{"id":109412,"date":"2026-06-06T16:37:10","date_gmt":"2026-06-06T16:37:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/109412\/"},"modified":"2026-06-06T16:37:10","modified_gmt":"2026-06-06T16:37:10","slug":"osel-cz-cmelaci-uz-zase-delaji-veci-ktere-by-mely-byt-nad-jejich-moznosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/109412\/","title":{"rendered":":: OSEL.CZ :: – \u010cmel\u00e1ci u\u017e zase d\u011blaj\u00ed v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly b\u00fdt nad jejich mo\u017enosti"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\u010cmel\u00e1k<\/a><\/p>\n

\u010cmel\u00e1k zemn\u00ed\u00a0(Bombus terrestris\u00a0L.) je v Evrop\u011b nejhojn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm druhem rodu\u00a0\u010dmel\u00e1k. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi prvn\u00ed jarn\u00ed opylova\u010de ovocn\u00fdch strom\u016f a v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice\u00a0je chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdm druhem. Foto: Ivar Leidus, Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0<\/p>\n

\u010cmel\u00e1ci pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b chytr\u00fdm z\u00e1stupc\u016fm hmyz\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. V\u00a0hlav\u011b nos\u00ed zhruba milion neuron\u016f, ale um\u00ed je vyu\u017e\u00edt s\u00a0efektivitou, jakou bychom jim mohli z\u00e1vid\u011bt. Z\u00e1vist\u00ed mohou puknout nap\u0159\u00edklad konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i autonomn\u00edch dron\u016f, kter\u00e9 pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed pro 3D navigaci v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, zat\u00edmco \u010dmel\u00e1k to zvl\u00e1d\u00e1 s\u00a0podstatn\u011b skromn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdbavou a neskonale l\u00e9pe.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u010cmel\u00e1ci zvl\u00e1daj\u00ed princip s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed a od\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed, ch\u00e1pou nulu a pot\u00ed\u017ee jim ned\u011blaj\u00ed ani pojmy jako „v\u00edce\u201c nebo \u201em\u00e9n\u011b\u201c. Ke sv\u00fdm v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016fm vysta\u010d\u00ed s\u00a0pouhou \u010dtve\u0159ic\u00ed neuron\u016f. Ciz\u00ed jim nen\u00ed ani z\u00e1bava a jsou to hrav\u00e1 stvo\u0159en\u00ed. V\u00a0experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch v\u00e1l\u00ed kuli\u010dky ryze pro pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed ze hry, kdykoli k\u00a0tomu dostanou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost. \u010cmel\u00e1ci tak\u00e9 vy\u0159e\u0161ili Molyneuxovo dilema, kdy\u017e zrakem rozeznali p\u0159edm\u011bt, s\u00a0kter\u00fdm se p\u0159edt\u00edm sezn\u00e1mili v\u00a0naprost\u00e9 tm\u011b pouh\u00fdm hmatem. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed se nechaj\u00ed vycvi\u010dit k\u00a0\u0159ad\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f a ti m\u00e9n\u011b schopn\u00ed to pak od nich okoukaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Olli<\/a><\/p>\n

Olli Loukola, Zdroj: University of Oulu <\/p>\n

Spoustu skv\u011bl\u00fdch experiment\u016f s\u00a0\u010dmel\u00e1ky prov\u00e1d\u00ed laborato\u0159 Larse Chittky z\u00a0lond\u00fdnsk\u00e9 Queen Mary University. Nyn\u00ed ale p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed s\u00a0p\u0159ekvapiv\u00fdm zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm o schopnostech \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f finsk\u00fd t\u00fdm veden\u00fd Ollim Loukolou p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edm v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti na\u00a0univerzit\u011b v Helsink\u00e1ch. Jejich studii zve\u0159ejnil v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u010dasopis Science.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Spont\u00e1nn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed s pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00edm<\/p>\n

Loukolu a jeho spolupracovn\u00edky zaj\u00edmalo, jestli jsou \u010dmel\u00e1ci s\u00a0to naj\u00edt \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu zcela sami, z\u00a0vlastn\u00ed motivace. \u00dakol, kter\u00fd jim v\u011bdci p\u0159edhodili, nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00fd. Kdy\u017e chce \u010dlov\u011bk n\u011bco sundat z\u00a0vrchn\u00edch p\u0159ihr\u00e1dek reg\u00e1lu a zjist\u00ed, \u017ee tam nedos\u00e1hne, dojde si do vedlej\u0161\u00ed m\u00edstnosti pro \u017eidli, p\u0159istav\u00ed ji k\u00a0reg\u00e1lu, vyleze na ni a pot\u0159ebnou v\u011bc si vezme. Vypad\u00e1 to prost\u011b, ale i pro tak jednoduch\u00fd \u00fakon mus\u00edme udr\u017eet v\u00a0pam\u011bti sv\u016fj p\u016fvodn\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011br, zjistit, co k\u00a0jeho napln\u011bn\u00ed pot\u0159ebujeme, a pak sv\u016fj z\u00e1m\u011br realizovat.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Lars<\/a><\/p>\n

