{"id":12392,"date":"2026-03-03T07:11:32","date_gmt":"2026-03-03T07:11:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/12392\/"},"modified":"2026-03-03T07:11:32","modified_gmt":"2026-03-03T07:11:32","slug":"v-oceanech-se-rozsiruji-mrtve-zony-s-velkym-nedostatkem-kysliku-ve-vode","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/12392\/","title":{"rendered":"V oce\u00e1nech se roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed mrtv\u00e9 z\u00f3ny s\u00a0velk\u00fdm nedostatkem kysl\u00edku ve vod\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

A samy tyto procesy zp\u011btn\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k\u00a0ekologick\u00e9 rovnov\u00e1ze, tak jak ji zn\u00e1me dnes.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstavme si, co nastane, kdy\u017e t\u0159eba obrovsk\u00e1 velryba zem\u0159e uprost\u0159ed oce\u00e1nu. Jej\u00ed t\u011blo pak pomalu kles\u00e1 do temn\u00fdch hlubin, kde panuje v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd chlad a\u00a0tma. Av\u0161ak nen\u00ed tam mrtvo\u00a0\u2013 r\u016fzn\u00ed mrcho\u017erouti, nap\u0159. \u010dervi, ml\u017ei a\u00a0bakterie, za\u010dnou hodovat na jej\u00edm t\u011ble, t\u00edm vlastn\u011b \u201erecykluj\u00ed\u201c jej\u00ed maso, kosti a\u00a0tuky a\u00a0vracej\u00ed v\u0161e zp\u011bt do ekosyst\u00e9mu, do cel\u00e9ho slo\u017eit\u00e9ho potravn\u00edho \u0159et\u011bzce, kter\u00fd t\u00edmto pom\u00e1haj\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159et.<\/p>\n

Podobn\u00e9 procesy se nastartuj\u00ed, kdy\u017e na mo\u0159sk\u00e9 dno dopadnou rostlinn\u00e9 zbytky. M\u00edsta, kde se hojn\u011b vyskytuj\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 organick\u00e9 zbytky, jsou pak o\u00e1zami \u017eivota v\u00a0pou\u0161ti hlubok\u00e9ho mo\u0159e.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Av\u0161ak v\u00a0jednom podmo\u0159sk\u00e9m ka\u0148onu u\u00a0z\u00e1padn\u00edho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Kanady tyto procesy \u201enestartuj\u00ed\u201c. V\u011bdci tam na dno polo\u017eili velryb\u00ed \u017eebra a\u00a0kus d\u0159eva, spustili kamery a\u00a0\u010dekali, co se stane. Ub\u011bhly m\u011bs\u00edce, pak roky a\u00a0nakonec v\u00edce ne\u017e dev\u011bt let, ale \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 kolonie recykluj\u00edc\u00edch organism\u016f, obvykle hoduj\u00edc\u00edch na zbytc\u00edch velryby nebo d\u0159eva, se zde neobjevily.<\/p>\n

Podmo\u0159sk\u00e9 laborato\u0159e NEPTUNE: o\u010di v\u00a0hlubin\u00e1ch<\/p>\n

Toto p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed se odehr\u00e1lo v\u00a0Barkleyho ka\u0148onu, 890\u00a0metr\u016f pod hladinou, nedaleko pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Britsk\u00e9 Kolumbie. Zde v\u011bdci z\u00a0organizace Ocean Networks Canada instalovali NEPTUNE\u00a0\u2013 podmo\u0159skou observato\u0159 propojenou kabely s\u00a0povrchem. Observato\u0159\u00ed se jm\u00e9nem NEPTUNE je mimochodem na sv\u011bt\u011b v\u00edc, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b vys\u00edlaj\u00ed na mate\u0159sk\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny videa, data ze senzor\u016f a\u00a0m\u011b\u0159\u00ed obsah kysl\u00edku v\u00a0hlubin\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Mo\u0159\u0161t\u00ed ekologov\u00e9 Craig R. Smith a\u00a0Fabio C. De Leo (jak popisuj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku v\u00a0\u010dasopisu Frontiers in Marine Science<\/a>) v\u00a0roce 2015\u00a0na dno Barkleyho ka\u0148onu polo\u017eili konkr\u00e9tn\u011b t\u0159i \u017eebra velryby keporkaka, blok d\u0159eva z\u00a0douglasky tisolist\u00e9 a\u00a0kus v\u00e1pence. Cht\u011bli sledovat, jak se bude hlubokomo\u0159sk\u00fd \u017eivot chovat v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti t\u011bchto zde vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f j\u00eddla. Kamery sn\u00edmaly organick\u00e9 objekty nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b po v\u00edce ne\u017e dev\u011bt let. V\u00fdsledek v\u011bdce nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u011b p\u0159ekvapil.<\/p>\n

