{"id":132113,"date":"2026-06-28T12:17:24","date_gmt":"2026-06-28T12:17:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/132113\/"},"modified":"2026-06-28T12:17:24","modified_gmt":"2026-06-28T12:17:24","slug":"osel-cz-smejeme-se-uz-15-milionu-let","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/132113\/","title":{"rendered":":: OSEL.CZ :: – Sm\u011bjeme se u\u017e 15 milion\u016f let"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Chiara<\/a><\/p>\n

Chiara De Gregorio, prvn\u00ed autorka nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 studie v\u011bnovan\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed sm\u00edchu \u010dlov\u011bka. Kredit: University Warwick<\/p>\n

Sm\u00e1t se je jednoduch\u00e9 a p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9. Zvl\u00e1dne to prakticky ka\u017ed\u00fd. V\u00fdjimkou jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad lid\u00e9 sti\u017een\u00ed neuropsychologickou poruchou zn\u00e1mou jako afonogelie. P\u0159esto p\u0159edstavuje tenhle hlasov\u00fd projev pro v\u011bdce z\u00e1hadu. Sm\u00e1t se um\u00ed i zv\u00ed\u0159ata a v\u011bdci p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee se sm\u00edch zrodil p\u0159i hr\u00e1ch. Dov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9 se radovali, upev\u0148ovali si vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 vztahy, ale tak\u00e9 se nam\u00e1hali a zad\u00fdchali se. Zvuky intenzivn\u00edho d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed si spojili s p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fdmi pocity z hran\u00ed a za\u010dali jimi d\u00e1vat najevo dobrou n\u00e1ladu v\u0161em kolem.<\/p>\n

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Za zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed sm\u00edch m\u016f\u017eeme pova\u017eovat zvuky, je\u017e zv\u00ed\u0159ata vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159i hr\u00e1ch nebo p\u0159i lecht\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u011bdci je zaznamenali u v\u00edce ne\u017e 60 \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f. Oz\u00fdvaj\u00ed se tak t\u0159eba opice Nov\u00e9ho i Star\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, lidoopi, psi, delf\u00edni, sloni, dom\u00e1c\u00ed skot nebo mangusty ji\u017en\u00ed. Mezi pt\u00e1ky pat\u0159\u00ed k sm\u00ed\u0161k\u016fm t\u0159eba p\u011bvci fl\u00e9t\u0148\u00e1ci austral\u0161t\u00ed nebo papou\u0161ci nestorov\u00e9 kea.<\/p>\n

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Sm\u00edch p\u0159edch\u00e1zel \u0159e\u010di a lid\u00e9 ho zd\u011bdili od zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch p\u0159edk\u016f. To je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d mu rozum\u00edme bez ohledu na jazyk, n\u00e1rodnost \u010di kulturu. S\u00a0Evropanem se zasm\u011bj\u00ed i ko\u010dovn\u00ed pastevci Himbov\u00e9 z\u00a0Namibie. Je to jeden z prost\u0159edk\u016f komunikace. Proto se ve spole\u010dnosti sm\u011bjeme 30kr\u00e1t \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e o samot\u011b a lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed se sm\u011bj\u00ed sami pro sebe, m\u00e1me za padouchy nebo \u0161\u00edlence. Hodn\u011b se sm\u011bjeme p\u0159i seznamov\u00e1n\u00ed. Mu\u017ei se sna\u017e\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ed \u017eenami vtipn\u00ed a \u017eeny odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed na jejich \u017eertov\u00e1n\u00ed sm\u00edchem, jeho\u017e intenzita roste se z\u00e1jmem o \u017eertuj\u00edc\u00edho n\u00e1padn\u00edka. Jakmile se za\u010dnou mu\u017e a \u017eena sm\u00e1t spole\u010dn\u011b, jsou na nejlep\u0161\u00ed cest\u011b nav\u00e1zat bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed vztah. Ve sm\u00edchu se odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed i kvalita vztahu. Svazek partner\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se sm\u011bj\u00ed stejn\u00fdm v\u011bcem, b\u00fdv\u00e1 pevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Sahelanthropus<\/a><\/p>\n

