{"id":146046,"date":"2026-07-12T22:54:19","date_gmt":"2026-07-12T22:54:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/146046\/"},"modified":"2026-07-12T22:54:19","modified_gmt":"2026-07-12T22:54:19","slug":"proc-je-vic-uspesnych-sportovcu-narozeno-v-lednu-a-unoru-nez-v-prosinci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/146046\/","title":{"rendered":"Pro\u010d je v\u00edc \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch sportovc\u016f narozeno v\u00a0lednu a\u00a0\u00fanoru ne\u017e v\u00a0prosinci?"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u00e1te pocit, \u017ee va\u0161e d\u00edt\u011b ve sportu zaost\u00e1v\u00e1 proti stejn\u011b star\u00fdm vrstevn\u00edk\u016fm? Nebo v\u00e1s \u0161tvalo, \u017ee va\u0161i soupe\u0159i v\u00a0d\u011btsk\u00fdch kategori\u00edch byli v\u017edycky siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0rychlej\u0161\u00ed? Nemuselo se v\u00e1m to jen zd\u00e1t. Kdy se narod\u00edme, toti\u017e hraje – zejm\u00e9na pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0ml\u00e1de\u017enick\u00fdch kategori\u00edch – v\u00fdznamnou roli. A\u00a0ovliv\u0148uje \u00fasp\u011bch nejen ten okam\u017eit\u00fd, ale i\u00a0dlouhodob\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Takzvan\u00fd relative age effect (RAE; do \u010de\u0161tiny p\u0159ekl\u00e1dan\u00fd jako vliv relativn\u00edho v\u011bku nebo relativn\u00ed v\u011bkov\u00fd efekt) pro sportovn\u00ed v\u00fdkony popsali v\u011bdci ji\u017e v\u00a080.\u00a0letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. P\u016fvodn\u00ed teorie, kter\u00e1 se zprvu aplikovala na \u0161koln\u00ed v\u00fdsledky, je dokonce je\u0161t\u011b o\u00a0n\u011bkolik dek\u00e1d star\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jde o\u00a0celkem intuitivn\u00ed p\u0159edpoklad: Pokud se d\u00edt\u011b narod\u00ed na za\u010d\u00e1tku ur\u010dit\u00e9ho \u010dasov\u00e9ho v\u00fdseku, bude m\u00edt – oproti t\u011bm narozen\u00fdm na jeho konci – n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f n\u00e1skok.<\/p>\n

Jin\u00fdmi slovy: Jakmile se v\u00a0ml\u00e1de\u017enick\u00fdch kategori\u00edch odd\u011bluj\u00ed sportovci po jednotliv\u00fdch letech, budou lednov\u00ed rod\u00e1ci o\u00a0jeden\u00e1ct m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f rychlej\u0161\u00ed, siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0ment\u00e1ln\u011b vysp\u011blej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jejich prosincov\u00ed spoluhr\u00e1\u010di a\u00a0spoluhr\u00e1\u010dky.<\/p>\n

\u201eRozd\u00edl n\u011bkolika m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f mezi \u0161estilet\u00fdmi d\u011btmi p\u0159edstavuje v\u00fdznamnou \u010d\u00e1st jejich dosavadn\u00edho \u017eivota. V\u00a0obdob\u00ed puberty se nav\u00edc p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed rozd\u00edly v\u00a0biologick\u00e9m zr\u00e1n\u00ed. Proto b\u00fdv\u00e1 relativn\u00ed v\u011bk nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm faktorem p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0d\u011btsk\u00fdch a\u00a0\u010dasn\u011b dorosteneck\u00fdch kategori\u00edch,\u201c vysv\u011btluje sportovn\u00ed psycholog David Kune\u0161 a\u00a0dod\u00e1v\u00e1: \u201eZ biologick\u00e9ho hlediska se rozd\u00edly mezi lednov\u00fdmi a\u00a0prosincov\u00fdmi d\u011btmi postupn\u011b st\u00edraj\u00ed b\u011bhem dosp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.\u201c<\/p>\n

