Gen, kter\u00fd z\u016fstal po d\u00e1vn\u00e9m k\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/p>\n
Neandert\u00e1lci \u017eili v Evrop\u011b a z\u00e1padn\u00ed Asii p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od doby p\u0159ed 300 tis\u00edci lety do doby p\u0159ed 40 tis\u00edci lety. Ne\u017e zmizeli, setkali se s p\u0159edky dne\u0161n\u00edch lid\u00ed a \u010d\u00e1st jejich DNA po tomto k\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00ed z\u016fstala v genomu modern\u00edho \u010dlov\u011bka. Lid\u00e9 s p\u016fvodem mimo subsaharskou Afriku dnes nesou zhruba jedno a\u017e \u010dty\u0159i procenta neandert\u00e1lsk\u00e9 DNA. Nejde p\u0159itom jen o jakousi genetickou stopu bez v\u00fdznamu. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z t\u011bchto \u00fasek\u016f DNA mohou ovliv\u0148ovat vlastnosti dne\u0161n\u00edho \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p>\n
Nov\u00e1 studie<\/a> se zam\u011b\u0159ila na gen pro receptor r\u016fstov\u00e9ho hormonu, ozna\u010dovan\u00fd GHR. Jde o b\u00edlkovinu na povrchu bun\u011bk, na kterou se v\u00e1\u017ee r\u016fstov\u00fd hormon. T\u00edm se spou\u0161t\u00ed procesy souvisej\u00edc\u00ed mimo jin\u00e9 s r\u016fstem a v\u00fdvojem organismu. <\/p>\n V\u011bdci porovnali neandert\u00e1lsk\u00e9 genomy s dne\u0161n\u00edm lidsk\u00fdm genomem a na\u0161li v tomto receptoru dv\u011b zm\u011bny aminokyselin, kter\u00e9 byly charakteristick\u00e9 pro neandert\u00e1lce. Podle jejich anal\u00fdzy se neandert\u00e1lsk\u00e1 varianta dostala do genomu modern\u00edch lid\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u0159ed 47 tis\u00edci lety. A p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b nezmizela.<\/p>\n Nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed efekt je v Asii<\/p>\n Dnes ji podle studie nese p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u011btina lid\u00ed v ji\u017en\u00ed Asii a asi 15 procent lid\u00ed ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii. V Evrop\u011b je mnohem vz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 m\u00e1 ji zhruba 0,5 procenta populace. U lid\u00ed ze subsaharsk\u00e9 Afriky se tato konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed neandert\u00e1lsk\u00e1 varianta nevyskytuje. Pr\u00e1v\u011b jej\u00ed rozd\u00edln\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v\u011bdce zaujalo.<\/p>\n \u201eStereotyp neandert\u00e1lsk\u00e9 postavy a vzhledu byl historicky spojov\u00e1n s Evropou. Neandert\u00e1lci jsou p\u0159ece nejl\u00e9pe zn\u00e1m\u00ed z evropsk\u00fdch fosiln\u00edch n\u00e1lez\u016f. Jen\u017ee evropsk\u00e1 populace s nimi m\u00e1 paradoxn\u011b spole\u010dn\u00e9ho mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e asijsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rody,\u201c upozornil antropolog John Hawks z University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison v koment\u00e1\u0159i pro Nature<\/a>.<\/p>\n V\u00fdsledky z\u00e1rove\u0148 naru\u0161uj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed za\u017eitou p\u0159edstavu. Neandert\u00e1lci b\u00fdvaj\u00ed v popul\u00e1rn\u00ed kultu\u0159e vykreslov\u00e1ni jako zavalit\u00ed a men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e modern\u00ed lid\u00e9. Jen\u017ee podle Hawkse byli evrop\u0161t\u00ed neandert\u00e1lci ve skute\u010dnosti v pr\u016fm\u011bru vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed dnes \u017eij\u00ed v \u0159ad\u011b oblast\u00ed Eurasie.