{"id":1708,"date":"2026-02-19T10:46:46","date_gmt":"2026-02-19T10:46:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/1708\/"},"modified":"2026-02-19T10:46:46","modified_gmt":"2026-02-19T10:46:46","slug":"singer-prosperujici-evropa-bez-hranic-je-blud-kteremu-ale-stale-verime","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/1708\/","title":{"rendered":"Singer: Prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed Evropa bez hranic je blud, kter\u00e9mu ale st\u00e1le v\u011b\u0159\u00edme"},"content":{"rendered":"

Evropsk\u00e1 unie je sv\u00fdm nadn\u00e1rodn\u00edm charakterem tak trochu imp\u00e9riem a\u00a0jako od imp\u00e9ria od n\u011bho jeho obyvatel\u00e9, tedy i\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161ina z\u00a0n\u00e1s, o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed dod\u00e1n\u00ed dvou z\u00e1kladn\u00edch kvalit: bezpe\u010dnosti, zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 mimo jin\u00e9 ochranou hranic, a\u00a0prosperity, k\u00a0jej\u00edmu\u017e napln\u011bn\u00ed m\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edvat spole\u010dn\u00fd trh. <\/p>\n

O\u00a0bezpe\u010dnosti – s\u00a0rusk\u00fdmi tanky na Ukrajin\u011b, doned\u00e1vn\u00fdm spol\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00edm se v\u011bt\u0161iny st\u00e1t\u016f EU na NATO, rozum\u011bj USA, a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed na neutralitu, a\u00a0s hranicemi, p\u0159es kter\u00e9 k\u00a0n\u00e1m proud\u00ed migranti – rad\u011bji ani nemluvme. Pod\u00edvejme se ale na druhou vlastnost, resp. na jej\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed podm\u00ednku, tedy spole\u010dn\u00fd trh. Mysl\u00edme t\u00edm trh zbo\u017e\u00ed, tradi\u010dn\u00edch slu\u017eeb a\u00a0tak trochu lidsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n

Pot\u0159ebujeme m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko<\/p>\n

Ale hodnota debaty o\u00a0spole\u010dn\u00e9m trhu jako o\u00a0n\u011bjak\u00e9m abstraktn\u00edm, ekonomickou teori\u00ed definovan\u00e9m ide\u00e1lu je pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00e1. Ide\u00e1ly v\u00a0praxi neexistuj\u00ed, a\u00a0co pova\u017eujeme u\u00a0spole\u010dn\u00e9ho trhu za samoz\u0159ejmost, nemus\u00ed platit. Mo\u017enost si to uv\u011bdomit jsem dostal, kdy\u017e jsem byl na po\u010d\u00e1tku devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let p\u0159ijat\u00fd na doktorandsk\u00fd program v\u00a0ekonomii na University of Pittsburgh. \u010cekal jsem trh, kde se bez p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek\u00a0\u2013 jde p\u0159ece o\u00a0jednu zemi, kter\u00e1 u\u017e existuje p\u0159es dv\u011b st\u011b let\u00a0\u2013 pohybuje zbo\u017e\u00ed, slu\u017eby i\u00a0lid\u00e9, v\u017edy\u0165 se st\u00e1t od st\u00e1tu nijak zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 neli\u0161\u00ed. O\u010dek\u00e1val jsem dokonale funguj\u00edc\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00fd trh, takov\u00fd, jak\u00fd n\u00e1m Brusel sliboval pro Evropu. <\/p>\n

Jen\u017ee zbo\u017e\u00ed sice proudilo p\u0159es st\u00e1tn\u00ed hranice, ale ekonomick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, dan\u011b a\u00a0syst\u00e9m zdan\u011bn\u00ed byly st\u00e1t od st\u00e1tu jin\u00e9. A\u00a0trh pr\u00e1ce nebyl ani trochu voln\u00fd. L\u00e9ka\u0159 z\u00a0Pensylv\u00e1nie nemohl za\u010d\u00edt ordinovat v\u00a0sousedn\u00edm Ohiu – zkou\u0161ky, doklady o\u00a0praxi, \u010dek\u00e1n\u00ed na schv\u00e1len\u00ed. I\u00a0reali\u0165\u00e1ci, elektrik\u00e1\u0159i, instalat\u00e9\u0159i, skoro v\u0161ichni pot\u0159ebovali n\u011bjakou licenci na \u00fazem\u00ed dan\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu unie. A\u00a0nav\u00edc si odbory hl\u00eddaly teritoria m\u011bst a\u00a0st\u00e1t\u016f s\u00a0tvrdost\u00ed, kterou bychom asi tady nazvali ochran\u00e1\u0159stv\u00edm. Srovnejme tedy EU pr\u00e1v\u011b s\u00a0trhem USA, v\u016f\u010di kter\u00e9mu se stejn\u011b v\u016fdci EU nej\u010dast\u011bji vymezuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Co znamen\u00e1 fragmentace<\/p>\n

