V\u00fdsledkem nen\u00ed partnerstv\u00ed, ale ekonomick\u00fd paternalismus\u00a0\u2013 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee evropsk\u00e9 instituce, vl\u00e1dy a\u00a0neziskov\u00e9 organizace maj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo ur\u010dovat, jak\u00fdm sm\u011brem by se m\u011bly africk\u00e9 ekonomiky ub\u00edrat.<\/p>\n
Je to paradox. Kontinent, kter\u00fd zd\u016fraz\u0148uje rovnost, suverenitu a\u00a0respekt k\u00a0r\u016fznorodosti, p\u0159istupuje k\u00a0Africe zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd tyto principy \u010dasto explicitn\u011b pop\u00edr\u00e1.\u00a0\u2013 Prvn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem je posedlost rozvojovou pomoc\u00ed. Evropsk\u00e1 politika st\u00e1le uva\u017euje v\u00a0logice d\u00e1rc\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edjemc\u016f. Miliardy eur proud\u00ed do r\u016fzn\u00fdch program\u016f, \u0161kolen\u00ed, konzultac\u00ed a\u00a0grantov\u00fdch sch\u00e9mat. P\u0159esto \u0159ada africk\u00fdch ekonomik z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na zahrani\u010dn\u00ed pomoci m\u00edsto toho, aby budovala vlastn\u00ed pr\u016fmysl, kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9 trhy a\u00a0exportn\u00ed kapacity.<\/p>\n
Pomoc sama o\u00a0sob\u011b nen\u00ed \u0161patn\u00e1. Probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1v\u00e1 ve chv\u00edli, kdy nahrazuje investice, podnik\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0tvorbu hodnot. Zem\u011b nezbohatnou t\u00edm, \u017ee dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00edce grant\u016f. Bohatnou t\u00edm, \u017ee produkuj\u00ed v\u00edce zbo\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0slu\u017eeb, kter\u00e9 cht\u011bj\u00ed kupovat ostatn\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Druh\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem paternalismu jsou obchodn\u00ed pravidla. Evropsk\u00e1 unie vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 Afriku k\u00a0industrializaci, ale sou\u010dasn\u011b udr\u017euje syst\u00e9m regulac\u00ed, standard\u016f a\u00a0dota\u010dn\u00edch politik, kter\u00e9 africk\u00fdm v\u00fdrobc\u016fm \u010dasto komplikuj\u00ed vstup na evropsk\u00fd trh. Evropsk\u00e9 zem\u011b chr\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdmi subvencemi, zat\u00edmco afri\u010dt\u00ed farm\u00e1\u0159i mus\u00ed sout\u011b\u017eit proti dotovan\u00fdm evropsk\u00fdm produkt\u016fm.<\/p>\n
Evropa tak jednou rukou financuje rozvoj africk\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a\u00a0druhou rukou vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed podm\u00ednky, kter\u00e9 jeho konkurenceschopnost oslabuj\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00edm symbolem tohoto p\u0159\u00edstupu je klimatick\u00e1 politika. Evropsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee africk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty budou p\u0159eskakovat f\u00e1zi levn\u00e9 industrializace zalo\u017een\u00e9 na fosiln\u00edch palivech a\u00a0rovnou p\u0159ejdou k\u00a0n\u00edzkouhl\u00edkov\u00e9 ekonomice. To m\u016f\u017ee zn\u00edt mor\u00e1ln\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u011b. Ekonomicky je to v\u0161ak mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 velmoci\u00a0\u2013 od Brit\u00e1nie p\u0159es N\u011bmecko a\u017e po Ji\u017en\u00ed Koreu nebo \u010c\u00ednu\u00a0\u2013 vybudovaly sv\u00e9 bohatstv\u00ed d\u00edky levn\u00e9 energii a\u00a0rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 industrializaci. Po\u017eadovat po zem\u00edch, jejich\u017e spot\u0159eba elekt\u0159iny na obyvatele je mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00a0Evrop\u011b, aby se t\u00e9to cesty vzdaly, znamen\u00e1 nastavovat jin\u00e1 pravidla pro ty, kte\u0159\u00ed teprve doh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed n\u00e1skok vysp\u011bl\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n
Stejn\u00e1 logika se objevuje i\u00a0v ot\u00e1zce t\u011b\u017eby nerostn\u00fdch surovin. Evropa pot\u0159ebuje africk\u00fd kobalt, lithium, m\u011b\u010f i\u00a0vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 kovy pro vlastn\u00ed zelenou transformaci. Sou\u010dasn\u011b v\u0161ak \u010dasto kritizuje projekty, kter\u00e9 by umo\u017enily vznik rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edho zpracovatelsk\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu p\u0159\u00edmo v\u00a0Africe. Kontinent pak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 dodavatelem surovin m\u00edsto toho, aby vytv\u00e1\u0159el vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159idanou hodnotu.<\/p>\n
