\u200bZ\u00e1zrak, kter\u00fd se zm\u011bnil v\u00a0rozsudek smrti<\/p>\n
\u200bPro lidi trp\u00edc\u00ed hemofili\u00ed, d\u011bdi\u010dnou poruchou sr\u00e1\u017elivosti krve, znamenal za\u010d\u00e1tek 70.\u00a0let 20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed p\u0159\u00edchod medic\u00ednsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1zraku. Do t\u00e9 doby museli p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m vnit\u0159n\u00edm krv\u00e1cen\u00ed tr\u00e1vit dlouh\u00e9 dny v\u00a0nemocnic\u00edch na kapa\u010dk\u00e1ch s\u00a0\u010derstvou plasmou. V\u0161e se zm\u011bnilo s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edchodem l\u00e9\u010diva nazvan\u00e9ho Faktor VIII. Tento pr\u00e1\u0161ek, vyroben\u00fd z\u00a0lidsk\u00e9 krevn\u00ed plasmy, sta\u010dilo sm\u00edchat se steriln\u00ed vodou a\u00a0aplikovat si jej doma z\u00a0injek\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159\u00edka\u010dky. Hemofilici t\u00edm z\u00edskali dosud nepoznanou svobodu.<\/p>\n
\u200bNikdo z\u00a0pacient\u016f ale netu\u0161il, \u017ee tato nov\u00e1 technologie v\u00a0sob\u011b skr\u00fdv\u00e1 \u010dasovanou bombu. V\u00fdroba Faktoru VIII vy\u017eadovala sm\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed plasmy od 10\u00a0000\u00a0a\u017e 20\u00a0000\u00a0d\u00e1rc\u016f do jedn\u00e9 ob\u0159\u00ed k\u00e1d\u011b. Pokud se v\u00a0t\u00e9to sm\u011bsi objevil jedin\u00fd infikovan\u00fd d\u00e1rce, byl znehodnocen a\u00a0kontaminov\u00e1n cel\u00fd v\u00fdrobn\u00ed proces. Z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fd l\u00e9k se tak stal dokonal\u00fdm p\u0159ena\u0161e\u010dem smrteln\u00fdch patogen\u016f.<\/p>\n
\u200bKrev z\u00a0v\u011bznic a\u00a0toxick\u00fd byznys<\/p>\n
\u200bAby farmaceutick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti udr\u017eely krok s\u00a0raketov\u011b rostouc\u00ed popt\u00e1vkou po krevn\u00edch deriv\u00e1tech, vytvo\u0159ily agresivn\u00ed syst\u00e9m v\u00fdkupu krevn\u00ed plasmy. Dce\u0159in\u00e1 spole\u010dnost n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho koncernu Bayer, kalifornsk\u00e1 Cutter Biological (spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi t\u0159emi americk\u00fdmi v\u00fdrobci: Armour, Baxter a\u00a0Alpha Therapeutic), otev\u0159ela odb\u011brov\u00e1 centra i\u00a0na m\u00edstech s\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed infek\u010dn\u00edch nemoc\u00ed.<\/p>\n
\u200bPlasmu masivn\u011b vykupovaly v\u00a0chudinsk\u00fdch \u010dtvrt\u00edch, od osob z\u00e1visl\u00fdch na drog\u00e1ch, od prostitutek a\u00a0dokonce p\u0159\u00edmo ve v\u011bznic\u00edch (nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0americk\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b Arkansas). Tyto rizikov\u00e9 skupiny dost\u00e1valy za odb\u011bry finan\u010dn\u00ed hotovost, co\u017e je motivovalo k\u00a0zaml\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9ho zdravotn\u00edho stavu. V\u00fdrobn\u00ed standardy a\u00a0absence testov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a070.\u00a0a\u00a0na za\u010d\u00e1tku 80.\u00a0let vedly k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee se smrt\u00edc\u00ed viry dostaly p\u0159\u00edmo do v\u00fdrobn\u00edch linek.<\/p>\n
\u200bV \u010dervenci 1982\u00a0americk\u00e9 Centrum pro kontrolu a\u00a0prevenci nemoc\u00ed poprv\u00e9 ofici\u00e1ln\u011b varovalo, \u017ee t\u0159i pacienti s\u00a0hemofili\u00ed onemocn\u011bli syndromem z\u00edskan\u00e9ho selh\u00e1n\u00ed imunity, tzv. AIDS. O\u00a0osmn\u00e1ct m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f pozd\u011bji bylo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee se nejedn\u00e1 o\u00a0ojedin\u011bl\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady. V\u011bdeck\u00e1 komunita potvrdila, \u017ee p\u016fvodce nemoci, virus HIV, se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed skrze neupraven\u00e9 krevn\u00ed koncentr\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n