Sahelanthropus tchadensis – posledn\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159edek modern\u00edch lid\u00ed a lidoop\u016f p\u0159ezd\u00edvan\u00fd Touma\u00ef,\u00a0m\u011bl mozkovnu jen kolem 400 ml, \u0161plhal po stromech. I kdy\u017e to po dvou zkou\u0161el jen ob\u010das, sm\u00edch ani jemu nejsp\u00ed\u0161 nebyl ciz\u00ed. Kredit:Didier Descouens CC BY-SA 4.0 .<\/p>\n

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Sm\u00edch n\u00e1m otev\u0159el cestu k \u0159e\u010di<\/p>\n

Evolu\u010dn\u00ed historie sm\u00edchu zaujala t\u00fdm veden\u00fd Chiarou De Gregoriovou z\u00a0university v\u00a0anglick\u00e9m Warwicku. V\u00fdsledky jejich v\u00fdzkumu p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u010dasopis Communications Biology. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci z Warwicku analyzovali nahr\u00e1vky sm\u00edchu \u010dty\u0159 orangutan\u016f, dvou goril, t\u0159\u00ed bonob\u016f, \u010dty\u0159 \u0161impanz\u016f a \u010dty\u0159 lid\u00ed. U celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu 140 sekvenc\u00ed sm\u00edchu zjistili stejn\u00fd vzorec: v\u0161ichni zkouman\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9 se sm\u00e1li tak, \u017ee zvuky sm\u00edchu vyd\u00e1vali v rovnom\u011brn\u011b rozlo\u017een\u00fdch rytmick\u00fdch intervalech. De Gregoriov\u00e1 a spol. z\u00a0toho vyvozuj\u00ed, \u017ee tuto z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rytmickou strukturu vykazoval u\u017e sm\u00edch spole\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u0159edka \u010dlov\u011bka a lidoop\u016f a ten \u017eil zhruba p\u0159ed 15 miliony rok\u016f.<\/p>\n

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\"Nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed<\/a>
\nNejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed lid\u00ed, jako jsou \u0161impanzi nebo gorily, vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159i \u0161k\u00e1dlen\u00ed a lecht\u00e1n\u00ed chraplav\u011b s\u00edpav\u00e9 zvuky. Mo\u017en\u00e1 jste v televizi nebo na fotk\u00e1ch vid\u011bli \u0161impanze v \u0161irok\u00e9m \u201e\u00fasm\u011bvu\u201c. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se tomu \u201efear grimace\u201c (\u0161kleb strachu). Je to v\u00fdraz \u00fazkosti a strachu. Skute\u010dnou radost, pohodu a chu\u0165 si hr\u00e1t (tzv. play face) \u0161impanzi vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e \u0161iroce otev\u0159en\u00fdmi \u00fasty, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e horn\u00ed zuby m\u00edvaj\u00ed zakryt\u00e9 rty a ukazuj\u00ed hlavn\u011b ty spodn\u00ed. Ono sou\u010dasn\u00e9 vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed specifick\u00fdch chraptiv\u00fdch zvuk\u016f je p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm evolu\u010dn\u00edm p\u0159edkem lidsk\u00e9ho sm\u00edchu. Zdroj obr\u00e1zku: Tacugama<\/a> Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Siera Leone<\/p>\n

V\u0161ichni lidoopi si udr\u017eeli tento z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzorec sm\u00edchu. Lidsk\u00fd sm\u00edch se zrychlil a je prom\u011bnliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na situaci. Jinak zn\u00ed nekontrolovateln\u00fd sm\u00edch p\u0159i lecht\u00e1n\u00ed, rezervovan\u00fd sm\u00edch na ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch akc\u00edch, nerv\u00f3zn\u00ed sm\u00edch po chyb\u011b nebo naka\u017eliv\u00fd sm\u00edch, kter\u00fd se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed skupinou p\u0159\u00e1tel. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rytmus sm\u00edchu v\u011bdom\u011b formujeme a kontrolujeme a sd\u011blujeme tak r\u016fzn\u00e9 emoce a z\u00e1m\u011bry. Jak na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 z\u00edsk\u00e1vali st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kontrolu nad sv\u00fdmi hlasov\u00fdmi projevy v\u010detn\u011b sm\u00edchu, otev\u00edrala se jim cesta k\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di.<\/p>\n

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Naka\u017eliv\u00fd sm\u00edch <\/p>\n