Od t\u00e9 doby u\u017e uplynulo 30\u00a0let. A\u00a0USA maj\u00ed st\u00e1le dost rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd trh pr\u00e1ce – zhruba \u010dtvrtina lidmi vykon\u00e1van\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed vy\u017eaduje povolen\u00ed \u010di licence, kter\u00e9 se z\u00a0jednoho do druh\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu nep\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed snadno, co\u017e je, docela zaj\u00edmav\u011b, velmi podobn\u00e9 jako v\u00a0EU. Tak\u00e9 tu m\u00e1me zhruba \u010dtvrtinu regulovan\u00fdch profes\u00ed. Ale funguje to.<\/p>\n

Vid\u00edme u\u017eite\u010dnost srovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch trh\u016f v\u00a0d\u016fsledc\u00edch pro pohyb obyvatel po obou \u201eimp\u00e9ri\u00edch\u201c \u00fapln\u011b jinak: zat\u00edmco 30\u00a0procent Ameri\u010dan\u016f \u017eije v\u00a0jin\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b, ne\u017e kde se narodili, v\u00a0Evrop\u011b jsou to jen \u010dty\u0159i\u00a0procenta. <\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201eVnitroimperi\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c migrace obyvatel je tedy ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech zhruba osmkr\u00e1t intenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. A\u00a0nen\u00ed to o\u00a0jazyc\u00edch, ani prostory se spole\u010dn\u00fdm jazykem, t\u0159eba n\u011bm\u010dinou, nevykazuj\u00ed m\u00edru migrace dramaticky bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed t\u00e9, kterou pozorujeme v\u00a0USA. Nav\u00edc americk\u00fd trh pr\u00e1ce je rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd, ale trh se zbo\u017e\u00edm funguje. Evropsk\u00fd trh pr\u00e1ce je podobn\u011b rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd, ale je\u0161t\u011b n\u00e1m to, jak uvid\u00edme d\u00e1le, nejde zas tak dob\u0159e ani se zbo\u017e\u00edm. Odbour\u00e1n\u00ed bari\u00e9r pro pohyb lid\u00ed, v\u00a0na\u0161em \u201eimp\u00e9riu\u201c naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 Schengen, samo o\u00a0sob\u011b nesta\u010d\u00ed k\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9ho trhu. A\u00a0Amerika n\u00e1m to dokazuje z\u00a0opa\u010dn\u00e9 strany. M\u016f\u017eete m\u00edt licence a\u00a0odbory, a\u00a0p\u0159itom m\u00e1te jednotn\u00fd trh se zbo\u017e\u00edm. My taky m\u00e1me licence i\u00a0odbory, ale nav\u00edc je\u0161t\u011b, bohu\u017eel, i\u00a0fragmentovan\u00e9 trhy se zbo\u017e\u00edm.<\/p>\n

\u00dastava versus realita<\/p>\n

Rozd\u00edl mezi Amerikou a\u00a0Evropou za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 toti\u017e u\u017e v\u00a0z\u00e1konech. Americk\u00e1 \u00fastava d\u00e1v\u00e1 Kongresu pravomoc regulovat obchod \u201emezi jednotliv\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty\u201c a\u00a0Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud to vykl\u00e1d\u00e1 nejen jako ud\u011blen\u00ed feder\u00e1ln\u00ed moci, ale tak\u00e9 jako z\u00e1kaz stav\u011bt p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky mezist\u00e1tn\u00edmu obchodu. Zajde-li tedy st\u00e1t USA p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 daleko, feder\u00e1ln\u00ed soudy jeho opat\u0159en\u00ed zru\u0161\u00ed. Syst\u00e9m to nen\u00ed dokonal\u00fd – st\u00e1ty maj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 dan\u011b z\u00a0prodeje, r\u016fzn\u00e9 hygienick\u00e9 normy, r\u016fzn\u00e9 stavebn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Kalifornie m\u00e1 o\u00a0tolik p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed emisn\u00ed limity, \u017ee nut\u00ed v\u00fdrobce aut pro trh v\u00a0USA de facto vyr\u00e1b\u011bt dva druhy voz\u016f.<\/p>\n

Evropa m\u00e1 zd\u00e1nliv\u011b podobn\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mec – smlouva zakazuje omezen\u00ed a\u00a0\u201eopat\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0rovnocenn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkem\u201c v\u00a0obchod\u011b mezi \u010dlensk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty. Princip vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho uzn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nav\u00edc stanovuje, \u017ee zbo\u017e\u00ed leg\u00e1ln\u011b prod\u00e1van\u00e9 v\u00a0jednom st\u00e1t\u011b by m\u011blo b\u00fdt prodejn\u00e9 ve v\u0161ech st\u00e1tech. Evropsk\u00fd soudn\u00ed dv\u016fr m\u016f\u017ee teoreticky rozhodovat proti \u010dlensk\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm a\u00a0ukl\u00e1dat pokuty. Zn\u00ed to skoro l\u00e9pe ne\u017e americk\u00e1 \u00fastava. Jen\u017ee jsou tu dva z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edly. T\u00edm prvn\u00edm je vym\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed. Rozsudky Evropsk\u00e9ho soudn\u00edho dvora vy\u017eaduj\u00ed ochotu \u010dlensk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu je dodr\u017eet a\u00a0nen\u00ed tu p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed exekutiva. A\u00a0t\u00edm druh\u00fdm jsou v\u00fdjimky. Smlouva umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdjimky pro \u201eve\u0159ejnou mor\u00e1lku, ve\u0159ejnou politiku, ve\u0159ejnou bezpe\u010dnost, zdrav\u00ed, kulturn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed\u201c. <\/p>\n

