{"id":110243,"date":"2026-06-07T16:10:14","date_gmt":"2026-06-07T16:10:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/110243\/"},"modified":"2026-06-07T16:10:14","modified_gmt":"2026-06-07T16:10:14","slug":"zakazali-jsme-si-v-evrope-hospodarskou-soutez-to-byla-chyba-rika-nobelista","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/110243\/","title":{"rendered":"Zak\u00e1zali jsme si v\u00a0Evrop\u011b hospod\u00e1\u0159skou sout\u011b\u017e, to byla chyba, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 nobelista"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty i\u00a0\u010c\u00edna aktivn\u011b podporuj\u00ed sv\u016fj pr\u016fmysl, a\u00a0proto jsou \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00ed. \u201eEvropa mus\u00ed sv\u016fj p\u0159\u00edstup zm\u011bnit. Mus\u00edme vytvo\u0159it to, \u010demu \u0159\u00edk\u00e1m \u00b4koalice ochotn\u00fdch\u00b4. Tedy koalici nejen evropsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, ale i\u00a0zapojit by se mohla i\u00a0Kanada \u010di Singapur a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e9 sd\u00edlej\u00ed podobn\u00e9 hodnoty. Je to velmi ambici\u00f3zn\u00ed projekt,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 v\u00a0prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti rozhovoru pro Seznam Zpr\u00e1vy nositel Nobelovy ceny za ekonomii Philippe Aghion.<\/p>\n

Aghion nav\u0161t\u00edvil Prahu kde p\u0159evzal \u010destn\u00fd doktor\u00e1t Univerzity Karlovy. Krom\u011b toho je dlouholet\u00fdm \u010dlenem V\u00fdkonn\u00e9ho a\u00a0dozor\u010d\u00edho v\u00fdboru CERGE-EI, spole\u010dn\u00e9ho pracovi\u0161t\u011b Univerzity Karlovy a\u00a0Ekonomick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Akademie v\u011bd \u010cR.<\/p>\n

Za\u010dn\u011bme Franci\u00ed, va\u0161\u00ed domovskou zem\u00ed. Probl\u00e9my Francie lze vn\u00edmat jako symbolick\u00e9 pro mnoho evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Je to vysoce rozvinut\u00e1 ekonomika, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 je i\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u011b zadlu\u017een\u00e1. Nem\u00e1te obavy, \u017ee dluh zadus\u00ed budouc\u00ed r\u016fst?<\/p>\n

Toho se ob\u00e1v\u00e1m. Bude velmi z\u00e1le\u017eet na tom, kdo vyhraje prezidentsk\u00e9 volby p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed rok. Pokud volby vyhraj\u00ed populist\u00e9, Marine Le Penov\u00e1 nebo Jordan Bardella (oba z\u00a0N\u00e1rodn\u00edho sdru\u017een\u00ed), Francie se ocitne v\u00a0prek\u00e9rn\u00ed situaci a\u00a0budeme m\u00edt velk\u00fd probl\u00e9m. Mus\u00edme ud\u011blat v\u0161echno, co je v\u00a0na\u0161ich sil\u00e1ch, abychom tomu zabr\u00e1nili.<\/p>\n

Pokud v\u0161ak nevyhraj\u00ed, mysl\u00edm, \u017ee existuje v\u00fdchodisko. Je pravda, \u017ee m\u00e1me vysok\u00e9 zadlu\u017een\u00ed, ale na rozd\u00edl od \u0158ecka m\u00e1me tak\u00e9 velmi dobr\u00fd syst\u00e9m v\u00fdb\u011bru dan\u00ed. Zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 vl\u00e1da by m\u011bla zajistit, aby ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 v\u00fddaje rostly pomaleji ne\u017e HDP. Pokud budeme d\u016fsledn\u011b pokra\u010dovat touto cestou, m\u016f\u017ee se na\u0161e ekonomika zotavit.<\/p>\n

Jak tedy zkrot\u00edte ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 v\u00fddaje?<\/p>\n

V kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9m horizontu existuje n\u011bkolik neopodstatn\u011bn\u00fdch da\u0148ov\u00fdch \u00falev, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eeme \u0159e\u0161it. Nap\u0159\u00edklad da\u0148 z\u00a0bydlen\u00ed (taxe d’habitation; n\u011bkdy tak\u00e9 \u010desky m\u00edstn\u00ed poplatek za u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bytu). Lid\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve platili da\u0148 z\u00a0bydlen\u00ed, kterou zru\u0161il prezident Emmanuel Macron. \u010c\u00e1st z\u00a0n\u00ed by m\u011bla b\u00fdt obnovena.<\/p>\n

Philippe Aghion (69)je profesorem na Coll\u00e8ge de France, na INSEAD a na London School of Economics a \u010dlenem Econometric Society a Americk\u00e9 akademie um\u011bn\u00ed a v\u011bdjeho v\u00fdzkum se zam\u011b\u0159uje na ekonomii inovac\u00ed a r\u016fstu. Spole\u010dn\u011b s Peterem Howittem st\u00e1l u zrodu takzvan\u00e9 schumpeterovsk\u00e9 teorie r\u016fstu, kter\u00e1 se stala hlavn\u00edm paradigmatem pro anal\u00fdzu vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed mezi r\u016fstem, inovacemi, tr\u017en\u00ed strukturou a dynamikou podnik\u016fvelk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ce je shrnuta v jejich spole\u010dn\u00fdch knih\u00e1ch Endogenous Growth Theory (MIT Press, 1998) a The Economics of Growth (MIT Press, 2009), a The Power of Creative Destruction (spole\u010dn\u011b s C. Antoninem a S. Bunelem), kter\u00e1 vy\u0161la v roce 2021v roce 2025 mu byla ud\u011blena Cena \u0160v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed banky za ekonomick\u00e9 v\u011bdy na pam\u00e1tku Alfreda Nobela spole\u010dn\u011b s Peterem Howittem za jejich pr\u00e1ce o teorii udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho r\u016fstu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kreativn\u00ed destrukce s Joelem Mokyrem<\/p>\n

Za druh\u00e9, poskytujeme firm\u00e1m nadm\u011brnou podporu. M\u00e1me moc dotac\u00ed. Vezm\u011bte si nap\u0159\u00edklad da\u0148ov\u00fd odpo\u010det na v\u00fdzkum. Obchodn\u00edm \u0159et\u011bzc\u016fm Carrefour nebo bank\u00e1m da\u0148ov\u00e9 odpo\u010dty na v\u00fdzkum d\u00e1vat nepot\u0159ebujete. Tady m\u016f\u017eeme u\u0161et\u0159it pen\u00edze. Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 da\u0148ov\u00e9 mezery, kter\u00e9 jsou zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny. D\u016fchodci dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed 10% odpo\u010det na cestovn\u00ed v\u00fddaje, ale kdy\u017e jste v\u00a0d\u016fchodu, nem\u00e1te zas tak moc cestovn\u00edch v\u00fddaj\u016f. To jsou oblasti, kde m\u016f\u017eeme okam\u017eit\u011b u\u0161et\u0159it.<\/p>\n

Ve st\u0159edn\u011bdob\u00e9m horizontu je to pak m\u00edra zam\u011bstnanosti mlad\u00fdch lid\u00ed a\u00a0star\u0161\u00edch zam\u011bstnanc\u016f, kter\u00e1 je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 n\u00edzko. Zam\u011bstnanost m\u016f\u017eeme zv\u00fd\u0161it rozvojem u\u010d\u0148ovsk\u00e9ho odborn\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0hospod\u00e1\u0159skou politikou zam\u011b\u0159enou na mlad\u00e9. N\u00edzk\u00e1 m\u00edra zam\u011bstnanosti mezi mlad\u00fdmi a\u00a0lidmi nad 50\u00a0let je n\u011bco, co m\u016f\u017eeme \u0159e\u0161it. V\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9m horizontu jsou odpov\u011bd\u00ed inovace. Mus\u00edme v\u00edce inovovat.<\/p>\n