Jak by to m\u011blo norm\u00e1ln\u011b fungovat aneb \u201ebufet\u201c se st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00edm host\u016f<\/p>\n

V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zbytk\u016f velryb se nejd\u0159\u00edve objev\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mrcho\u017erouti, jako je \u017eralok sv\u011btloun pacifick\u00fd nebo sliznatky, a\u00a0z mrtv\u00e9ho t\u011bla oloupou asi 90\u00a0procent masa. Tato f\u00e1ze trv\u00e1 asi 1\u20132\u00a0roky. Pot\u00e9 p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed hlavn\u00ed \u201ehv\u011bzdy\u201c p\u0159edstaven\u00ed, \u010dervi rodu Osedax, p\u0159ezd\u00edvan\u00ed \u201ezombie \u010dervi\u201c. Ti pomoc\u00ed sv\u00fdch ko\u0159enovit\u00fdch \u00faponk\u016f, obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch symbiotick\u00e9 bakterie, kter\u00e9 rozpou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed hydroxyapatit v\u00a0kostech, nas\u00e1vaj\u00ed a\u00a0konzumuj\u00ed tuky, resp. lipidy. Velryb\u00ed kosti se pak doslova m\u011bn\u00ed ve \u201estromy \u017eivota\u201c, p\u0159itahuj\u00edc\u00ed des\u00edtky na nich hoduj\u00edc\u00edch druh\u016f, co\u017e posiluje biodiverzitu mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho \u017eivota a\u00a0\u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed p\u0159enos \u017eivin v\u00a0r\u00e1mci potravinov\u00fdch \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f d\u00e1le.<\/p>\n

Larvy \u010derv\u016f Osedax se pak \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed podle v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho serveru Phys.org<\/a> n\u011bkdy i\u00a0stovky kilometr\u016f daleko a\u00a0osidluj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed podobn\u00e9 \u201eostrovy \u017eivota\u201c. V\u00a0posledn\u00ed f\u00e1zi p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed sirn\u00e9 bakterie, kter\u00e9 rozklad dokon\u010duj\u00ed. Analogick\u00e9 procesy vznikaj\u00ed i\u00a0kolem d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch zbytk\u016f. Zde v\u00e9vod\u00ed d\u0159evo\u017erav\u00ed ml\u017ei rodu Xylophaga (t\u011bm se p\u0159ezd\u00edv\u00e1 \u201etermiti mo\u0159e\u201c), kter\u00e9 se do nich zavrt\u00e1vaj\u00ed b\u011bhem prvn\u00edch 6\u201312\u00a0m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed uvnit\u0159 d\u0159eva mal\u00e9 tunely, viditeln\u00e9 na skenech po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch mikrotomograf\u016f. V\u00a0jin\u00fdch oblastech, jako je nap\u0159. C\u00e1dizsk\u00fd z\u00e1liv u\u00a0pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed \u0160pan\u011blska, tyto procesy b\u011b\u017e\u00ed jako po m\u00e1sle. Ale v\u00a0Barkleyho ka\u0148onu ne.<\/p>\n

Co se stalo v\u00a0ka\u0148onu? Hostina se nekonala<\/p>\n

\u010cervi Osedax sem nep\u0159i\u0161li hodovat na velryb\u00edch kostech ani po skoro 10\u00a0letech, konstatuje zpr\u00e1va na webu University of Victoria<\/a>. Pokud jde o\u00a0d\u0159evo, \u201evrtav\u00ed\u201c ml\u017ei Xylophaga se na n\u011bm uk\u00e1zali a\u017e po dvou letech, av\u0161ak nebyla to \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 masivn\u00ed kolonizace. Na v\u00e1pencov\u00e9 kameny se sice p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli kr\u00e1tce \u201epod\u00edvat\u201c mobiln\u00ed sum\u00fd\u0161i a\u00a0krabi, ale organismy trvale recykluj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eiviny zde chyb\u011bly.<\/p>\n