V\u00fd\u010det, kter\u00fd se d\u00e1 zneu\u017e\u00edt t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 na cokoli, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b p\u0159i evidentn\u00ed neochot\u011b evropsk\u00fdch instituc\u00ed \u00fato\u010dit na v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 st\u00e1ty. Francie sv\u00e9ho \u010dasu t\u0159eba zak\u00e1zala p\u0159evzet\u00ed sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobce jogurt\u016f Danone jeho zahrani\u010dn\u00edm konkurentem na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u201ebezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch obav\u201c. <\/p>\n

<\/a>\u010c\u00edsla mluv\u00ed jasn\u011b<\/p>\n

Up\u0159ednost\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edho zbo\u017e\u00ed, tedy \u201epreference dom\u00e1c\u00edho\u201c, se d\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159it a\u00a0srovn\u00e1vat po vyn\u011bt\u00ed faktor\u016f, jako je vzd\u00e1lenost a\u00a0velikost trhu. Ve st\u00e1tech EU studie s\u00a0touto metodikou signalizuj\u00ed, \u017ee dom\u00e1c\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed je preferov\u00e1no zhruba dvakr\u00e1t v\u00edc ne\u017e na trz\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f USA. Jinak \u0159e\u010deno, evropsk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed hranice vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed zhruba dvojn\u00e1sobnou p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku obchodu proti hranic\u00edm st\u00e1t\u016f USA. Je\u0161t\u011b jinak, jen 17\u00a0procent evropsk\u00fdch spot\u0159ebitel\u016f nakupuje p\u0159es hranice p\u0159es internet, navzdory na\u0161emu \u201ejednotn\u00e9mu trhu\u201c.<\/p>\n

T\u0159icet let pokroku vymaz\u00e1no za dva roky<\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je srovnat si v\u00fdvoj bari\u00e9r, tedy \u201epreferenc\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edho\u201c mezi USA a\u00a0EU v\u00a0\u010dase. V\u00a0Unii jsme nejprve, v\u00a0podstat\u011b a\u017e do konce prvn\u00ed dek\u00e1dy tohoto tis\u00edcilet\u00ed, mohli pozorovat pokles bari\u00e9r. Pak ale v\u00a0roce 2008\u00a0p\u0159i\u0161la finan\u010dn\u00ed krize a\u00a0integrace se zastavila. V\u00a0kriz\u00ed nejv\u00edce posti\u017een\u00fdch zem\u00edch – \u0158ecku, It\u00e1lii, \u0160pan\u011blsku\u00a0\u2013 \u201epreference dom\u00e1c\u00edho\u201c vzrostly tak\u0159ka na sv\u016fj dvoun\u00e1sobek. Po roce 2012, b\u011bhem o\u017eiven\u00ed, jsme sice vid\u011bli pomal\u00fd pokles, byl ale mnohem pomalej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e postup integrace trh\u016f v\u00a0devades\u00e1t\u00fdch letech. Pak p\u0159i\u0161el rok 2020, COVID a\u00a0energetick\u00e1 krize, a\u00a0evropsk\u00e9 trhy se ji\u017e jako celek staly podstatn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b integrovan\u00fdmi ne\u017e p\u0159edt\u00edm. Podle studi\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky se od roku 2019\u00a0hrani\u010dn\u00ed bari\u00e9ry zv\u00fd\u0161ily o\u00a0t\u0159etinu, n\u011bkde i\u00a0o polovinu. Debatujeme o\u00a0nov\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, ale u\u017e i\u00a0trhy se zbo\u017e\u00edm se potichu \u0161t\u011bp\u00ed.<\/p>\n

A co v\u00a0USA? Stejn\u011b jako v\u00a0tom vtipu o\u00a0na\u0161em druh\u00e9m nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b, se ned\u011bje nic. \u201ePreference dom\u00e1c\u00edho\u201c v\u00a0posledn\u00edch t\u0159iceti letech klesaly nebo z\u016fst\u00e1valy stabiln\u00ed. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 dramatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd kriz\u00ed vyvolan\u00fd kolaps integrace, prost\u011b funguj\u00edc\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed trh.<\/p>\n