Jen\u017ee dozvuky rozd\u00edl\u016f v\u00a0m\u011bs\u00edci narozen\u00ed se v\u00fdznamn\u011b projevuj\u00ed i\u00a0v dosp\u011bl\u00e9m v\u011bku. Studie<\/a> publikovan\u00e1 v\u00a0\u010dasopise American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine ukazuje, \u017ee po\u010det vrcholov\u00fdch sportovc\u016f a\u00a0sportovky\u0148 kles\u00e1 s\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00fdm kvart\u00e1lem narozen\u00ed. Nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je logicky rozd\u00edl mezi nejstar\u0161\u00edmi a\u00a0nejmlad\u0161\u00edmi: Po\u010det narozen\u00fdch mezi lednem a\u017e b\u0159eznem je v\u00fdznamn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e t\u011bch narozen\u00fdch mezi \u0159\u00edjnem a\u00a0prosincem.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

To plat\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 pro v\u0161echny sporty: letn\u00ed i\u00a0zimn\u00ed; mu\u017esk\u00e9 i\u00a0\u017eensk\u00e9; m\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 i\u00a0nem\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9; individu\u00e1ln\u00ed i\u00a0t\u00fdmov\u00e9. Jedinou v\u00fdjimkou je podkategorie \u017een v\u00a0zimn\u00edch sportech, ve kter\u00e9 v\u011bdci \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly nena\u0161li.<\/p>\n

Ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed tren\u00e9\u0159i. I\u00a0kdy\u017e o\u00a0tom nev\u011bd\u00ed<\/p>\n

Rozd\u00edly jsou velmi dob\u0159e patrn\u00e9 i\u00a0v anal\u00fdz\u00e1ch konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch sport\u016f\u00a0\u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad ve fotbale, na kter\u00fd se v\u00a0tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme. Jasn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky nab\u00edz\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad metastudie<\/a> v\u011bdc\u016f z\u00a0Brna a\u00a0Hradce Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 v\u00a0\u017eurn\u00e1lu Perceptual and Motor Skills, kter\u00e1 spojila data\u00a0n\u011bkolika milion\u016f fotbalist\u016f. Ta mimo jin\u00e9 nazna\u010duje, \u017ee tren\u00e9\u0159i (ml\u00e1de\u017ee) nev\u011bdomky d\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159ednost pr\u00e1v\u011b star\u0161\u00edm d\u011btem. Co\u017e pak prohlubuje rozd\u00edly v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm sportovn\u00edm v\u00fdvoji.<\/p>\n

\u201eRodi\u010de i\u00a0tren\u00e9\u0159i by m\u011bli v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee sportovn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj d\u00edt\u011bte nen\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u00ed a\u00a0\u017ee aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdkon nemus\u00ed v\u017edy odpov\u00eddat dlouhodob\u00e9mu potenci\u00e1lu. D\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e9 je v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00e9m v\u011bku fyzicky m\u00e9n\u011b vysp\u011bl\u00e9, nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt m\u00e9n\u011b talentovan\u00e9. M\u016f\u017ee jen pot\u0159ebovat v\u00edce \u010dasu, vhodn\u011b nastavenou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e a\u00a0podporu v\u00a0pohybov\u00e9m rozvoji,\u201c popisuje Ji\u0159\u00ed Neumann, \u0161\u00e9fl\u00e9ka\u0159 \u010cesk\u00e9ho olympijsk\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu.<\/p>\n

S t\u00edm souhlas\u00ed i\u00a0Kune\u0161: \u201eTren\u00e9r m\u016f\u017ee od n\u011bkter\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1vat v\u00edce, v\u011bnovat jim v\u00edce pozornosti, poskytovat kvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zp\u011btnou vazbu nebo jim d\u00e1vat v\u00edce p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed k\u00a0rozvoji. T\u00edm se jejich n\u00e1skok d\u00e1le prohlubuje,\u201c komentuje sportovn\u00ed psycholog.<\/p>\n

