 2006, another woman was\u00a0diagnosed with cancer.<\/p>\n
They called lawyers. They called the journalists\u2019 union \u2013 the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance. <\/p>\n
Then, on Friday, July 7, ABC staff walked off the job.<\/p>\n
Professor Mark Scott \u2013 now the vice chancellor of Sydney University \u2013 recalls someone in those first few days of his appointment as ABC\u2019s managing director coming to tell him about a woman in his Brisbane newsroom with breast cancer.<\/p>\n
He noted it. Cancer was confronting, awful, but sadly common.<\/p>\n
\u201cThen people said to me, \u2018No, no, you don\u2019t understand, there are about a dozen.\u2019 I think it was about a dozen at that point who had developed breast cancer,\u201d Scott says. Even still, others were adamant there was nothing to be concerned about.<\/p>\n
\u201cI was told by some, \u2018Look, there\u2019s no such thing as a breast cancer cluster \u2013 there\u2019s nothing in this,\u2019\u201d he says. <\/p>\n
\u201cI felt I just needed to get on the ground, meet with staff, talk with staff, have a better feeling and insight. <\/p>\n
\u201cI remember addressing a staff meeting and looking out and seeing a young woman from our newsroom. She would have been in her mid-20s. And I thought she looked very apprehensive and very frightened.<\/p>\n
\u201cAnd I realised, she thinks that she will develop breast cancer by coming to work.<\/p>\n
\u201cShe loves her job but she was worried about her safety and wellbeing in going to that job. I realised just how deeply personal the impact of this is, not just about your own health, but the health of your friends and your colleagues and those you work side-by-side with.\u201d <\/p>\n
Scott says it \u201cwasn\u2019t satisfactory\u201d that the broadcaster hadn\u2019t gotten to the bottom of \u201cwhat on earth was going on here\u201d.<\/p>\n
He decided to do just that \u2013 investigate the extent of the problem, rigorously, aggressively. <\/p>\n
\u201cMy background was as a journalist. It\u2019s\u00a0an evidence-based profession. You seek out the truth and what I said to them was, when your loved ones are sick or unwell, you go and seek the best advice from the best experts you can find. And you trust their expertise. <\/p>\n
\u201cAnd that\u2019s what we did,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n
He convened a panel of experts, led by Professor Bruce Armstrong \u2013 one of the nation\u2019s leading experts in cancer and public health research. He was joined by Professor Joanne Aitken from The Cancer Council Queensland, Professor Malcolm Sim from the Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health and the ABC\u2019s Dr Norman Swan.<\/p>\n
The team got to work that same month, reviewing scientific research, investigating the epidemiology, interviewing the affected women and examining the site for possible contamination or high levels of exposure to known environmental risk factors.<\/p>\n
They went back through employment records to find every case of breast cancer in female staff at Toowong between January 1, 1994 and June 30, 2006. The team initially identified 13 women. Two were not working at the Toowong site at the time of their diagnosis and so the expert panel elected to exclude them. <\/p>\n
The number of cases, however, would continue to rise beyond the study, with 18 women diagnosed by 2007.<\/p>\n
Another woman\u2019s breast cancer was not deemed invasive and so she was also excluded. They then looked at the total number of women employed at the ABC site during the study period to get an accurate picture of whether the instances of\u00a0cancer were statistically normal.<\/p>\n
They looked at risk factors for the 10 women. Was there a family history of breast cancer? They looked at general health, drinking or smoking habits, contraceptive use and history of pregnancies. Everything was normal.<\/p>\n
They examined the site for asbestos, looked at exposure to tobacco smoke or pesticides. They sampled the water, looked at the airconditioners and the ceiling tiles. They looked at radiofrequency electromagnetic fields.<\/p>\n
Backhouse had been waiting for the report. She and the other women who had\u00a0undergone cancer treatment were still\u00a0working in a building they felt was risking their lives.<\/p>\n
\u201cLisa, how are you going to feel when the next woman gets sick?\u201d Backhouse\u2019s husband had asked her.<\/p>\n
Backhouse loved her job. But she handed in her notice. \u201cIt\u2019s been an incredible privilege to bring you the news over the past decade and I\u2019d like to thank you all so very much for your support,\u201d the newsreader said to her audience on her last day. Then, a few days later, she got a call. The report was finished.<\/p>\n
Scott, answerable to the ABC board, had been talking to them about his plan should the panel find anything of note.<\/p>\n
\u201cAnd so I had said to them, I believed that if the report did not clear the site \u2013 if the report did not say a clean bill of health,\u00a0nothing to worry about here \u2013 I\u00a0could not see a pathway through where we could continue to operate out of Toowong,\u201d he says. <\/p>\n