Lid\u00e9 se nepohybuj\u00ed<\/p>\n

Vra\u0165me se je\u0161t\u011b k\u00a0pohybu lid\u00ed. Americk\u00e1 mezist\u00e1tn\u00ed migrace toti\u017e v\u00a0\u010dase kles\u00e1. Z\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00edch 3\u00a0a\u017e 3,5\u00a0procent obyvatelstva v\u00a0pades\u00e1t\u00fdch a\u017e osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech na sou\u010dasn\u00fdch 1,4\u00a0a\u017e 1,5\u00a0procenta, na nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 od \u010dty\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch let. Ekonomov\u00e9 to p\u0159ipisuj\u00ed krizi bydlen\u00ed, r\u016fstu po\u010dtu dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed se dv\u011bma p\u0159\u00edjmy, nutnosti profesn\u00edch povolen\u00ed a\u00a0poklesu firemn\u00ed relokace.<\/p>\n

Naopak evropsk\u00e1 p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed mobilita pomalu roste. Z\u00a01,5\u00a0procenta v\u00a0devades\u00e1t\u00fdch letech na sou\u010dasn\u00e1 \u010dty\u0159i\u00a0procenta. Jen\u017ee tento r\u016fst byl poh\u00e1n\u011bn p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm EU na v\u00fdchod a\u00a0krizovou migrac\u00ed – \u0158ekov\u00e9, \u0160pan\u011bl\u00e9, Portugalci se st\u011bhovali b\u011bhem finan\u010dn\u00ed krize a\u00a0po n\u00ed do N\u011bmecka. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i\u00a0to je dob\u0159e, ale nen\u00ed to mobilita za lep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed, realokace pr\u00e1ce ta\u017een\u00e1 n\u00e1r\u016fstem produktivity, ale mobilita z\u00a0nouze, z\u00a0nezam\u011bstnanosti.<\/p>\n

Energie: kdy\u017e fragmentace zab\u00edj\u00ed<\/p>\n

A\u017e dosud jsme v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0trhem \u010di trhy EU popisovali p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky, kter\u00e9 zt\u011b\u017euj\u00ed ekonomickou \u010dinnost, nyn\u00ed se ale posuneme k\u00a0trh\u016fm s\u00a0energi\u00ed a\u00a0zde bude fragmentace trh\u016f firmy likvidovat, vlastn\u011b u\u017e likviduje.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

S cenami elekt\u0159iny to navzdory v\u0161em titulk\u016fm ve skute\u010dnosti nen\u00ed a\u017e tak dramatick\u00e9. Ceny elekt\u0159iny pro dom\u00e1cnosti se v\u00a0EU v\u00a0roce 2024\u00a0pohybovaly od 10\u00a0do 12\u00a0eurocent\u016f za kilowatthodinu v\u00a0Ma\u010farsku p\u0159es 18-22\u00a0cent\u016f v\u00a0Polsku a\u00a0\u010cesku, 22-25\u00a0cent\u016f ve Francii a\u017e po 35-40\u00a0cent\u016f v\u00a0N\u011bmecku a\u00a040-45\u00a0cent\u016f v\u00a0D\u00e1nsku. Rozd\u00edly mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty tedy dos\u00e1hly zhruba \u010dty\u0159n\u00e1sobku.<\/p>\n

Ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech se ceny elektrick\u00e9 energie pro dom\u00e1cnosti, vynech\u00e1me-li \u201epon\u011bkud obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji propojitelnou\u201c Havaj, pohybuj\u00ed od zhruba 10-12\u00a0cent\u016f v\u00a0Louisian\u011b a\u00a0Washingtonu, p\u0159es 16\u00a0cent\u016f n\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u016fm\u011bru a\u017e po extr\u00e9mn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch 25-30\u00a0cent\u016f v\u00a0 Kalifornii, kde pokutuj\u00ed emise. Lze tedy hovo\u0159it o\u00a0maxim\u00e1ln\u011b trojn\u00e1sobn\u00fdch rozd\u00edlech. Zas tak velk\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi trhem EU a\u00a0trhem USA tedy v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti pozorovat nelze.<\/p>\n

Dramaticky rozd\u00edln\u00e1 je ale situace u\u00a0plynu. V\u00a0EU je referen\u010dn\u00edm trhem ten holandsk\u00fd, ale ceny na jin\u00fdch trz\u00edch se od n\u011bj mohou dramaticky li\u0161it. V\u00a0roce 2024\u00a0byly ceny plynu pro pr\u016fmysl ve \u0160pan\u011blsku o\u00a0v\u00edc ne\u017e desetinu ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ony holandsk\u00e9 (35-40\u00a0eur za megawatthodinu), v\u00a0Polsku, \u010cesku a\u00a0Slovensku ale byly \u010dasto i\u00a0o t\u0159etinu vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. <\/p>\n

V\u00a0USA je referen\u010dn\u00ed cena termin\u00e1lu Henry Hub, kde se potk\u00e1vaj\u00ed hlavn\u00ed plynovody, skute\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1rodn\u00ed cenou a\u00a0region\u00e1ln\u00ed trhy se od n\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u011b neodchyluj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