Mysl\u00edm si, \u017ee seri\u00f3zn\u00ed vl\u00e1da, kter\u00e1 prok\u00e1\u017ee svou d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost, m\u016f\u017ee v\u011bci posunout. Jakmile uk\u00e1\u017eeme, \u017ee ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 v\u00fddaje rostou pomaleji ne\u017e HDP, Francie bude op\u011bt sly\u0161et.<\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed pro Francii probl\u00e9mem st\u00e1rnut\u00ed populace, kter\u00e9 jde proti t\u011bmto opat\u0159en\u00edm?<\/p>\n

Ano, rozhodn\u011b. Proto pot\u0159ebujeme n\u011bkolik v\u011bc\u00ed. Zaprv\u00e9 mus\u00edme zv\u00fd\u0161it m\u00edru zam\u011bstnanosti mlad\u00fdch lid\u00ed, v\u00a0tom m\u00e1me prostor pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed. Mus\u00edme tak\u00e9 zlep\u0161it n\u00e1\u0161 \u0161kolsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd b\u00fdval dobr\u00fd, ale zhor\u0161il se. Dal\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem je migrace. Nem\u011bli bychom m\u00edt nulovou imigraci. Pot\u0159ebujeme migraci souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0prac\u00ed, tedy kontrolovanou migra\u010dn\u00ed politiku, kter\u00e1 je orientov\u00e1na na zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mysl\u00edte jako je t\u0159eba v\u00a0Sa\u00fadsk\u00e9 Ar\u00e1bii nebo Dubaji?<\/p>\n

Jsem sp\u00ed\u0161e zast\u00e1ncem kanadsk\u00e9ho modelu. L\u00edb\u00ed se mi kanadsk\u00fd bodov\u00fd syst\u00e9m. (Kanadsk\u00fd bodov\u00fd syst\u00e9m Express Entry je online imigra\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd hodnot\u00ed a\u00a0vyb\u00edr\u00e1 kvalifikovan\u00e9 z\u00e1jemce o\u00a0trval\u00fd pobyt v\u00a0Kanad\u011b. Uchaze\u010di z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed body na z\u00e1klad\u011b vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, pracovn\u00ed praxe, jazykov\u00fdch znalost\u00ed a\u00a0v\u011bku, pozn. red.) Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee funguje dob\u0159e. Je n\u011bkolik v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eeme ud\u011blat, a\u00a0v\u011b\u0159\u00edm, \u017ee pokud budeme m\u00edt dobrou vl\u00e1du, dok\u00e1\u017eeme je realizovat. Za to bojuji.<\/p>\n

Poslouchaj\u00ed v\u00e1s politici?<\/p>\n

Zn\u00e1te Daniela K\u0159et\u00ednsk\u00e9ho, \u010desk\u00e9ho byznysmena, kter\u00fd p\u016fsob\u00ed ve Francii?<\/p>\n

V\u00edm o\u00a0n\u011bm a\u00a0mysl\u00edm si, \u017ee si vede dob\u0159e a\u00a0je to schopn\u00fd byznysmen. Vlastn\u011b v\u00e1m n\u011bco \u0159eknu: m\u00e1m ho r\u00e1d. Spolupracuje s\u00a0mu\u017eem jm\u00e9nem Denis Olivennes (vede K\u0159et\u00ednsk\u00e9ho francouzsk\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed Editis, pozn. red.), kter\u00e9ho zn\u00e1m velmi dob\u0159e. Mysl\u00edm si, \u017ee d\u011blaj\u00ed velmi dobr\u00e9 v\u011bci, proto\u017ee podporuj\u00ed n\u00e1zorovou pluralitu. Je pravda, \u017ee K\u0159et\u00ednsk\u00fd vlastn\u00ed \u0159adu m\u00e9di\u00ed, ale nezasahuje do jejich \u010dinnosti. Ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1 jim, co maj\u00ed d\u011blat.<\/p>\n