\u200bDo roku 1984\u00a0se nakazila v\u00edce ne\u017e polovina v\u0161ech hemofilik\u016f v\u00a0USA a\u00a0tis\u00edce dal\u0161\u00edch v\u00a0Evrop\u011b. V\u00fdrobci krevn\u00edch deriv\u00e1t\u016f \u010delili katastrof\u011b: jejich sklady byly pln\u00e9 nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho, ale neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b drah\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, do kter\u00e9ho investovali des\u00edtky milion\u016f dolar\u016f.<\/p>\n
\u200bPr\u016flom s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem pasterizace<\/p>\n
\u200bV\u011bdeck\u00fd v\u00fdzkum reagoval na krizi pom\u011brn\u011b rychle. V\u00a0\u00fanoru 1984\u00a0spole\u010dnost Cutter Biological vyvinula a\u00a0za\u010dala nab\u00edzet nov\u00fd proces zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed: tepeln\u00e9 o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed Faktoru VIII (zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed na vysokou teplotu neboli pasterizace). Tento proces dok\u00e1zal virus HIV v\u00a0krevn\u00edm prepar\u00e1tu spolehliv\u011b zni\u010dit a\u00a0eliminovat riziko p\u0159enosu na pacienta.<\/p>\n
\u200bPro americk\u00fd a\u00a0z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00fd trh to znamenalo okam\u017eit\u00fd p\u0159echod na bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed variantu. Z\u00e1kazn\u00edci i\u00a0\u00fa\u0159ady v\u00a0USA po\u017eadovali pouze novou, tepeln\u011b o\u0161et\u0159enou verzi. Spole\u010dnosti Bayer v\u0161ak ve skladech z\u016fstaly statis\u00edce lahvi\u010dek star\u00e9ho, netepeln\u011b o\u0161et\u0159en\u00e9ho Faktoru VIII.<\/p>\n
\u200bBezpe\u010d\u00ed pro Z\u00e1pad, riziko pro zbytek sv\u011bta<\/p>\n
\u200bM\u00edsto toho, aby Bayer nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1soby star\u00e9ho prepar\u00e1tu zni\u010dil a\u00a0odepsal finan\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1tu, veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti Cutter u\u010dinilo d\u011bsiv\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed. Rozhodlo se pokra\u010dovat v\u00a0prodeji star\u00e9, netepeln\u011b o\u0161et\u0159en\u00e9 verze v\u00a0zem\u00edch Asie a\u00a0Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky, kde regulace trhu byla pomalej\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0pov\u011bdom\u00ed o\u00a0rizic\u00edch AIDS ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n
\u200bDokumenty uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee zat\u00edmco v\u00a0USA a\u00a0Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b byl od jara 1984\u00a0distribuov\u00e1n t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b tepeln\u011b upraven\u00fd l\u00e9k, do zem\u00ed jako Hongkong, Tchaj-wan, Malajsie, Singapur, Indon\u00e9sie, Argentina \u010di Braz\u00edlie sm\u011b\u0159ovaly masivn\u00ed dod\u00e1vky p\u016fvodn\u00edho, infikovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Spole\u010dnost Cutter vyvezla do zahrani\u010d\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 100\u00a0000\u00a0lahvi\u010dek rizikov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu i\u00a0v dob\u011b, kdy v\u00a0USA prod\u00e1vala jeho bezpe\u010dnou alternativu.<\/p>\n
\u200bIntern\u00ed dokumenty odhaluj\u00edc\u00ed zv\u011brstvo<\/p>\n
\u200bV kv\u011btnu 2003\u00a0zve\u0159ejnil den\u00edk The New York Times rozs\u00e1hlou investigativn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vu s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm historick\u00fdch dokument\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017een\u00fd v\u00a0d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch soudn\u00edch spisech. Zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e9 informace uk\u00e1zaly n\u011bco stra\u0161n\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n