Sm\u00edch pat\u0159\u00ed mezi naka\u017eliv\u00e1 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, podobn\u011b jako t\u0159eba z\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nebo pocit, \u017ee n\u00e1s n\u011bco sv\u011bd\u00ed a mus\u00edme se po\u0161krabat. Naka\u017elivost sm\u00edchu n\u00e1zorn\u011b demonstrovala jedna z nejkuri\u00f3zn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch epidemi\u00ed 20. stolet\u00ed. Propukla na severoz\u00e1pad\u011b Tanzanie 30. ledna 1962 v misijn\u00ed intern\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0161kole pro d\u00edvky ve v\u011bku od 12 do 18 let. Ten den se tam za\u010dala nekontrolovan\u011b sm\u00e1t t\u0159i d\u011bv\u010data. O sedm t\u00fddn\u016f pozd\u011bji u\u017e trp\u011blo z\u00e1chvaty sm\u00edchu 95 z\u00a0celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu 159 studentek. \u0160kola zru\u0161ila v\u00fduku a obnovila ji a\u017e 21. kv\u011btna. Jen\u017ee b\u011bhem m\u011bs\u00edce postihly z\u00e1chvaty sm\u00edchu 57 \u017e\u00e1ky\u0148, a tak se \u0161kola uzav\u0159ela podruh\u00e9. V\u011bt\u0161ina z\u00e1chvat\u016f sm\u00edchu trvala od n\u011bkolika minut po n\u011bkolik hodin. N\u011bkter\u00e9 d\u00edvky je ale dost\u00e1valy opakovan\u011b a\u017e 16 dn\u00ed. V\u0161e se obe\u0161lo bez n\u00e1sledk\u016f, ale studentky byly b\u011bhem z\u00e1chvat\u016f neschopn\u00e9 jak\u00fdchkoli aktivit a z\u00a0vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho sm\u00edchu se zotavovaly n\u011bkolik t\u00fddn\u016f.<\/p>\n

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\"\u201eChechotat\u201c<\/a>
\n\u201eChechotat\u201c se \u00fadajn\u011b um\u00ed i hlodavci kdy\u017e je lecht\u00e1me na b\u0159\u00ed\u0161ku. Jen ten jejich zp\u016fsob sm\u00edchu neusly\u0161\u00edme. Vyd\u00e1van\u00e9 zvuky jsou v p\u00e1smu na\u0161im u\u0161\u00edm p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b zapov\u011bzen\u00e9m. Zdroj obr\u00e1zku: chlupata.mama<\/a><\/p>\n

Epidemie odezn\u011bla po dvou a p\u016fl letech a za tu dobu postihla tis\u00edce lid\u00ed. K\u00a0jej\u00edmu roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bla uzav\u00edrka 14 \u0161kol, proto\u017ee d\u011bv\u010data odjela dom\u016f a zavlekla z\u00e1chvaty sm\u00edchu na venkov, kde se pak \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily hlavn\u011b mezi \u017eenami. P\u0159edstava, \u017ee se n\u011bco podobn\u00e9ho m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t jen nevzd\u011blan\u00fdm venkovan\u016fm v exotick\u00e9 zemi, je myln\u00e1. Nekontrolovan\u00e9 naka\u017eliv\u00e9 z\u00e1chvaty sm\u00edchu postihnou i profesion\u00e1ly, jako jsou divadeln\u00ed herci nebo televizn\u00ed koment\u00e1to\u0159i. Snahy sm\u00edch potla\u010dit se obvykle m\u00edjej\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinkem. Naopak, z\u00e1chvaty \u010dasto je\u0161t\u011b zes\u00edl\u00ed. Zv\u00ed\u0159ata se sice um\u011bj\u00ed sm\u00e1t, ale sm\u00edchem se nenakaz\u00ed dokonce ani \u0161impanzi, a tak se zd\u00e1, \u017ee tohle je ryze lidsk\u00e1 schopnost.<\/p>\n

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Sm\u00edch a lecht\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n

Potkani p\u0159i hrav\u00e9m dov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed vyluzuj\u00ed pro \u010dlov\u011bka nesly\u0161n\u00e9 ultrazvukov\u00e9 pi\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Podobn\u011b vysok\u00fdmi zvuky reaguj\u00ed tito hlodavci na \u0161imr\u00e1n\u00ed na b\u0159\u00ed\u0161ku. Sm\u00edch lechtan\u00fdch a hraj\u00edc\u00edch si potkan\u016f se ale akustick\u00fdmi charakteristikami jasn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed. I v\u00a0tom se zv\u00ed\u0159ata podobaj\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bku.<\/p>\n