To nen\u00ed recept na rozvoj. To je modernizovan\u00e1 verze star\u00e9ho modelu, kdy jedna \u010d\u00e1st sv\u011bta dod\u00e1v\u00e1 suroviny a\u00a0druh\u00e1 vyr\u00e1b\u00ed fin\u00e1ln\u00ed produkty.\u00a0\u2013 Evropsk\u00fd paternalismus se projevuje i\u00a0jazykem. Afrika b\u00fdv\u00e1 \u010dasto p\u0159edstavov\u00e1na jako kontinent probl\u00e9m\u016f\u00a0\u2013 chudoby, konflikt\u016f, migrace nebo klimatick\u00fdch katastrof. M\u00e9n\u011b prostoru dost\u00e1v\u00e1 skute\u010dnost, \u017ee jde o\u00a0nejmlad\u0161\u00ed populaci na sv\u011bt\u011b, rychle rostouc\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomiky, dynamick\u00e9 podnikatelsk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0st\u00e1le v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00e9 trhy.<\/p>\n
Takov\u00fd zp\u016fsob uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed ovliv\u0148uje i\u00a0politick\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed. Pokud n\u011bkoho neust\u00e1le vn\u00edm\u00e1me jako objekt pomoci, p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1me ho br\u00e1t jako rovnocenn\u00e9ho ekonomick\u00e9ho partnera. To samoz\u0159ejm\u011b neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee za ekonomick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my Afriky m\u016f\u017ee Evropa. Mnoho p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek je dom\u00e1c\u00edho p\u016fvodu\u00a0\u2013 korupce, slab\u00e9 instituce, politick\u00e1 nestabilita, ozbrojen\u00e9 konflikty nebo nedostate\u010dn\u00e1 ochrana vlastnick\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. Bez jejich \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nebude dlouhodob\u00fd rozvoj mo\u017en\u00fd.<\/p>\n
Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je ale paternalistick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup problematick\u00fd. \u010casto odv\u00e1d\u00ed pozornost od skute\u010dn\u00fdch reforem a\u00a0vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed iluzi, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed objem zahrani\u010dn\u00ed pomoci automaticky p\u0159inese lep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledky. Skute\u010dn\u00e9 partnerstv\u00ed by m\u011blo vypadat jinak. M\u00edsto p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek v\u00edce obchodu. M\u00edsto grant\u016f v\u00edce investic. M\u00edsto podm\u00ednek v\u00edce respektu k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee jednotliv\u00e9 africk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty maj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo volit vlastn\u00ed rozvojovou strategii.<\/p>\n
Evropa nemus\u00ed p\u0159estat prosazovat sv\u00e9 hodnoty. M\u011bla by si ale uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee ekonomick\u00fd rozvoj nevznik\u00e1 z\u00a0dob\u0159e m\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch doporu\u010den\u00ed ani z\u00a0nekone\u010dn\u00fdch dota\u010dn\u00edch program\u016f. Vznik\u00e1 tam, kde lid\u00e9 mohou podnikat, investovat, vyr\u00e1b\u011bt a\u00a0sout\u011b\u017eit na otev\u0159en\u00fdch trz\u00edch. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou vztah\u016f mezi Evropou a\u00a0Afrikou dnes mo\u017en\u00e1 nen\u00ed nedostatek solidarity. Je j\u00ed p\u0159ebytek p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee Evropa v\u017edy v\u00ed l\u00e9pe, co Afrika pot\u0159ebuje. A\u00a0pr\u00e1v\u011b tato jistota je podstatou ekonomick\u00e9ho paternalismu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"V\u00fdsledkem nen\u00ed partnerstv\u00ed, ale ekonomick\u00fd paternalismus\u00a0\u2013 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee evropsk\u00e9 instituce, vl\u00e1dy a\u00a0neziskov\u00e9 organizace maj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo ur\u010dovat, jak\u00fdm sm\u011brem…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":157212,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[3],"tags":[926,1367,708,5767,109,108,106,991,4075,11333,19731,138,39667,174,25003,649],"class_list":["post-157211","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-evropa","tag-afrika","tag-analyza","tag-ekonomika","tag-esej","tag-europa","tag-europe","tag-evropa","tag-evropska-unie-eu","tag-geopolitika","tag-kolonialismus","tag-kolonie","tag-komentare","tag-narodni-rozvojovy-fond","tag-politika","tag-publicistika","tag-spolecnost"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116975079455438631","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/157211","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=157211"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/157211\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/157212"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=157211"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=157211"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=157211"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}