Ve Francii jsou i\u00a0jin\u00ed majitel\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo zasahovat do toho, co d\u011blaj\u00ed medi\u00e1ln\u00ed organizace nebo nakladatelstv\u00ed. K\u0159et\u00ednsk\u00fd naopak pom\u00e1h\u00e1 zaru\u010dovat svobodu m\u00e9di\u00ed a\u00a0svobodu tisku, m\u00e1 pozitivn\u00ed vliv. Jeho p\u0159\u00edstup spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0tom, \u017ee \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eChci podporovat pluralitu,\u201c a\u00a0to tak\u00e9 d\u011bl\u00e1. Podporuje m\u00e9dia nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d politick\u00fdm spektrem, levicov\u00e1 i\u00a0pravicov\u00e1, ale nezasahuje do redak\u010dn\u00ed politiky.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Z na\u0161eho pohledu je Francie velmi levicov\u00e1 zem\u011b, zejm\u00e9na pokud jde o\u00a0soci\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m. To je podle v\u00e1s udr\u017eiteln\u00e9?<\/p>\n

Je to sp\u00ed\u0161 mix, proto\u017ee Francie je levicov\u00e1, ale je tak\u00e9 extr\u00e9mn\u011b korporativistick\u00e1. V\u00a0d\u016fsledku toho je rovnost\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 jen zd\u00e1nliv\u011b. Ve skute\u010dnosti, kdy\u017e poch\u00e1z\u00edte z\u00a0Grande \u00c9cole (francouzsk\u00e1 presti\u017en\u00ed \u0161kola, pozn.red.), m\u00e1te tendenci pohl\u00ed\u017eet na v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed svrchu, a\u0165 u\u017e jste levicov\u00ed nebo pravicov\u00ed. Ve stylu: \u201eJ\u00e1 jsem z\u00a0Grande \u00c9cole, proto na v\u00e1s pohl\u00ed\u017e\u00edm s\u00a0despektem\u201c. Francie tedy nen\u00ed ve skute\u010dnosti rovnost\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1. Je fale\u0161n\u011b rovnost\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Elity jsou ale nezbytn\u00e9, n\u011bkdo mus\u00ed spravovat zemi<\/p>\n

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b. Ale pot\u0159ebujete tak\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed mobilitu. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby elity z\u016fstaly otev\u0159en\u00e9 a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9. Probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1v\u00e1, kdy\u017e se \u00fasp\u011bch v\u00a0t\u011bchto sout\u011b\u017e\u00edch p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 odtrhne od soci\u00e1ln\u00ed mobility.<\/p>\n

Existuje politick\u00e1 v\u016fle k\u00a0realizaci v\u0161ech opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jste zm\u00ednil v\u00fd\u0161e?<\/p>\n

V\u011b\u0159\u00edm, \u017ee ano. Jakmile se v\u00a0Evrop\u011b staneme znovu d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eeme investovat. M\u016f\u017eeme si spole\u010dn\u011b p\u016fj\u010dovat prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm n\u00e1stroj\u016f, jako jsou eurobondy, a\u00a0investovat do vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, inovac\u00ed, produktivity a\u00a0projekt\u016f podobn\u00fdch americk\u00e9 DARPA (agentura americk\u00e9ho ministerstva obrany pro v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch technologi\u00ed, pozn. red.). To je cesta vp\u0159ed. Prok\u00e1\u017eeme fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost, a\u00a0to n\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bt pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 investice do vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, projekt\u016f podporuj\u00edc\u00edch r\u016fst, inovac\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n

Jak jsem \u0159ekl, v\u00a0kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9m horizontu m\u016f\u017eeme zredukovat dotace. Ve st\u0159edn\u011bdob\u00e9m horizontu m\u016f\u017eeme zv\u00fd\u0161it m\u00edru zam\u011bstnanosti. Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 reformy d\u016fchodov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 lze realizovat pom\u011brn\u011b rychle\u00a0\u2013 do jednoho roku\u00a0\u2013 s\u00a0c\u00edlem zv\u00fd\u0161it zam\u011bstnanost. To by n\u00e1m zase poskytlo d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost pot\u0159ebnou k\u00a0podpo\u0159e eurobond\u016f a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch forem evropsk\u00e9ho p\u016fj\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed na investice do inovac\u00ed, program\u016f typu DARPA a\u00a0souvisej\u00edc\u00edch iniciativ.<\/p>\n