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Lecht\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dili gargalesis sd\u00edl\u00edme se zv\u00ed\u0159aty a pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0nejz\u00e1hadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm spou\u0161t\u011b\u010d\u016fm sm\u00edchu. L\u00e1mali si s\u00a0n\u00edm hlavy Sokrates, Galileo nebo Darwin a na nic nep\u0159i\u0161li. Ani dnes nev\u00edme, pro\u010d n\u00e1s n\u011bkter\u00e9 dotyky lechtaj\u00ed a jin\u00e9 nikoli, pro\u010d jsme lechtiv\u00ed na ciz\u00ed \u0161imr\u00e1n\u00ed ale ne na sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed nebo pro\u010d jsme na n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech t\u011bla lechtiv\u00ed v\u00edce a na jin\u00fdch v\u016fbec.<\/p>\n

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Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee lecht\u00e1n\u00ed a j\u00edm vzbuzen\u00fd sm\u00edch hraj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou roli p\u0159i upev\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed vztah\u016f. Reakce na p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 dotyky lidsk\u00e9 ruky tak mohly sehr\u00e1t d\u016fle\u017eitou \u00falohu p\u0159i domestikaci zv\u00ed\u0159at. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed mazl\u00ed\u010dci reaguj\u00ed na hlazen\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed typy t\u011blesn\u00e9ho kontaktu veskrze pozitivn\u011b. Jasn\u011b najevo n\u00e1m to d\u00e1vaj\u00ed t\u0159eba psi nebo ko\u010dky.<\/p>\n

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Video: Dojemn\u00e9 shled\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161impanzice Mamy a profesora Jana van Hooffa<\/p>\n

Mama byla star\u00e1, um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed alfa samice ze zoologick\u00e9 zahrady v nizozemsk\u00e9m Arnhemu. Odm\u00edtala j\u00edst a byla apatick\u00e1. Kdy\u017e ji ale p\u0159i\u0161el nav\u0161t\u00edvit profesor Jan van Hooff, kter\u00e9ho znala od roku 1972, jej\u00ed reakce byla neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e1. Nejprve ho nepozn\u00e1vala, ale jakmile si uv\u011bdomila, o koho jde, jej\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159 se rozz\u00e1\u0159ila, radost\u00ed za\u010dala k\u0159i\u010det a hladit ho po hlav\u011b.<\/p>\n

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Video: Ultrazvukov\u00e9 chichot\u00e1n\u00ed potkana<\/p>\n

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Prameny:<\/p>\n

Bryant, G. A., & Bainbridge, C. M. (2022). Laughter and culture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 377(1863), 20210179.<\/p>\n

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De Gregorio, C., et al. (2026) Rhythm and timing in laughter reveal that human vocal plasticity falls on a hominid continuum. Communications Biology 9, 824<\/p>\n

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Dossey, L. (2010). Strange contagions: of laughter, jumps, jerks, and mirror neurons. Explore, 6(3), 119-128.<\/p>\n

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Hempelmann, C. F. (2007). The laughter of the 1962 Tanganyika \u2018laughter epidemic\u2019. Humor, 20(1), 49\u201371.<\/p>\n

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Kurtz, L. E., & Algoe, S. B. (2015). Putting laughter in context: Shared laughter as behavioral indicator of relationship well\u2010being. Personal Relationships, 22(4), 573-590.<\/p>\n

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Masataka, N., & Kohda, M. (1988). Primate play vocalizations and their functional significance. Folia Primatologica, 50(1-2), 152-156.<\/p>\n

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Ross, M. D., Owren, M. J., & Zimmermann, E. (2009). Reconstructing the evolution of laughter in great apes and humans.\u00a0Current Biology,\u00a019(13), 1106-1111.<\/p>\n

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Vettin, J., & Todt, D. (2005). Human laughter, social play, and play vocalizations of non-human primates: an evolutionary approach. Behaviour, 217-240.<\/p>\n

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Winkler, S. L., & Bryant, G. A. (2021). Play vocalisations and human laughter: a comparative review.\u00a0Bioacoustics,\u00a030(5), 499-526.<\/p>\n