Pokud jde o\u00a0obsah kysl\u00edku ve zdej\u0161\u00ed vod\u011b, ten byl katastroficky n\u00edzk\u00fd: jen 0,2\u20130,3\u00a0mg na litr (zhruba 10\u00d7 men\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je v\u00a0t\u011bchto hloubk\u00e1ch v\u00a0oce\u00e1nu obvykl\u00e9). A\u00a0to je vlastn\u011b vysv\u011btlen\u00edm toho, pro\u010d zde z\u016fstala \u201ehostina\u201c v\u00a0hlubin\u00e1ch prakticky bez host\u016f. P\u0159i tak n\u00edzk\u00e9m obsahu kysl\u00edku zde toti\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f sotva p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 a\u00a0vyskytuje se zde jen kr\u00e1tce.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Existovat tu trvale mohou nap\u0159. anaerobn\u00ed bakterie, kter\u00e9 sice tak\u00e9 mohou rozkl\u00e1dat organick\u00e9 zbytky, ale d\u011bje se tak mnohem pomaleji a\u00a0m\u00e9n\u011b efektivn\u011b ne\u017e norm\u00e1ln\u011b. Existuj\u00ed sice i\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed alternativy ke zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdm \u010derv\u016fm a\u00a0ml\u017e\u016fm, ale ty jsou tak\u00e9 mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b v\u00fdkonn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 si \u0159\u00edk\u00e1te: \u201ePro\u010d by n\u00e1s m\u011blo tr\u00e1pit, \u017ee p\u00e1r \u010derv\u016f nebo ml\u017e\u016f v hloubce asi kilometr n\u011bkde pod hladinou nem\u016f\u017ee j\u00edst?\u201c Odpov\u011b\u010f je drsn\u00e1: \u201eTito tvorov\u00e9 jsou d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u201abiologick\u00e9 pumpy\u2018 na\u0161\u00ed planety. Pokud hlavn\u00ed \u201arecykl\u00e1to\u0159i \u017eivin\u2018 zmiz\u00ed, biologick\u00e1 pumpa se zadrhne. Uhl\u00edk z kost\u00ed a d\u0159eva se nep\u0159em\u011bn\u00ed znovu na biomasu (t\u011bla \u010derv\u016f a ml\u017e\u016f), kterou by se d\u00e1l mohli krmit krabi, ryby a dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky potravn\u00edho \u0159et\u011bzce. V\u00fdsledkem je mnohem ti\u0161\u0161\u00ed, m\u00e9n\u011b rozmanit\u00e9 a v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku i mrtv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mo\u0159sk\u00e9 dno.\u201cHlubok\u00fd oce\u00e1n nen\u00ed jen temn\u00e1 pr\u00e1zdnota; je to slo\u017eit\u00fd a skryt\u00fd stroj na recyklaci \u017eivota. A pokud z n\u011bj vynd\u00e1me ty nejmen\u0161\u00ed, nejefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, i kdy\u017e \u010dasto nejbizarn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stky, jako jsou zombie \u010dervi, riskujeme, \u017ee se cel\u00fd stroj postupn\u011b zastav\u00ed.Pod\u00edl mrtv\u00fdch z\u00f3n v\u00a0oce\u00e1nech se zv\u011bt\u0161uje<\/p>\n