Lars Chittka, Profesor senzorick\u00e9 a behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed ekologie. Zdroj: Queen Mary University<\/p>\n

\u010cmel\u00e1ci zemn\u00ed (Bombus terrestris) zvl\u00e1dli n\u011bco podobn\u00e9ho v\u00a0pokusu, kdy\u017e je v\u011bdci um\u00edstili do kruhov\u00e9 ar\u00e9ny, kde byl na strop\u011b um\u011bl\u00fd modr\u00fd kv\u011bt s\u00a0cukern\u00fdm roztokem a o kus d\u00e1l le\u017eela polystyr\u00e9nov\u00e1 kuli\u010dka. V\u00a0omezen\u00e9m prostoru nemohli \u010dmel\u00e1ci l\u00e9tat a z\u00a0podlahy ar\u00e9ny na kv\u011bt nedos\u00e1hli. V\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee se v\u00a0kv\u011btu nach\u00e1z\u00ed cukern\u00fd roztok a v\u011bd\u011bli o\u00a0kuli\u010dce. Nab\u00edzelo se jim tedy \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mistrn\u011b zvl\u00e1daj\u00ed t\u0159eba \u0161impanzi. Kdy\u017e nedos\u00e1hnou na vysoko vis\u00edc\u00ed ban\u00e1ny a ovoce je mimo jejich dosah, i kdy\u017e vezmou do ruky h\u016fl, vypomohou si nab\u00eddnutou bednou. Dot\u00e1hnou ji pod vysoko vis\u00edc\u00ed ban\u00e1ny, vylezou na ni a odtud u\u017e ovoce pomoc\u00ed hole shod\u00ed na zem. P\u0159itom \u0161impanze nikdo neu\u010dil, aby si s hol\u00ed v\u00a0ruce vlezli na bednu.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Matka<\/a><\/p>\n

Matka \u010dmel\u00e1ka v\u00fdchodn\u00edho (Bombus impatiens). Kredit: Sabrina Rondeau, University of Guelph.<\/p>\n

Na cel\u00e9m pokusu Loukolova t\u00fdmu byl nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed fakt, \u017ee ani \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016fm nikdo spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed neukazoval. Museli na n\u011bj p\u0159ij\u00edt sami a tak\u00e9 na n\u011bj bez nejmen\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1pov\u011bdy p\u0159i\u0161li. Dovalili kuli\u010dku pod kv\u011bt, vlezli na ni a u\u017e\u00edvali si sladk\u00e9 odm\u011bny. Jde o spont\u00e1nn\u00ed vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu vlastn\u00edmi silami, a nav\u00edc je k\u00a0n\u011bmu zapot\u0159eb\u00ed i ur\u010dit\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed. \u010cmel\u00e1k by mohl j\u00edt pro kuli\u010dku, p\u0159itom zapomenout, k \u010demu ji vlastn\u011b pot\u0159ebuje (kolikr\u00e1t se tohle st\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1stupc\u016fm Homo sapiens s\u00a086 miliardami neuron\u016f v\u00a0mozku?) a mohl by skon\u010dit t\u00edm, \u017ee si s\u00a0kuli\u010dkou pohraje a p\u016fjde pry\u010d. Jen\u017ee \u010dmel\u00e1k nezapomn\u011bl.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Schopnost spont\u00e1nn\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f se v\u017edy p\u0159ipisovala obratlovc\u016fm, zat\u00edmco bezobratl\u00fdm byla up\u00edr\u00e1na. \u010cmel\u00e1ci z\u00a0laborato\u0159e Olliho Loukoly se nyn\u00ed postarali o rehabilitaci intelektu p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm pro z\u00e1stupce blanok\u0159\u00eddl\u00fdch<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"\u010cmel\u00e1ci<\/a>
\n\u010cmel\u00e1ci s \u201emi\u010dudou\u201c z\u00e1pas\u00ed r\u00e1di. Zvl\u00e1dli dokonce i z\u00e1klady fotbalu \u2013 video zde<\/a>. (Kredit: Loukola\/QMUL) <\/p>\n