The report was frustratingly inconclusive in relation to a cause. <\/p>\n
They had found nothing to cause alarm. <\/p>\n
But it was very conclusive about how unusual it was that so many women in the one workplace could develop breast cancer. Women working at the ABC, the panel found, were six times more likely to develop breast cancer. The risk increased the longer they worked there.<\/p>\n
\u201cThe likelihood of this event occurring by chance is about one in a million,\u201d the report noted. Scott thought he\u2019d misheard Armstrong when he\u2019d told him the figure.<\/p>\n
\u201cIt was a moment where I really felt very\u00a0strongly we couldn\u2019t do a day more, really,\u201d he says. \u201cThe only activity on that site (after receiving the report) was to empty that site.\u201d<\/p>\n
From there, it was a scramble. Radio operations were hastily moved to another building in Toowong. Channel 10 at Mt Coot-tha opened its doors for the ABC\u2019s television arm, providing a temporary home that would last some years.<\/p>\n
\u201cThere\u2019s a line I like that says innovation loves constraints. How do you broadcast without a radio studio? And then people would say, but we do do that \u2013 when we cover the football, we broadcast without a studio,\u201d Scott says.<\/p>\n
\u201cSo we had these vans that we would take out to broadcast and, well, we just parked them in a garage and we did the broadcasting from there.<\/p>\n
\u201cNot great facilities, not terribly comfortable, but still the magic of broadcasting could happen from that.\u201d<\/p>\n
Scott says he has \u201cenormous respect\u201d for then-chief operating officer David Pendleton, whose job it was to move the entirety of the ABC and its technological requirements in a day.<\/p>\n
\u201cTo not lose a day of broadcasting while building new television broadcasting centres, new radio stations (and) newsrooms to keep providing the service as\u00a0we relocated all over Brisbane was a remarkable exercise in round-the-clock planning and delivery that put our audiences first,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n
In 2007, the National Breast Cancer Foundation provided funding for a group of researchers to examine the pathology and biology of the tumours of the ABC women in the hopes of providing them with an explanation. <\/p>\n
It was led by Dr Glenn Francis, a pathologist and genomics expert who has conducted research in prognostic biomarkers in breast cancer, molecular biology and diagnostic oncology.<\/p>\n
The team examined samples from the women\u2019s tumours to look for common characteristics, as well as looking at whether the tumours were any different to\u00a0what you would see in the general population.<\/p>\n
\u201cI don\u2019t think we will ever know,\u201d Francis says. \u201cI think that\u2019s what it comes down to. Technology has advanced and potentially you could do more (investigating) but that still may not give you a definite answer.<\/p>\n
\u201cI can\u2019t guarantee they weren\u2019t related to\u00a0something that they were exposed to or there was something in the environment or the building \u2026 but at the same time I can\u2019t say that it wasn\u2019t purely coincidence.\u201d<\/p>\n
The problem, Francis explains, is that people can be exposed to a common carcinogen but tumours will develop differently in each person.<\/p>\n
Alternatively, tumours may appear the same but further investigation can determine they are not.<\/p>\n
\u201cBut no \u2013 we didn\u2019t really find anything that would indicate a common cause,\u201d he says. \u201cYou can certainly do more detailed studies looking at DNA mutations in tumours these days \u2013 which is actually pretty\u00a0standard practice now.<\/p>\n
\u201cSo, potentially you could go back and look. Whether that would find anything is difficult to know.\u201d<\/p>\n
He says Scott made the right decision to\u00a0leave Toowong.<\/p>\n
\u201cCould it have been something there? Some interaction between environmental things there? Yes, it certainly could have been \u2026 and removing it therefore solved the problem,\u201d Francis says.<\/p>\n
Associate Professor Ken Karipidis from\u00a0the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency recalls testing the levels of exposure to power frequency magnetic fields shortly before the Toowong\u00a0site was abandoned. <\/p>\n
\u201cWhen we\u2019re\u00a0talking about a person\u2019s exposure, what we are more interested in is\u00a0what we\u00a0call their background exposure \u2013 rather\u00a0than certain spikes throughout the\u00a0day,\u201d he\u00a0says.<\/p>\n
For example, background exposure might be the electricity all around you as you move around the house. A spike might be the short amount of time you hold a hairdryer near your head.<\/p>\n
\u201cThe safety guidelines stipulate a level of\u00a02000 milligauss (mG) for members of the\u00a0public,\u201d Karipidis says.<\/p>\n