I kdy\u017e se ale koncentrujeme na homogennost trh\u016f obou \u201eimp\u00e9ri\u00ed\u201c, u\u00a0cen energi\u00ed samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nelze p\u0159ehl\u00e9dnout i\u00a0rozd\u00edl mezi cenami obou trh\u016f. V\u00a0EU se plat\u00ed za plyn pro pr\u016fmyslovou v\u00fdrobu dvakr\u00e1t a\u017e dvaap\u016flkr\u00e1t v\u00edce ne\u017e v\u00a0USA, za elekt\u0159inu o\u00a080-100\u00a0procent v\u00edce. A\u00a0to je pro evropsk\u00e9 v\u00fdrobce smrt\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e energie je v\u00edc ne\u017e cel\u00fd zisk<\/p>\n

Pro energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed, jako je ocel\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed nebo chemick\u00e1 v\u00fdroba, jsou toti\u017e n\u00e1klady na energie n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobkem cel\u00e9 ziskov\u00e9 mar\u017ee. V\u00a0ocel\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed n\u00e1klady na energie tvo\u0159\u00ed 15-25\u00a0procent celkov\u00fdch n\u00e1klad\u016f v\u00fdroby a\u00a0ziskov\u00e1 mar\u017ee je pak 3\u00a0a\u017e 5\u00a0procent. Energetick\u00e9 n\u00e1klady jsou \u010dty\u0159ikr\u00e1t a\u017e sedmkr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e cel\u00fd zisk. K\u00a0vymaz\u00e1n\u00ed zisku tedy posta\u010duje zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed ceny energie o\u00a0jednu p\u011btinu. Je\u0161t\u011b hor\u0161\u00ed pom\u011br mezi n\u00e1kladem na energii a\u00a0ziskem lze naj\u00edt t\u0159eba u\u00a0v\u00fdroby hlin\u00edku \u010di cementu, o\u00a0n\u011bco lep\u0161\u00ed je to v\u00a0chemick\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

U st\u0159edn\u011b energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00ed, nap\u0159. v\u00fdroby d\u00edl\u016f pro automotiv, p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed n\u00e1klady na energie zhruba 4-6\u00a0procent n\u00e1klad\u016f p\u0159i mar\u017ei 5-8\u00a0procent. Jsou tedy v\u00fdznamn\u00e9, ale jejich n\u00e1r\u016fst u\u017e nen\u00ed tak smrt\u00edc\u00ed. <\/p>\n

A\u00a0pak jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b odv\u011btv\u00ed, kde, by\u0165 budou finan\u010dn\u00ed \u0159editel\u00e9 takov\u00fdch firem lomit rukama, na cen\u00e1ch energi\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed: l\u00e9\u010diva (energie 2-3\u00a0procenta n\u00e1klad\u016f, mar\u017ee 15-25\u00a0procent), elektronika, p\u0159esn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje. Pro maloobchod tvo\u0159\u00ed energie nutn\u00e9 p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b mo\u017en\u00e1 1-3\u00a0procenta maloobchodn\u00ed ceny.<\/p>\n

Ale, mluv\u00edme-li o\u00a0fragmentaci trhu s\u00a0energi\u00ed v\u00a0EU, nemluv\u00edme o\u00a0n\u011bjak\u00e9m abstraktn\u00edm probl\u00e9mu. Mluv\u00edme o\u00a0tom, \u017ee \u010desk\u00e1 chemi\u010dka plat\u00ed o\u00a0polovinu v\u00edce za plyn ne\u017e jej\u00ed konkurent na stejn\u00e9m \u201ejednotn\u00e9m\u201c trhu. Z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016fm ale mus\u00ed nab\u00eddnout podobnou nebo stejnou cenu. To j\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e dvojn\u00e1sobn\u011b vyma\u017ee ziskovou mar\u017ei, firma bude hluboce ztr\u00e1tov\u00e1 a\u00a0zni\u010d\u00ed ji to.<\/p>\n

Dvacet let integrace zni\u010deno za p\u016fl roku<\/p>\n

A pr\u00e1v\u011b to m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt budoucnost, do kter\u00e9 nyn\u00ed sm\u011b\u0159ujeme. V\u00a0devades\u00e1t\u00fdch letech byly evropsk\u00e9 trhy s\u00a0energi\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u011b rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9. Vl\u00e1dly zde st\u00e1tn\u00ed monopoly, nebyl zde tak\u0159ka \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed obchod a\u00a0v cen\u00e1ch elektrick\u00e9 energie byly p\u011bti- a\u017e \u0161estin\u00e1sobn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly. <\/p>\n

Na po\u010d\u00e1tku tis\u00edcilet\u00ed jsme d\u00edky liberalizaci vid\u011bli sbli\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0rozd\u00edly v\u00a0cen\u00e1ch energi\u00ed klesly zhruba na trojn\u00e1sobek.<\/p>\n