Chytr\u00e9 matky, hloup\u00e9 d\u011blnice<\/p>\n

\u010cmel\u00e1ci jsou s\u00a0vysokou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b mnohem chyt\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e ukazuj\u00ed dosavadn\u00ed experimenty. Loukola, Chittka a mnoz\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ke sv\u00fdm experiment\u016fm \u010dmel\u00e1\u010d\u00ed d\u011blnice. Ty v\u0161ak maj\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0\u010dmel\u00e1\u010d\u00edmi matkami \u201eIQ tykve\u201c. N\u00e1zorn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem jsou rozd\u00edly ve schopnostech matek a d\u011blnic americk\u00e9ho \u010dmel\u00e1ka Bombus impatiens.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Plodn\u00e1 sami\u010dka \u2013 budouc\u00ed matka \u2013 na podzim vyl\u00e9tne z\u00a0rodn\u00e9 kolonie, p\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se a zimu p\u0159e\u010dk\u00e1 v\u00a0\u00fakrytu se siln\u011b potla\u010den\u00fdmi \u017eivotn\u00edmi funkcemi. M\u00e1 tak n\u00edzkou \u00farove\u0148 l\u00e1tkov\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny, \u017ee kdy\u017e na ja\u0159e zaplav\u00ed rozt\u00e1t\u00fd sn\u00edh jej\u00ed \u00fakryt, p\u0159e\u017eije bez vzduchu pod vodou cel\u00fd t\u00fdden. Nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed obdob\u00ed \u010dek\u00e1 \u010dmel\u00e1\u010d\u00ed matku po vyl\u00e9tnut\u00ed z\u00a0\u00fakrytu, kdy mus\u00ed zalo\u017eit podzemn\u00ed hn\u00edzdo, nakl\u00e1st do n\u011bj vaj\u00ed\u010dka, pe\u010dovat o larvy a odchovat z\u00a0nich prvn\u00ed d\u011blnice. Ty pak p\u0159evezmou p\u00e9\u010di o kolonii a matka u\u017e m\u00e1 na starost jen dal\u0161\u00ed plozen\u00ed potomstva.<\/p>\n

Testy prok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee matka se velmi rychle u\u010d\u00ed a m\u00e1 mnohem lep\u0161\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165 ne\u017e d\u011blnice. Je to pro ni \u017eivotn\u00ed nutnost, proto\u017ee jej\u00ed selh\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0obdob\u00ed zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed kolonie m\u00e1 fat\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1sledky. Nikdo j\u00ed nepom\u016f\u017ee a kolonie zanik\u00e1. Za chybuj\u00edc\u00ed d\u011blnici n\u011bkdo zasko\u010d\u00ed a pokud uhyne, najde se za ni n\u00e1hrada. Intelektu\u00e1ln\u011b navrch maj\u00ed \u010dmel\u00e1\u010d\u00ed matky nad d\u011blnicemi nejen v\u00a0obdob\u00ed zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed kolonie, ale po zbytek \u017eivota. Kdyby Chittka nebo Loukola za\u0159adili do sv\u00fdch experiment\u016f \u010dmel\u00e1\u010d\u00ed matky, asi bychom se nesta\u010dili divit.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Video: \u010cmel\u00e1k \u0159e\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Video: Slo\u017eit\u00e9 kognitivn\u00ed procesy u \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Video: O \u010dmel\u00e1\u010d\u00edm my\u0161len\u00ed <\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Prameny: <\/p>\n

Bhambore, A.A. et al. (2026) Spontaneous problem-solving in bumble bees. Science 392, (6802), 1046-1049.<\/p>\n

Darveau, C. A., et al. (2026). Diapausing bumble bee queens avoid drowning by using underwater respiration, anaerobic metabolism and profound metabolic depression. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 293(2066), 20253141.<\/p>\n

Kimball, M. G., & Muth, F. (2026). Bumblebee queens are better at olfactory learning and more sensitive to scents than workers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 293(2070), 20252857.<\/p>\n

Solvi, C., et al. (2020). Bumble bees display cross-modal object recognition between visual and tactile senses. Science, 367(6480), 910-912.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u010cmel\u00e1k zemn\u00ed\u00a0(Bombus terrestris\u00a0L.) je v Evrop\u011b nejhojn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm druhem rodu\u00a0\u010dmel\u00e1k. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi prvn\u00ed jarn\u00ed opylova\u010de ovocn\u00fdch strom\u016f…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":109413,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[11],"tags":[15711,54,7582,53,52],"class_list":["post-109412","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-svet","tag-cmelaci","tag-svet","tag-vcely","tag-world","tag-world-news"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116704146241851206","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109412","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109412"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109412\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/109413"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109412"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=109412"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=109412"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}