Kune\u0161 t\u00edm popisuje takzvan\u00fd Pygmalion efekt. Jde o\u00a0sebenapl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed se proroctv\u00ed, kdy pokud m\u00e1 tren\u00e9r nap\u0159\u00edklad pocit, \u017ee jeho sv\u011b\u0159enec je \u0161ikovn\u00fd (nebo mu i\u00a0t\u0159eba p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 spoluhr\u00e1\u010de z\u00a0ml\u00e1d\u00ed, kter\u00fd skute\u010dn\u011b \u0161ikovn\u00fd byl), p\u0159istupuje k\u00a0jeho v\u00fdchov\u011b minim\u00e1ln\u011b podv\u011bdom\u011b jinak ne\u017e k\u00a0t\u011bm, u\u00a0kter\u00fdch tento potenci\u00e1l nec\u00edt\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b proto dost\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00edce pozornosti, lep\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednky i\u00a0nap\u0159\u00edklad pro chyby a\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed prostor pro rozvoj. To mu umo\u017en\u00ed se opravdu zdokonalovat, \u010d\u00edm\u017e v\u00a0tren\u00e9rovi posiluje pocit, \u017ee jeho instinkt byl spr\u00e1vn\u00fd, a\u00a0tak do nad\u011bjn\u00e9ho jedince investuje je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edc. Kruh se opakuje, efekt posiluje.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Mimochodem tento jev funguje i\u00a0naopak. Pokud m\u00e1 autorita pocit, \u017ee se n\u011bkdo nesna\u017e\u00ed, potenci\u00e1l nevid\u00ed nebo mu t\u0159eba jen p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 vlastn\u00edho spoluhr\u00e1\u010de-fl\u00e1ka\u010de, chov\u00e1 se k\u00a0n\u011bmu jinak. Sv\u011b\u0159encovy v\u00fdkony klesaj\u00ed a\u00a0i zde m\u00e1 tren\u00e9r pocit, \u017ee mu intuice funguje. \u017de situaci zp\u016fsobil, si nemus\u00ed uv\u011bdomovat ani v\u00a0jednom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b.<\/p>\n

Fotbalov\u00fd \u0161ampion\u00e1t jako d\u016fkaz<\/p>\n

Nejmarkantn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edly byly v\u00a0kategorii \u017e\u00e1k\u016f mezi 12\u00a0a\u00a014\u00a0lety a\u00a0naopak o\u00a0pozn\u00e1n\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed byl efekt v\u00a0mlad\u0161\u00edch kategori\u00edch – nejsp\u00ed\u0161e proto, \u017ee ti narozen\u00ed v\u00a0posledn\u00edm kvart\u00e1lu mnohem sp\u00ed\u0161e svoji potenci\u00e1ln\u011b profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed sportovn\u00ed kari\u00e9ru v\u00a0tomto v\u011bku ukon\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Statisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly jsou patrn\u00e9<\/a> i\u00a0v r\u00e1mci nejlep\u0161\u00edch evropsk\u00fdch fotbalov\u00fdch lig. Bude ale RAE platit i\u00a0pro \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky mistrovstv\u00ed sv\u011bta, nebo se rozd\u00edly mezi t\u011bmi \u00fapln\u011b nejlep\u0161\u00edmi fotbalisty sv\u011bta na t\u00e9to \u00farovni set\u0159ou?<\/p>\n

Pod\u00edvali jsme se na data \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f mundialu a\u00a0do\u0161li k\u00a0jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi: I\u00a0na sv\u011btov\u00e9m \u0161ampion\u00e1tu RAE p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b funguje a\u00a0rozd\u00edl mezi prvn\u00edm a\u00a0\u010dtvrt\u00fdm kvart\u00e1lem je i\u00a0zde statisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1rove\u0148 jsme ale narazili na zaj\u00edmav\u00fd paradox. Hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f narozen\u00fdch v\u00a0prvn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch je sice v\u00edc, ale ti narozen\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru roku jsou pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b o\u00a0dost dra\u017e\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u017de se n\u011bkter\u00fdm sportovc\u016fm z\u00a0absolutn\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dky narozen\u00fdm na konci kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00edho roku da\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch ohledech l\u00e9pe, p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed i\u00a0odborn\u00edci. \u201eJedn\u00edm z\u00a0mo\u017en\u00fdch vysv\u011btlen\u00ed je, \u017ee sportovci narozen\u00ed pozd\u011bji v\u00a0roce museli od d\u011btstv\u00ed p\u0159ekon\u00e1vat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky, a\u00a0pokud ve sportu vydr\u017eeli, mohli si vybudovat vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed odolnost, samostatnost nebo schopnost zvl\u00e1dat ne\u00fasp\u011bch,\u201c uva\u017euje Kune\u0161. Tyto vlastnosti v\u00a0nich tak mohly vybudovat schopnosti, kter\u00e9 z\u00a0nich ud\u011blaly cen\u011bnou komoditu.<\/p>\n