U\u00a0plynu tomu bylo podobn\u011b, nizozemsk\u00fd hub TTF se stal evropsk\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem a\u00a0rozd\u00edly mezi cenami plynu jednotliv\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f byly sp\u00ed\u0161 na \u00farovni 50\u00a0%, maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 100\u00a0% ceny plynu tam, kde byl nejlevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. V\u00a0minul\u00e9 dek\u00e1d\u011b se rozd\u00edly d\u00e1le sn\u00ed\u017eily na 30-50\u00a0% a\u00a0zd\u00e1lo se, \u017ee se evropsk\u00fd trh s\u00a0energi\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017euje k\u00a0americk\u00fdm standard\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Pak ale p\u0159i\u0161la agrese Ruska v\u016f\u010di Ukrajin\u011b a\u00a0b\u011bhem p\u016flroku po \u00fanoru 2022\u00a0do\u0161lo k\u00a0zvratu dvacetilet\u00e9 integrace evropsk\u00e9ho trhu s\u00a0plynem. Rozd\u00edly v\u00a0cen\u00e1ch plynu dod\u00e1van\u00e9ho (mimo jin\u00e9 ropovody z\u00a0Ruska pro pr\u016fmysl v\u00a0\u010cesku, N\u011bmecku \u010di Rakousku) a\u00a0cenami nap\u0159\u00edklad na Pyrenejsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b vzrostly na troj- a\u017e p\u011btin\u00e1sobek.<\/p>\n

Jednotliv\u00e9 st\u00e1ty se najednou mezi sebou \u201epraly\u201c o\u00a0dod\u00e1vky kapaln\u00e9ho plynu \u010di kapacitu termin\u00e1l\u016f. N\u011bmecko utratilo 200\u00a0miliard eur na subvence energetick\u00fdch n\u00e1klad\u016f pro sv\u016fj pr\u016fmysl. Francie zavedla cenov\u00e9 stropy. \u201eEnergetick\u00e1 unie\u201c se prost\u011b vypa\u0159ila b\u011bhem t\u00fddn\u016f.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

V roce 2024\u00a0u\u017e byla situace samoz\u0159ejm\u011b lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00a0roce 2022, ale trhy byly st\u00e1le fragmentovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00a0roce 2020\u00a0a\u00a0rozd\u00edly cen plynu mohou st\u00e1le dosahovat a\u017e dvouap\u016fln\u00e1sobku. <\/p>\n

Struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nov\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 termin\u00e1ly pro kapaln\u00fd plyn, sice situaci pomohou, ale dnes tak vz\u00fdvan\u00e1 \u201edlouhodob\u00e1 smlouva\u201c m\u016f\u017ee naopak trh sp\u00ed\u0161e t\u0159\u00ed\u0161tit a\u00a0rozd\u00edly v\u00a0cen\u00e1ch fixovat.<\/p>\n

Stoj\u00ed za to p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee b\u011bhem stejn\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed \u010delil energetick\u00fdm ot\u0159es\u016fm i\u00a0trh USA, ale regiony v\u00a0ot\u0159esech zdra\u017eovaly spole\u010dn\u011b. Trh prost\u011b dr\u017eel pohromad\u011b.<\/p>\n

\u010cesk\u00e9 firmy versus n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed \u0161ampioni<\/p>\n

Vra\u0165me se nyn\u00ed k\u00a0typick\u00e9 chemi\u010dce. Jej\u00ed n\u00e1kladov\u00e1 struktura mohla v\u00a0roce 2020\u00a0vypadat zhruba takto: suroviny 45\u00a0procent, mzdy 20\u00a0procent, energie 15\u00a0procent, ostatn\u00ed 15\u00a0procent, mar\u017ee 5\u00a0procent. V\u00a0roce 2022, kdy\u017e ceny plynu vylet\u011bly p\u011btkr\u00e1t a\u00a0elekt\u0159iny t\u0159ikr\u00e1t, se jej\u00ed n\u00e1kladov\u00e1 struktura prom\u011bnila asi takto: suroviny 40\u00a0procent (st\u00e1ly m\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0pod\u00edlu, ne absolutn\u011b), mzdy 18\u00a0procent, energie 45\u00a0procent, ostatn\u00ed 13\u00a0procent, mar\u017ee minus 16\u00a0procent. A\u00a0z\u00e1porn\u00e9 mar\u017ee znamenaj\u00ed logicky masivn\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n

Mnoho energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch firem tak prost\u011b zastavilo v\u00fdrobu. Jde o\u00a0hlin\u00edk\u00e1rny v\u00a0N\u011bmecku a\u00a0Nizozemsku \u010di ty nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0EU na Slovensku. N\u011bkter\u00e9 zbankrotovaly, jin\u00e9 se p\u0159est\u011bhovaly do USA.<\/p>\n

Ov\u0161em N\u011bmecko tehdy dotovalo ceny plynu. D\u00edky nim pak ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b vypadala typick\u00e1 n\u00e1kladov\u00e1 struktura n\u011bmeck\u00e9 chemi\u010dky takto: suroviny 45\u00a0procent, mzdy 22\u00a0procent, energie 3\u00a0procenta (vl\u00e1dn\u00ed dotace pod\u00edl energi\u00ed na n\u00e1kladech sn\u00ed\u017eily), ostatn\u00ed 20\u00a0procent, mar\u017ee 10\u00a0procent.<\/p>\n