N\u011bmecko a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b by musely s\u00a0eurobondy souhlasit, ale dosud se k\u00a0tomu stav\u011bly zdr\u017eenliv\u011b<\/p>\n

Pokud uvid\u00ed, \u017ee to Francie mysl\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u011b, budou s\u00a0n\u00e1mi cht\u00edt spolupracovat. Pro\u010d? Proto\u017ee pot\u0159ebujeme spolupr\u00e1ci v\u00a0ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch obrany a\u00a0energetiky. Vezm\u011bme si jadernou energii. Francie do jadern\u00e9 energie zna\u010dn\u011b investovala a\u00a0N\u011bmecko z\u00a0toho t\u011b\u017e\u00ed. Dod\u00e1v\u00e1me elektrickou energii, kterou mohou vyu\u017e\u00edvat ostatn\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 v\u00a0oblasti obrany, tedy z\u00a0na\u0161eho jadern\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00edtu t\u011b\u017e\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b. Tyto investice provedla Francie, nikoli oni.<\/p>\n

Francie tedy m\u016f\u017ee \u0159\u00edct: \u201ePod\u00edvejte, nyn\u00ed to mysl\u00edme v\u00e1\u017en\u011b. Investovali jsme do obrany, jadern\u00e9 energie a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch strategick\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, z\u00a0nich\u017e t\u011b\u017e\u00edte.\u201c To je z\u00e1klad pro spolupr\u00e1ci.<\/p>\n

Mysl\u00edm si, \u017ee N\u011bmecko bude cht\u00edt s\u00a0n\u00e1mi spolupracovat kv\u016fli probl\u00e9m\u016fm, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed Donald Trump a\u00a0Vladimir Putin. Jsme skupinou zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 sd\u00edlej\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 hodnoty: svobodu, demokracii, pr\u00e1vn\u00ed st\u00e1t, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed model a\u00a0z\u00e1jem o\u00a0\u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eeme se st\u00e1t j\u00e1drem nov\u00e9 aliance zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Premi\u00e9r Kanady Mark Carney v\u00a0tomto sehr\u00e1l velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou roli. Ve sv\u00fdch projevech v\u00a0Davosu a\u00a0ned\u00e1vno v\u00a0Jerevanu argumentoval, \u017ee pokud se Evropan\u00e9 vydaj\u00ed t\u00edmto sm\u011brem, Kanada by se k\u00a0nim m\u011bla p\u0159ipojit. P\u0159ipojit by se mohly i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010cesk\u00e1 republika, a\u00a0mohli bychom vytvo\u0159it skupinu zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 sd\u00edlej\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 hodnoty.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Mysl\u00edte nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0oblasti investic do inovac\u00ed?<\/p>\n

Pokud jde o\u00a0um\u011blou inteligenci, mus\u00edme se rozhodn\u011b posunout vp\u0159ed. Um\u011blou inteligenci a\u00a0obranu bych spojil dohromady. M\u011bli bychom m\u00edt instituci ve stylu DARPA zam\u011b\u0159enou jak na um\u011blou inteligenci, tak na obranu. To je jedna z\u00a0nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eeme ud\u011blat.<\/p>\n

Mus\u00edme o\u017eivit hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd r\u016fst. Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 velk\u00e9 dluhov\u00e9 b\u0159emeno. Probl\u00e9mem v\u00a0Evrop\u011b je, \u017ee jsme se stali p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 hayekovsk\u00fdmi. Mysl\u00edm si, \u017ee Friedrich Hayek byl velk\u00fd myslitel a\u00a0obdivuji ho, ale jeho vliv byl pro Evropu katastrofou.<\/p>\n