\u200bNap\u0159\u00edklad to, \u017ee kdy\u017e hongkongsk\u00fd distributor koncem roku 1984\u00a0po\u017e\u00e1dal spole\u010dnost Cutter o\u00a0novou, bezpe\u010dnou verzi l\u00e9ku, americko-n\u011bmeck\u00e1 firma mu odpov\u011bd\u011bla, aby nejprve \u201evypot\u0159eboval star\u00e9 z\u00e1soby\u201c, ne\u017e p\u0159ejde na nov\u00fd produkt. V\u00a0intern\u00edch z\u00e1znamech spole\u010dnost pl\u00e1novala marketingov\u00e9 strategie tak, aby \u201enevyvolala dojem, \u017ee star\u00fd produkt je nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd\u201c a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 utajila, \u017ee m\u00e1 k\u00a0dispozici pasterizovanou verzi.<\/p>\n
\u200bUprost\u0159ed roku 1985\u00a0dokonce americk\u00fd \u00da\u0159ad pro kontrolu potravin a\u00a0l\u00e9\u010div (FDA) upozornil spole\u010dnost Cutter, \u017ee poru\u0161uje slib o\u00a0ukon\u010den\u00ed v\u00fdvozu nepasterizovan\u00fdch prepar\u00e1t\u016f. Spole\u010dnost p\u0159esto v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch regionech pokra\u010dovala v\u00a0prodeji a\u017e do podzimu roku 1985.<\/p>\n
\u200bLidsk\u00e1 trag\u00e9die v\u00a0\u010d\u00edslech a\u00a0soudech<\/p>\n
\u200bD\u016fsledky tohoto rozhodnut\u00ed byly devastuj\u00edc\u00ed. Jen v\u00a0Hongkongu a\u00a0na Tchaj-wanu se po u\u017eit\u00ed star\u00fdch \u0161ar\u017e\u00ed od firmy Cutter nakazilo virem HIV v\u00edce ne\u017e sto hemofilik\u016f, z\u00a0nich\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina n\u00e1sledn\u011b podlehla onemocn\u011bn\u00ed AIDS. Dal\u0161\u00ed stovky ob\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159ibyly v\u00a0Latinsk\u00e9 Americe.<\/p>\n
\u200bBayer a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed t\u0159i dot\u010den\u00e9 firmy byly po cel\u00e9 desetilet\u00ed vystaveny tis\u00edc\u016fm \u017ealob. V\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu 90.\u00a0let a\u00a0po roce 2000\u00a0vyplatily tyto spole\u010dnosti v\u00a0mimosoudn\u00edch vyrovn\u00e1n\u00edch v\u00edce ne\u017e 600\u00a0milion\u016f dolar\u016f americk\u00fdm i\u00a0zahrani\u010dn\u00edm pacient\u016fm.<\/p>\n
\u200bSpole\u010dnost Bayer v\u00a0ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edch pro m\u00e9dia trvala na tom, \u017ee \u201ejednala odpov\u011bdn\u011b, eticky a\u00a0hum\u00e1nn\u011b\u201c. Tvrdila, \u017ee rozhodnut\u00ed byla u\u010din\u011bna na z\u00e1klad\u011b tehdej\u0161\u00edch poznatk\u016f, n\u011bkter\u00e9 rozvojov\u00e9 zem\u011b pr\u00fd ot\u00e1lely s\u00a0registrac\u00ed nov\u00e9ho l\u00e9ku a\u00a0v\u00fdpadek dod\u00e1vek star\u0161\u00edho prepar\u00e1tu mohl znamenat smrt pacient\u016f na vykrv\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p>\n
\u200bL\u00e9ka\u0159\u0161t\u00ed etici i\u00a0pr\u00e1vn\u00edci ob\u011bt\u00ed tato tvrzen\u00ed odm\u00edtli jako nepodlo\u017eenou v\u00fdmluvu pro v\u011bdom\u00e9 vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho odpadu.<\/p>\n
\u200bVlna hn\u011bvu a\u00a0zm\u011bna pravidel <\/p>\n
Veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti i\u00a0divize Cutter Biological se jak\u00fdmkoliv osobn\u00edm trestn\u00edm n\u00e1sledk\u016fm vyhnulo. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00a0mana\u017eer\u016f \u010di zam\u011bstnanc\u016f nebyl za tragick\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed odsouzen ani ne\u0161el do v\u011bzen\u00ed. V\u0161echna n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 soudn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed vy\u00fastila v\u00fdhradn\u011b v\u00a0mimosoudn\u00ed vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 z\u00a0t\u011bchto vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed neobsahovalo ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00ed viny ze strany farmaceutick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n
Zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00ed informac\u00ed o\u00a0tom, \u017ee se rizikov\u00e9 l\u00e9ky v\u011bdom\u011b prod\u00e1valy do rozvojov\u00fdch a\u00a0asijsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed i\u00a0v dob\u011b, kdy u\u017e byla zn\u00e1ma jejich nebezpe\u010dnost, vyvolalo ve sv\u011bt\u011b obrovsk\u00e9 rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed a\u00a0ostrou kritiku ze strany pacientsk\u00fdch organizac\u00ed, lidskopr\u00e1vn\u00edch skupin i\u00a0mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed. Postup firem byl ozna\u010dov\u00e1n za cynick\u00e9 up\u0159ednostn\u011bn\u00ed zisku p\u0159ed lidsk\u00fdmi \u017eivoty a\u00a0diskriminaci pacient\u016f v\u00a0m\u00e9n\u011b rozvinut\u00fdch zem\u00edch.<\/p>\n
\u200bZat\u00edmco soukrom\u00e9 korporace unikly bez trestu, ve Francii v\u0159ela spravedlnost na st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00farovni. Vl\u00e1dn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci a\u00a0\u0159editel\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00edho krevn\u00edho centra byli odsouzeni k\u00a0nepodm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdm trest\u016fm odn\u011bt\u00ed svobody za to, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u011b dopustili distribuci netepeln\u011b o\u0161et\u0159en\u00fdch z\u00e1sob krve.<\/p>\n
\u200bV Japonsku a\u00a0v Kanad\u011b vedla kauza k\u00a0masivn\u00edmu vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00edch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f \u010cerven\u00e9ho k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee a\u00a0ministerstev zdravotnictv\u00ed. V\u00a0Japonsku pak vy\u00fastila v\u00a0rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 omluvy vl\u00e1dy i\u00a0zdravotnick\u00fdch autorit a\u00a0z\u00e1sadn\u00ed reformu kontroln\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f pro l\u00e9\u010diva.<\/p>\n
\u200bSkand\u00e1l s\u00a0kontaminovanou krv\u00ed nav\u017edy zm\u011bnil fungov\u00e1n\u00ed farmaceutick\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu i\u00a0st\u00e1tn\u00edch dozor\u010d\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f. Odhalen\u00ed praktik Cutter Biological vedlo k\u00a0razantn\u00edmu zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00ed pravidel pro odb\u011br krve a\u00a0mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed distribuci l\u00e9\u010div.<\/p>\n
\u200bKauza Bayer je obrovsk\u00fdm pr\u016f\u0161vihem modern\u00ed medic\u00edny. Jestli\u017ee korpor\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u00e1jem na vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed skladov\u00fdch z\u00e1sob dostane p\u0159ednost p\u0159ed lidsk\u00fdmi \u017eivoty a\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi etick\u00fdmi principy, je to trag\u00e9die. <\/p>\n
https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/drug\/collections\/blood-products-litigation-documents\/?hl=cs-CZ<\/p>\n
https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24785997\/<\/p>\n
https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2003\/may\/23\/aids.suzannegoldenberg<\/p>\n
https:\/\/www.novinky.cz\/clanek\/zahranicni-farmaceuticka-firma-bayer-celi-dalsimu-skandalu-s-nakazenou-krvi-258669<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u200bZ\u00e1zrak, kter\u00fd se zm\u011bnil v\u00a0rozsudek smrti \u200bPro lidi trp\u00edc\u00ed hemofili\u00ed, d\u011bdi\u010dnou poruchou sr\u00e1\u017elivosti krve, znamenal za\u010d\u00e1tek 70.\u00a0let 20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":166259,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[12],"tags":[67,68,8487,1617,2707,113],"class_list":["post-166258","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-byznys","tag-business","tag-byznys","tag-farmaceuticky-prumysl","tag-leky","tag-skandal","tag-usa"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/117027468160836563","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/166258","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=166258"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/166258\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/166259"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=166258"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=166258"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=166258"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}