Pokud \u010desk\u00e1 chemi\u010dka p\u0159e\u017eila, bylo to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm mzd\u00e1m. \u010cesk\u00e9 mzdy jsou toti\u017e zhruba o\u00a040\u00a0procent ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e n\u011bmeck\u00e9. Ale o\u00a0p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme mluvit jen tam, kde mzdy tvo\u0159\u00ed dostate\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st n\u00e1klad\u016f. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee mzdy tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u011btinu, tedy 20\u00a0procent n\u00e1klad\u016f, mzdov\u00e1 v\u00fdhoda d\u00e1v\u00e1 8\u00a0(40\u00a0% z\u00a020\u00a0%) procentn\u00edch bod\u016f \u00faspory.<\/p>\n

Energetick\u00e1 nev\u00fdhoda v\u00a0roce 2022\u00a0a\u017e 2024, v\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed konkurenti dost\u00e1vali dotace, mohla v\u00a0m\u00e9n\u011b energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch \u010dinit v\u00a0\u010cesku zhruba 5\u00a0procentn\u00edch bod\u016f ztr\u00e1ty. \u010cesk\u00e1 v\u00fdhoda z\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch mezd se tak n\u00e1hle scvrkla z\u00a08\u00a0procent na 3\u00a0procenta.<\/p>\n

Dnes zase N\u011bmecko zav\u00e1d\u00ed dotaci cen elekt\u0159iny pro pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 v\u00fdrobce (na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed zat\u00edm nic podobn\u00e9ho nepl\u00e1nuje u\u00a0plynu). Tento syst\u00e9m je sice slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale celkov\u00fd efekt sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed cenu elekt\u0159iny pro n\u011bmeck\u00e9 firmy zhruba o\u00a0\u010dtvrtinu a\u017e t\u0159etinu. <\/p>\n

Tam, kde cena energie tvo\u0159\u00ed zhruba p\u011btinu celkov\u00fdch n\u00e1klad\u016f, tak dotace v\u00a0podstat\u011b eliminuje celou v\u00fdhodu \u010desk\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u016f plynouc\u00ed z\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch mezd. A\u00a0n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed v\u00fdrobci ji\u017e po\u017eaduj\u00ed, aby dotace byly trval\u00e9, aby \u0161lo \u201ekonkurovat Americe\u201c. Do\u010dasn\u00e1 reakce na krizi se tak m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t trvalou pr\u016fmyslovou politikou.<\/p>\n

<\/a>Nem\u00e1me spole\u010dn\u00fd trh<\/p>\n

Po t\u0159iceti letech po \u201en\u00e1vratu do Evropy\u201c a\u00a0v\u00edce ne\u017e 20\u00a0letech pobytu na \u201espole\u010dn\u00e9m\u201c trhu EU u\u017e m\u016f\u017eeme bilancovat. Trh pr\u00e1ce jako n\u00e1stroj pohybu lid\u00ed a\u00a0jejich alokace na pozice, kde je jejich produkt zjevn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, neexistuje. Trh se zbo\u017e\u00edm se dnes sp\u00ed\u0161e dezintegruje a\u00a0bari\u00e9ry, \u010di preference vlastn\u00edho zbo\u017e\u00ed, jsou v\u016f\u010di trhu USA zhruba dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00e9. <\/p>\n

Mimochodem loni vz\u00e1jemn\u00fd obchod st\u00e1t\u016f EU poprv\u00e9 v\u00a0historii klesl. Pokud jde o\u00a0trhy s\u00a0energi\u00ed, nejen, \u017ee je energie dra\u017e\u0161\u00ed, ale trhy jsou i\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u011b rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e trhy v\u00a0USA.<\/p>\n

Spole\u010dn\u00fd trh existuje pro spot\u0159ebn\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed, kde na energii tolik nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed, tedy chytr\u00e9 telefony, m\u00f3da, n\u00e1bytek. Pro t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd pr\u016fmysl, kter\u00fd postavil evropskou prosperitu, tedy ocel, chemii, cement, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd spole\u010dn\u00fd trh neexistuje a\u00a0n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0161ampioni jsou subvencovan\u00ed. <\/p>\n

V\u00a0EU se o\u00a0\u201espole\u010dn\u00e9m trhu\u201c b\u011b\u017en\u011b hovo\u0159\u00ed jako o\u00a0n\u011b\u010dem, co existuje univerz\u00e1ln\u011b. Ale zeptejte se \u010desk\u00e9 chemi\u010dky, jestli je trh \u201espole\u010dn\u00fd\u201c, kdy\u017e jej\u00ed evropsk\u00fd konkurent \u010dasto plat\u00ed za energii polovinu jeho ceny. Zeptejte se polsk\u00e9ho ocel\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho z\u00e1vodu, jak moc je tento trh \u201espole\u010dn\u00fd\u201c.<\/p>\n