Proto\u017ee jeho poselstv\u00ed zn\u00ed: \u201eTohle nesm\u00edte d\u011blat. Tamto nesm\u00edte d\u011blat.\u201c Maastrichtsk\u00fd r\u00e1mec zach\u00e1zel s\u00a0v\u00fddaji na d\u016fchody a\u00a0investicemi podporuj\u00edc\u00edmi r\u016fst, jako by \u0161lo o\u00a0tot\u00e9\u017e. To byla chyba. Jedno jsou spot\u0159ebn\u00ed v\u00fddaje, druh\u00e9 jsou investice.<\/p>\n

Politika hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ee se v\u00a0Evrop\u011b vykl\u00e1dala jako z\u00e1kaz pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 politiky a\u00a0st\u00e1tn\u00ed podpory pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed odv\u011btv\u00ed. To byla tak\u00e9 chyba. Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty i\u00a0\u010c\u00edna prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed pr\u016fmyslovou politiku. Evropa mus\u00ed sv\u016fj p\u0159\u00edstup zm\u011bnit. To je jedno z\u00a0kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch poselstv\u00ed Draghiho zpr\u00e1vy.<\/p>\n

N\u011bmecko je nyn\u00ed ochotno to zm\u011bnit, proto\u017ee ch\u00e1pe, \u017ee mus\u00ed investovat do obrany, a\u00a0proto\u017ee se zhor\u0161uje stav \u010d\u00e1sti jeho infrastruktury. N\u011bmecko je tedy na na\u0161\u00ed stran\u011b. Jedin\u00e1 v\u011bc, na kterou se \u010dek\u00e1, je stabiln\u00ed a\u00a0d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00e1 vl\u00e1da ve Francii. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 obava spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0tom, \u017ee pokud za rok zv\u00edt\u011bz\u00ed Bardella nebo Le Penov\u00e1, bude velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 dlouhodob\u011b s\u00a0Franci\u00ed spolupracovat. Pokud v\u0161ak bude m\u00edt Francie stabiln\u00ed vl\u00e1du\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0duchu toho, co jsem popsal\u00a0\u2013 pak s\u00a0n\u00e1mi bude spolupracovat N\u011bmecko i\u00a0Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

My t\u0159i, spolu s\u00a0jakoukoli dal\u0161\u00ed zem\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se k\u00a0n\u00e1m bude cht\u00edt p\u0159ipojit, bychom mohli vytvo\u0159it to, \u010demu \u0159\u00edk\u00e1m \u201ekoalice ochotn\u00fdch\u201c. Jej\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed by mohla b\u00fdt Kanada a\u00a0mo\u017en\u00e1 i\u00a0zem\u011b jako Singapur nebo jin\u00e9, kter\u00e9 sd\u00edlej\u00ed podobn\u00e9 hodnoty. To by se mohlo st\u00e1t j\u00e1drem skupiny, o\u00a0kter\u00e9 mluv\u00ed Carney. Je to velmi ambici\u00f3zn\u00ed projekt.<\/p>\n

Mysl\u00edte t\u00edm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed koalice za hranice Evropy?<\/p>\n

Ano, Kanada by m\u011bla b\u00fdt jej\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, proto\u017ee sd\u00edl\u00edme stejn\u00e9 hodnoty. Tak\u00e9 usilujeme o\u00a0podobn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligenci. M\u00e1me vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u011bdce. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Yann LeCun (francouzsko-americk\u00fd informatik, kter\u00fd se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed; tak\u00e9 profesor informatiky na Newyorsk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b, pozn. red.) a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed jsou v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci sv\u011btov\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b. Nap\u0159\u00edklad\u00a0Yoshua Bengio, kter\u00fd spolu s\u00a0LeCunem obdr\u017eel Turingovu cenu (obdoba Nobelovy ceny pro informatiku, pozn. red.), p\u016fsob\u00ed v\u00a0Kanad\u011b. M\u00e1me v\u011bdeck\u00fd talent a\u00a0m\u00e1me hodnoty, kter\u00e9 chceme prosazovat.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Jak\u00fd je tedy rozd\u00edl mezi um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed vyvinutou v\u00a0USA a\u00a0tou, kterou si p\u0159edstavujete vy?<\/p>\n