Staff who wore monitors around the ABC buildings picked up levels mostly under 2mG. Karipidis says he took levels during various times \u2013 including early morning and late into the evening \u2013 but found nothing unusual.<\/p>\n
He says there are some older scientific studies that link breast cancer to higher than normal exposure to ELF\/EMF but \u201cnewer studies haven\u2019t shown this association\u201d. \u201cI did the ELF testing but I had my pulse on a lot of the other testing \u2026 including microwaves, ionising radiation, chemicals \u2026 a wide range of things,\u201d Karipidis says.<\/p>\n
\u201cNothing was associated with being the\u00a0cause.\u201d<\/p>\n
Professor Karen Walker-Bone is the head of Monash University\u2019s Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health.<\/p>\n
She says there had been advancements in breast cancer research over the past 20\u00a0years, including in things like oncogenic viruses \u2013 a virus that has the potential to \u201cswitch on\u201d cancer genes.<\/p>\n
\u201cIt\u2019s rare for any one thing to be associated with cancer because cancer is\u00a0such a complex condition,\u201d Walker-Bone says. \u201cYou\u2019ve got a combination of the genetic makeup of the individual and then\u00a0a host of environmental and lifestyle factors. If you think of it like a hand of cards, you almost need to be unlucky enough to be holding all the cards at the same time to get the disease.<\/p>\n
\u201cSo when (a cluster) happens, you try to\u00a0think about what that common factor is \u2013 which card are they all holding simultaneously that they\u2019ve all got the disease now?<\/p>\n
\u201cAnd so far in history, we\u2019ve not ever been very good at finding that answer \u2026 mainly because perhaps our investigative methods are not sensitive enough. <\/p>\n
\u201cWe still struggle to differentiate and say\u00a0well, here\u2019s the genetic bit, here\u2019s the environmental bit, here\u2019s the diet bit, here\u2019s\u00a0the lifestyle bit and which is the bit that they\u2019ve all got.\u201d<\/p>\n
In an episode of ABC\u2019s Australian Story, which aired in 2007, members of the expert panel who investigated the cluster reflected on whether time and further research might provide clarity.<\/p>\n
\u201cIt could have been a virus,\u201d Dr Norman Swan speculated.<\/p>\n
\u201cWomen were working around a single table developing breast cancer. So it is possible they\u2019ve passed something between each other in the air, coffee cups, who knows what.\u201d<\/p>\n
In fact, Walker-Bone says new research has found links between four viruses and breast cancer. \u201cAnd once the cancer has taken over, the\u00a0virus particles are less visible,\u201d Walker-Bone says.<\/p>\n
\u201cThey don\u2019t need to remain for the cancer to have then started its progress.\u201d<\/p>\n
But Walker-Bone stresses it was not the\u00a0case that people can \u201ccatch\u201d cancer like\u00a0a cold. \u201cIt\u2019s going back to that hand of cards. This is one of the cards,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n
\u201cIt\u2019s not there in all humans that get breast cancer \u2026 but (one of the viruses) is there in five times more women who get breast cancer than healthy women who don\u2019t get breast cancer. <\/p>\n
\u201cSo there is a relationship.\u201d<\/p>\n
On April 19, 2012, Scott joined his Brisbane workforce in moving into the newly built ABC headquarters at South\u00a0Bank.<\/p>\n
\u201cTo have so many of those women who had been diagnosed be there \u2026 it was a vindication of their work, their advocacy, their campaigning and it was really a great result for everyone, but it had been a hard, sad, tough journey to get there,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n
And in answer to the question that still haunts those who worked there, Scott makes an apology for the contradictory response he\u2019s about to give.<\/p>\n
\u201cI\u2019d say two things \u2013 one is that statistical longshots still happen. Even a million-to-one shot happens one time in a\u00a0million,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n
\u201cBut it\u2019s a bewildering thought to think of so many \u2013 it was so many \u2013 and that so many of them were so young. That is a confounding finding if that\u2019s the finding.\u201d<\/p>\n
His second point, influenced in part by his current role running a university, is that\u00a0there remains a lot we don\u2019t know or understand about cancer.<\/p>\n
\u201cAnd I am just hopeful \u2013 I\u2019m confident \u2013 that the Toowong experience won\u2019t be forgotten,\u201d Scott says.<\/p>\n
\u201cAnd as researchers move on, as insight\u00a0moves on \u2013 what is it that causes the\u00a0body to create cancer cells, how do they\u00a0spread, what are those triggering mechanisms \u2013 one day we might see an insight, a breakthrough, a test that gives us\u00a0better answers to Toowong.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Twenty years ago, and only a few days into his role as the ABC\u2019s managing director, Mark 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