Oce\u00e1ny v\u00a0posledn\u00edch dek\u00e1d\u00e1ch pohlcuj\u00ed v\u00edce tepla a\u00a0CO2\u00a0ne\u017e p\u0159edt\u00edm. V\u00fdsledkem je i\u00a0\u00fabytek kysl\u00edku v\u00a0hlubin\u00e1ch, resp. roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed (nebo vznik dal\u0161\u00edch) tzv. z\u00f3n s\u00a0minim\u00e1ln\u00edm obsahem kysl\u00edku. Tak\u00e9 se omezuje m\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed svrchn\u00ed vody s\u00a0hlub\u0161\u00edmi, chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi vrstvami. N\u00e1sledkem toho pozorujeme rostouc\u00ed po\u010det \u201edusiv\u00fdch\u201c biotop\u016f v\u00a0hlubok\u00e9m mo\u0159i.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Podle magaz\u00ednu Smithsonian<\/a> tyto \u201emrtv\u00e9\u201c z\u00f3ny nyn\u00ed rostou cca o\u00a03\u201310\u00a0procent ro\u010dn\u011b. A\u00a0\u00farove\u0148 jejich horn\u00ed hranice z\u00e1rove\u0148 stoup\u00e1, typicky z\u00a01000\u00a0m a\u017e na 400\u00a0m hloubky, \u010dili se roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed i\u00a0sm\u011brem k\u00a0povrchu. \u010cervi Osedax a\u00a0ml\u017ei Xylophaga v\u0161ak pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed dost kysl\u00edku pro sv\u00e9 symbionty, bez nich\u017e nemohou rozpou\u0161t\u011bt kosti, p\u0159\u00edp. d\u0159evo.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1b\u011bry ze dna Barkleyho ka\u0148onu<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci proto varuj\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00a0nedalek\u00e9 budoucnosti mohou n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u0159irozen\u00e9 procesy v\u00a0oce\u00e1nech, v\u010d. potravinov\u00fdch a\u00a0l\u00e1tkov\u00fdch \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f, prakticky zkolabovat nebo se v\u00fdrazn\u011b omezit.<\/p>\n

Co to znamen\u00e1 pro n\u00e1s, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eijeme na pevnin\u011b?<\/p>\n

M\u00e9n\u011b recyklace organick\u00fdch zbytk\u016f znamen\u00e1, \u017ee bude v\u00a0mo\u0159\u00edch p\u0159\u00edtomno m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u017eivin a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b i\u00a0m\u00e9n\u011b mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch druh\u016f d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch organism\u016f, kter\u00fdmi se zase \u017eiv\u00ed jin\u00e9 organismy. Klesne obsah planktonu, n\u00e1sledn\u011b i\u00a0stavy ryb a\u00a0mnoho ryb\u00e1\u0159\u016f ztrat\u00ed ob\u017eivu. Kdy\u017e nav\u00edc nebude mo\u0159sk\u00fd fytoplankton (rostlinn\u00fd plankton) dostate\u010dn\u011b pohlcovat CO2, atmosf\u00e9ra a\u00a0oce\u00e1n se zah\u0159ej\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edc, co\u017e je pro n\u00e1s varov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Craig R. Smith proto vol\u00e1 po v\u00fdrazn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edti podmo\u0159sk\u00fdch observato\u0159\u00ed typu NEPTUNE, abychom co nejv\u00edce zmapovali, co se kde v\u00a0oce\u00e1nu d\u011bje. Bude mj. t\u0159eba odhalit, zda \u010dervi Osedax skute\u010dn\u011b plo\u0161n\u011b vym\u00edraj\u00ed, nebo jen p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed n\u011bkde jinde. Mus\u00edme si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee oce\u00e1n nen\u00ed nekone\u010dn\u00fd a\u00a0jeho stav je k\u0159ehk\u00fd. Proto podobn\u00e9 zm\u011bny v\u00a0hloubk\u00e1ch oce\u00e1nu, mj. postupn\u00e9 vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho \u017eivota, d\u00e1l ignorovat nem\u016f\u017eeme.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"A samy tyto procesy zp\u011btn\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k\u00a0ekologick\u00e9 rovnov\u00e1ze, tak jak ji zn\u00e1me dnes. P\u0159edstavme si, co nastane, kdy\u017e…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":12393,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[7122,43,42,41,40,27,7123,7121,2848,7124,1716],"class_list":{"0":"post-12392","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-cesko","8":"tag-cervi","9":"tag-ceska-republika","10":"tag-cesko","11":"tag-czech-republic","12":"tag-czechia","13":"tag-kanada","14":"tag-kyslik","15":"tag-ocean","16":"tag-tichy-ocean-pacifik","17":"tag-zivocichove","18":"tag-zivot"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12392","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12392"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12392\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12393"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12392"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12392"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12392"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}