Na\u0161e um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence bude radik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0bude po n\u00ed popt\u00e1vka. Vezm\u011bte si ned\u00e1vn\u00fd experiment spole\u010dnosti Anthropic. Vytvo\u0159ili fiktivn\u00ed spole\u010dnost s\u00a0fiktivn\u00edm mana\u017eerem. Mana\u017eer poslal e-mail, ve kter\u00e9m napsal, \u017ee m\u00e1 v\u00a0\u00famyslu nahradit syst\u00e9m um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence. Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence zjistila, \u017ee mana\u017eer m\u00e1 milenku, a\u00a0pot\u00e9 mu poslala zpr\u00e1vu: \u201ePokud m\u011b nahrad\u00ed\u0161, tuto informaci prozrad\u00edm.\u201c<\/p>\n

Nach\u00e1z\u00edme se ve sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i z\u00a0filmu 2001: Vesm\u00edrn\u00e1 odysea. V\u00a0d\u016fsledku toho bude popt\u00e1vka po syst\u00e9mech um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, kter\u00e9 u\u017eivatele p\u0159ed t\u00edmto druhem chov\u00e1n\u00ed ochr\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u011b\u0159\u00edm, \u017ee tento typ AI bude vyv\u00edjen p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0Evrop\u011b a\u00a0to d\u00edky na\u0161im hodnot\u00e1m. Tomu \u0159\u00edk\u00e1m soft power. M\u00e1me obrovskou s\u00edlu, dobr\u00e9 v\u011bdce a\u00a0schopnost tyto technologie vyv\u00edjet.<\/p>\n

Proti USA a\u00a0\u010c\u00edn\u011b ale nem\u00e1me tvrdou ekonomickou s\u00edlu<\/p>\n

Pod\u00edvejte se na Yanna LeCuna. Chce posunout AI za hranice velk\u00fdch jazykov\u00fdch model\u016f. V\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee \u00e9ra t\u011bchto model\u016f je ji\u017e za n\u00e1mi a\u00a0\u017ee lze vyvinout novou generaci AI. A\u00a0to lze prov\u00e9st v\u00a0Evrop\u011b a\u00a0Kanad\u011b. Mysl\u00edm si, \u017ee m\u00e1me skv\u011blou budoucnost a\u00a0t\u0159eba Ji\u017en\u00ed Korea tak\u00e9 sd\u00edl\u00ed mnoho na\u0161ich hodnot.<\/p>\n

Nel\u00edb\u00ed se mi ale, co se v\u00a0t\u011bchto dnech d\u011bje ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed slovo \u201eequity\u201c mohou p\u0159ij\u00edt o\u00a0financov\u00e1n\u00ed, proto\u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee se toto slovo vztahuje pouze na soci\u00e1ln\u00ed spravedlnost, i\u00a0kdy\u017e ve skute\u010dnosti znamen\u00e1 kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9 financov\u00e1n\u00ed. Podobn\u011b n\u011bkter\u00e9 biotechnologick\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed transgenn\u00ed my\u0161i, a\u00a0proto\u017ee slovo obsahuje \u201etrans\u201c, lid\u00e9 \u0161patn\u011b ch\u00e1pou, co to znamen\u00e1. Hodn\u011b v\u011bc\u00ed je v\u00a0USA \u0161patn\u011b.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty i\u00a0\u010c\u00edna aktivn\u011b podporuj\u00ed sv\u016fj pr\u016fmysl, a\u00a0proto jsou \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00ed. \u201eEvropa mus\u00ed sv\u016fj p\u0159\u00edstup zm\u011bnit. Mus\u00edme vytvo\u0159it to,…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":110244,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[12],"tags":[67,68,23929,106,378,4912,31831,31498,8494],"class_list":["post-110243","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-byznys","tag-business","tag-byznys","tag-cerge-ei","tag-evropa","tag-francie","tag-konkurenceschopnost","tag-nobelova-cena-za-ekonomii","tag-philippe-aghion","tag-rust"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116709702337895399","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110243","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=110243"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110243\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/110244"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=110243"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=110243"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=110243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}