A je\u0161t\u011b jedna dobr\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va pro pozd\u011bji narozen\u00e9 aspiruj\u00edc\u00ed fotbalisty: Tyto rozd\u00edly se zcela st\u00edraj\u00ed u\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch pozic. Zat\u00edmco mezi \u00fato\u010dn\u00edky a\u00a0z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edky bychom RAE nena\u0161li, u\u00a0obr\u00e1nc\u016f a\u00a0brank\u00e1\u0159\u016f jsou rozd\u00edly znateln\u00e9.<\/p>\n

To m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobeno pr\u00e1v\u011b t\u00edm, \u017ee tren\u00e9\u0159i v\u00a0ml\u00e1de\u017enick\u00fdch kategori\u00edch v\u00a0obran\u011b a\u00a0br\u00e1n\u011b preferuj\u00ed silov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010de, co\u017e zv\u00fdhod\u0148uje d\u0159\u00edve narozen\u00e9. Hypot\u00e9zu potvrzuj\u00ed i\u00a0data z\u00a0mistrovstv\u00ed sv\u011bta: D\u0159\u00edve narozen\u00ed fotbalist\u00e9 jsou skute\u010dn\u011b o\u00a0kousek vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jejich kolegov\u00e9 o\u00a0p\u00e1r m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f mlad\u0161\u00ed. Naopak na \u00fato\u010dn\u00fdch postech jsou pak rozd\u00edly dan\u00e9 mnohem v\u00edc individu\u00e1ln\u00edmi v\u00fdkony.<\/p>\n

Datov\u00e9 doporu\u010den\u00ed je tedy jasn\u00e9: Pl\u00e1nuje va\u0161e d\u00edt\u011b hr\u00e1t profesion\u00e1ln\u011b fotbal, ale narodilo se v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru roku? Ud\u011blejte z\u00a0n\u011bj \u00fato\u010dn\u00edka. A\u00a0naopak lednov\u00fdm, \u00fanorov\u00fdm a\u00a0b\u0159eznov\u00fdm d\u011btem m\u016f\u017eete maximalizovat jejich \u0161anci, kdy\u017e je postav\u00edte do br\u00e1ny \u010di obrany.<\/p>\n

Jen na datum narozen\u00ed ale ur\u010dit\u011b nespol\u00e9hejte. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 toti\u017e je, aby d\u00edt\u011b pohyb bavil a\u00a0hlavn\u011b aby mu by\u0165 t\u0159eba nad\u011bjnou kari\u00e9ru nezastavilo zran\u011bn\u00ed. Jak toti\u017e p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 Ji\u0159\u00ed Neumann, zcela z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro sportovn\u00ed v\u00fdkonnost je tak\u00e9 prevence.<\/p>\n

\u201ePokud \u0161kolou povinn\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b sportuje systematicky, n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t t\u00fddn\u011b, alespo\u0148 dvakr\u00e1t, doporu\u010duji proveden\u00ed sportovn\u00ed prohl\u00eddky, konzultaci t\u011blov\u00fdchovn\u00fdm l\u00e9ka\u0159em, diagnostiku funk\u010dn\u00edch poruch, d\u011btskou fyzioterapii a\u00a0rehabilitaci s\u00a0podporou zdrav\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje,\u201c uzav\u00edr\u00e1 \u0161\u00e9fl\u00e9ka\u0159 \u010desk\u00e9ho olympijsk\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"M\u00e1te pocit, \u017ee va\u0161e d\u00edt\u011b ve sportu zaost\u00e1v\u00e1 proti stejn\u011b star\u00fdm vrstevn\u00edk\u016fm? Nebo v\u00e1s \u0161tvalo, \u017ee va\u0161i soupe\u0159i…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":146047,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[15],"tags":[444,326,1275,94,11530,93,1601],"class_list":["post-146046","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-sport","tag-deti","tag-fotbal","tag-mistrovstvi-sveta-ve-fotbale","tag-sport","tag-sportovci","tag-sports","tag-vek"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116909471515791839","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/146046","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=146046"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/146046\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/146047"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=146046"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=146046"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=146046"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}