<\/p>\n O \u010dtvrt kila sval\u016f nav\u00edc<\/p>\n V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci analyzovali genetick\u00e1 a zdravotn\u00ed data z p\u011bti biobank, dohromady od v\u00edce ne\u017e 1,1 milionu dosp\u011bl\u00fdch lid\u00ed. K tomu p\u0159idali \u00fadaje o 6602 d\u011btech narozen\u00fdch v anglick\u00e9m Bradfordu, kde \u017eije po\u010detn\u00e1 komunita lid\u00ed jihoasijsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu. V\u00fdsledek byl p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b konzistentn\u00ed. Lid\u00e9 s neandert\u00e1lskou variantou receptoru byli v pr\u016fm\u011bru asi o 0,3 centimetru vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed a m\u011bli p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 0,25 kilogramu v\u00edce svalov\u00e9 hmoty ne\u017e lid\u00e9 bez t\u00e9to varianty.<\/p>\n Podle \u010dl\u00e1nku v The Times<\/a> \u010dinil rozd\u00edl zhruba 270 a\u017e 285 gram\u016f a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e9 toto mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159ipadalo na beztukovou, tedy p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm svalovou hmotu. Rozd\u00edl se t\u00fdkal zejm\u00e9na pa\u017e\u00ed, nohou a trupu. Nejde tedy o gen, kter\u00fd by z \u010dlov\u011bka ud\u011blal kulturistu. Rozd\u00edl je mal\u00fd. V populaci se ale podle v\u011bdc\u016f opakuje natolik p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b, \u017ee ho nelze vysv\u011btlit pouhou n\u00e1hodou. A nav\u00edc se objevil i v laboratorn\u00edm experimentu.<\/p>\n Sex mezi neandrt\u00e1lci a na\u0161imi p\u0159edky nebyl tabu.\u010c\u00e1st populace si nese d\u011bdictv\u00ed v podob\u011b svalnat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed postavy. Ilustra\u010dn\u00ed fotoFoto: Shutterstock \u2013 www.mkn.mhz.hr<\/p>\n Neandert\u00e1lsk\u00e9 bu\u0148ky rostly rychleji<\/p>\n V\u011bdci vytvo\u0159ili laboratorn\u00ed bu\u0148ky, kter\u00e9 nesly bu\u010f dne\u0161n\u00ed lidskou, nebo neandert\u00e1lskou verzi receptoru r\u016fstov\u00e9ho hormonu. Bu\u0148ky s neandert\u00e1lskou variantou se b\u011bhem p\u011bti dn\u016f mno\u017eily p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o 39 procent v\u00edce ne\u017e bu\u0148ky s variantou, kter\u00e1 je dnes u lid\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n \u201eBu\u0148ky p\u011bstovan\u00e9 v laborato\u0159i reagovaly siln\u011bji, zat\u00edmco data od v\u00edce ne\u017e milionu lid\u00ed uk\u00e1zala zn\u00e1mky stejn\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku v t\u011ble,\u201c \u0159ekl The Times <\/a>Philipp Kanis z Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, hlavn\u00ed autor studie. \u201eJe vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 vid\u011bt, \u017ee laboratorn\u00ed a popula\u010dn\u00ed d\u016fkazy do sebe zapadaj\u00ed tak jasn\u011b.\u201c<\/p>\n Pr\u00e1v\u011b tato shoda je na v\u00fdsledc\u00edch podle v\u011bdc\u016f d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1. Studie nestoj\u00ed jen na statistick\u00e9 asociaci mezi genem a svalovou hmotou. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci z\u00e1rove\u0148 uk\u00e1zali mechanismus, kter\u00fdm m\u016f\u017ee neandert\u00e1lsk\u00e1 varianta m\u011bnit chov\u00e1n\u00ed bun\u011bk.<\/p>\n Nejde jen o svaly. M\u011bn\u00ed se i obli\u010dej<\/p>\n Neandert\u00e1lsk\u00e1 varianta se p\u0159itom neprojevila pouze na svalov\u00e9 hmot\u011b. Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed ji maj\u00ed, m\u011bli v pr\u016fm\u011bru tak\u00e9 o n\u011bco \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed boky. V\u011bdci u nich zaznamenali krat\u0161\u00ed ko\u0159eny zub\u016f a odli\u0161n\u00fd tvar doln\u00ed \u010delisti. Zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st doln\u00ed \u010delisti, takzvan\u00fd ramus, byla krat\u0161\u00ed a u nositel\u016f varianty byla vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost p\u0159edkusu.<\/p>\n Tyto rozd\u00edly jsou ov\u0161em velmi mal\u00e9. Neznamenaj\u00ed, \u017ee by podle jedin\u00e9ho genu \u0161lo poznat, kdo m\u00e1 neandert\u00e1lsk\u00e9 p\u0159edky. \u201eNem\u016f\u017ee sama vysv\u011btlit neandert\u00e1lsk\u00fd typ t\u011bla a rozhodn\u011b neur\u010duje celkov\u00fd vzhled \u010dlov\u011bka,\u201c zd\u016fraznil evolu\u010dn\u00ed genetik Hugo Zeberg z Karolinska Institutet v koment\u00e1\u0159i pro Nature<\/a>. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 tak\u00e9 je, kdy se rozd\u00edly za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed projevovat. V\u011bdci je zaznamenali u lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed pro\u0161li pubertou. U d\u011bt\u00ed se stejn\u00fd efekt neprok\u00e1zal.<\/p>\n Posilovnu ale gen nenahrad\u00ed<\/p>\n P\u0159esto\u017ee v\u00fdzkum sv\u00e1d\u00ed k p\u0159edstav\u011b genetick\u00e9 v\u00fdhry, realita je podstatn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b spektakul\u00e1rn\u00ed. \u010ctvrt kilogramu svalov\u00e9 hmoty nav\u00edc nen\u00ed biologick\u00e1 superschopnost. Na lidskou postavu p\u016fsob\u00ed tis\u00edce genetick\u00fdch variant, v\u00fd\u017eiva, pohyb, hormony, v\u011bk i prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Tato konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed varianta je pouze jedn\u00edm d\u00edlkem skl\u00e1da\u010dky. A v\u011bdci sami upozor\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee nen\u00ed d\u016fvod kv\u016fli n\u00ed ru\u0161it \u010dlenstv\u00ed ve fitness centru. \u201eAni neandert\u00e1lsk\u00fd receptor r\u016fstov\u00e9ho hormonu nen\u00ed n\u00e1hradou za tr\u00e9nink,\u201c \u0159ekla The Times Miriam Berreiter z Karolinska Institutet, spoluautorka studie.<\/p>\n Nov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum tak p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed kapitolu k p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu, kter\u00fd je mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159edstava, \u017ee neandert\u00e1lci jednodu\u0161e \u201eprohr\u00e1li\u201c s modern\u00edmi lidmi. Jejich t\u011bla byla robustn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, m\u011bli siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kosti, \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed hrudn\u00edk a v\u00fdraznou svalovou stavbu. Nov\u00e1 studie ukazuje, \u017ee k n\u011bkter\u00fdm t\u011bmto vlastnostem mohl p\u0159isp\u00edvat konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed mechanismus spojen\u00fd s receptorem r\u016fstov\u00e9ho hormonu. U \u010d\u00e1sti dne\u0161n\u00edch lid\u00ed se st\u00e1le pod\u00edl\u00ed na tom, jak jejich t\u011blo funguje \u2013 a podle nov\u00e9 studie m\u016f\u017ee v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech ovliv\u0148ovat i to, kolik maj\u00ed sval\u016f.<\/p>\n Video: Genetick\u00e9 nemoci nebo kr\u00e1tkozrakost mo\u017en\u00e1 jednou budou minulost\u00ed<\/p>\n Zdroj: nature.com<\/a>, thetimes.com<\/a>, news.ki.se<\/a>, cell.com<\/a> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Na prvn\u00ed pohled m\u016f\u017ee j\u00edt o nepatrn\u00fd rozd\u00edl. Lid\u00e9 s touto variantou genu jsou v pr\u016fm\u011bru asi o…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":175605,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[11],"tags":[31697,38366,12477,54,53,52],"class_list":["post-175604","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-svet","tag-genetika","tag-neandrtalec","tag-svaly","tag-svet","tag-world","tag-world-news"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/117076089028555485","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/175604","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=175604"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/175604\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/175605"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=175604"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=175604"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=175604"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"Neandrt\u00e1lci\"](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/11293aea9310338e8cd0efbf52171be7.jpg\" "\\"Sex")
<\/p>\n