Krize t\u00e9to dek\u00e1dy n\u00e1m nav\u00edc n\u00e1zorn\u011b p\u0159edvedla, \u017ee integrace trh\u016f EU do \u201espole\u010dn\u00e9ho trhu\u201c je mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b k\u0159ehk\u00fd proces. P\u0159ijde-li krize, vrac\u00ed se st\u00e1ty EU k\u00a0\u201edom\u00e1c\u00edm\u201c politik\u00e1m a\u00a0trhy se \u0161t\u011bp\u00ed. P\u0159itom z\u00a0hlediska ekonoma je to moment, ve kter\u00e9m by p\u0159\u00ednosy jednotn\u00e9ho trhu byly mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b pot\u0159ebn\u00e9. <\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b jednotn\u00fd trh by m\u011bl ale \u010dinnosti alokovat tam, kde jsou vykon\u00e1v\u00e1ny nejefektivn\u011bji, jen to m\u016f\u017ee EU vyt\u00e1hnout z\u00a0krize. Evropsk\u00e9 instituce v\u0161ak nejsou ochotny, \u010di schopny, spole\u010dn\u00fd trh br\u00e1nit.<\/p>\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 trendy jsou neudr\u017eiteln\u00e9. P\u0159edst\u00edr\u00e1me, \u017ee pravidla jednotn\u00e9ho trhu st\u00e1le plat\u00ed, zat\u00edmco v\u0161ichni je poru\u0161uj\u00ed. N\u011bmecko subvencuje energii a\u00a0ignoruje pravidla st\u00e1tn\u00ed podpory. Francie chr\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 \u0161ampiony. \u010clensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty kontroluj\u00ed hranice a\u00a0ignoruj\u00ed Schengen v\u00a0praxi. A\u00a0Brusel p\u0159edst\u00edr\u00e1, \u017ee star\u00e1 pravidla st\u00e1le funguj\u00ed. <\/p>\n

M\u00e1me dv\u011b mo\u017enosti. Bu\u010f EU skute\u010dn\u011b dodr\u017e\u00ed sv\u00e9 sliby, vynut\u00ed si jednotn\u00fd trh s\u00a0energi\u00ed, zak\u00e1\u017ee n\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 dotace, vytvo\u0159\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro skute\u010dnou mobilitu pr\u00e1ce. Nebo up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b p\u0159izn\u00e1me, \u017ee jednotn\u00fd trh byl v\u017edy sp\u00ed\u0161e jen c\u00edlem ne\u017e realitou, a\u00a0vyjedn\u00e1me nov\u00fd vztah zalo\u017een\u00fd na tom, co skute\u010dn\u011b funguje. Podle v\u0161eho tedy voln\u00fd obchod mezi suver\u00e9nn\u00edmi st\u00e1ty, a\u00a0ne p\u0159edst\u00edran\u00e1 integrace. Nem\u00e1 cenu fixovat stav, ve kter\u00e9m zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b my, \u201enov\u00e9 ekonomiky EU\u201c, neseme n\u00e1klady integrace bez jej\u00edch v\u00fdhod. <\/p>\n

Men\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0mlad\u0161\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria zat\u00ed\u017eili sv\u00e9 na ekonomiky zalo\u017een\u00e9 na pr\u016fmyslu a\u00a0v\u00fdrob\u011b mno\u017estv\u00edm spole\u010dn\u00fdch regulac\u00ed, jako je Green Deal, kter\u00e9 ale sni\u017euj\u00ed jejich schopnost konkurovat na sv\u011btov\u00fdch trz\u00edch.<\/p>\n

K\u00a0tomu v\u0161emu pak tyto zem\u011b u\u017e \u010dasto ztratily v\u011bt\u0161inu standardn\u00edch ekonomick\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f – m\u011bnu, cla, dotace – bez toho, aby za to pro sv\u016fj pr\u016fmysl na opl\u00e1tku z\u00edskaly funk\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00fd trh. Toto je nejhor\u0161\u00ed z\u00a0obou sv\u011bt\u016f. \u010ci\u0148me v\u0161e pro to, abychom za n\u011bjak\u00fdch deset let nemuseli konstatovat, \u017ee jsme v\u00a0tomto stavu zamrzli.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Evropsk\u00e1 unie je sv\u00fdm nadn\u00e1rodn\u00edm charakterem tak trochu imp\u00e9riem a\u00a0jako od imp\u00e9ria od n\u011bho jeho obyvatel\u00e9, tedy i\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161ina…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1709,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[1705,43,254,109,108,106,991,1704,592,1532,113,1195],"class_list":{"0":"post-1708","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-evropa","8":"tag-ceny-energii","9":"tag-ceska-republika","10":"tag-dotace","11":"tag-europa","12":"tag-europe","13":"tag-evropa","14":"tag-evropska-unie-eu","15":"tag-hranice","16":"tag-prumysl","17":"tag-trh-prace","18":"tag-usa","19":"tag-zbozi"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1708","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1708"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1708\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1709"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1708"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1708"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1708"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}