![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/1786806429_479_slavne-puce-martin-novak.jpeg\")
Foto: Seznam Zpr\u00e1vy<\/p>\nCht\u011bli zabr\u00e1nit rozpadu nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b sv\u011bta, Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu. Cht\u011bli zachovat nadvl\u00e1du komunistick\u00e9 strany a\u00a0svoji vlastn\u00ed moc. <\/p>\n
Takov\u00e9 byly c\u00edle osmi pu\u010dist\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se v\u00a0noci z\u00a018.\u00a0na 19.\u00a0srpna 1991\u00a0rozhodli p\u0159evz\u00edt v\u00a0Moskv\u011b moc, do\u010dasn\u011b odstavit prezidenta Michaila Gorba\u010dova a\u00a0za pomoci arm\u00e1dy a\u00a0speci\u00e1ln\u00edch jednotek KGB \u201eobnovit po\u0159\u00e1dek\u201c.<\/p>\n
M\u00edsto toho v\u0161e dopadlo \u00fapln\u011b opa\u010dn\u011b, ne\u017e zam\u00fd\u0161leli. Jejich krok urychlil z\u00e1nik SSSR, kter\u00fd p\u0159estal existovat na konci t\u00e9ho\u017e roku. 21.\u00a0srpna 1991\u00a0ale bylo po v\u0161em. <\/p>\n
Rusov\u00e9 tedy maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 sv\u016fj 21.\u00a0srpen, i\u00a0kdy\u017e si ho t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nikdo nep\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u016fdce Vladimir Putin proslul v\u00fdrokem, \u017ee z\u00e1nik Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu byl nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed geopolitickou katastrofou konce 20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed. Ale zp\u011bt do minulosti.<\/p>\n
V\u00fdbor pro v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd stav<\/p>\n
Sov\u011btsk\u00fd prezident a\u00a0gener\u00e1ln\u00ed tajemn\u00edk komunistick\u00e9 strany Michail Gorba\u010dov odpo\u010d\u00edval 18.\u00a0srpna v\u00a0hork\u00e9m letn\u00edm dni ve sv\u00e9 rezidenci ve Forosu na Krymu. D\u011bln\u00edci na jej\u00ed v\u00fdstavbu kdysi navezli obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed zeminy a\u00a0d\u0159eva; ke komplexu pat\u0159il i\u00a0kus pl\u00e1\u017ee na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho mo\u0159e. <\/p>\n
Ostraha se skl\u00e1dala ze t\u0159\u00ed perimetr\u016f. Prvn\u00ed tvo\u0159ila prezidentsk\u00e1 ochranka, druh\u00fd speci\u00e1ln\u00ed odd\u00edly KGB a\u00a0pak je\u0161t\u011b voj\u00e1ci hl\u00eddali pod\u00e9l zd\u00ed a\u00a0na str\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u011b\u017e\u00edch zvenku. B\u011b\u017en\u00fd smrteln\u00edk nemohl z\u00a0objektu spat\u0159it nic. Dokonce i\u00a0na mo\u0159i hl\u00eddkovaly \u010dluny ministerstva vnitra, aby na pl\u00e1\u017e nikdo nedoplaval.<\/p>\n
N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy se ve Forosu musely dop\u0159edu ohla\u0161ovat, proto byl Gorba\u010dov p\u0159ekvapen\u00fd, \u017ee v\u00a0p\u011bt hodin odpoledne p\u0159ijela neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u011b delegace z\u00a0Moskvy. Kdy\u017e cht\u011bl zavolat do Kremlu, co se d\u011bje, telefon byl hluch\u00fd. Rezidenci ji\u017e v\u00a0tu dobu odst\u0159ihli od spojen\u00ed s\u00a0okoln\u00edm sv\u011btem.<\/p>\n
Vzkaz, kter\u00fd nezvan\u00ed host\u00e9 p\u0159ivezli, Gorba\u010dova podle jeho slov \u0161okoval. M\u011bl podepsat prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, \u017ee se do\u010dasn\u011b vzd\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdkonu prezidentsk\u00e9 funkce a\u00a0do \u010dela st\u00e1tu jmenuje dosavadn\u00edho viceprezidenta Gennadije Janajeva. V\u00a0opa\u010dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bude prezident prohl\u00e1\u0161en za nemocn\u00e9ho a\u00a0jeho povinnosti i\u00a0tak p\u0159evezme Janajev jm\u00e9nem takzvan\u00e9ho V\u00fdboru pro v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd stav.<\/p>\n
Foto: Seznam Zpr\u00e1vy<\/p>\n
\u200b<\/p>\n
Pro\u010d thajsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da zas\u00e1hla p\u0159ed pades\u00e1ti lety proti student\u016fm tak brut\u00e1ln\u011b a\u00a0dokonce n\u011bkter\u00e9 pov\u011bsila na improvizovan\u00fdch \u0161ibenic\u00edch p\u0159\u00edmo v\u00a0ulic\u00edch Bangkoku? Zem\u0159el v\u00a0prosinci 1989\u00a0rumunsk\u00fd dikt\u00e1tor Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu proto, aby neprozradil nic o\u00a0sv\u00fdch n\u00e1stupc\u00edch a\u00a0sv\u00fdch b\u00fdval\u00fdch spolupracovn\u00edc\u00edch?<\/p>\n
Byl pokus o\u00a0svr\u017een\u00ed tureck\u00e9ho prezidenta Recepa Tayyipa Erdogana v\u00a0roce 2016\u00a0jen divadlem, kter\u00e9 m\u011blo d\u00e1t z\u00e1minku k\u00a0\u010distk\u00e1m? A\u00a0pro\u010d se nezda\u0159il pu\u010d ve stejn\u00e9m roce v\u00a0\u010cern\u00e9 Ho\u0159e, ve kter\u00e9m m\u011blo podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch sv\u011bdectv\u00ed prsty Rusko?<\/p>\n
Na \u0159adu ot\u00e1zek se pokou\u0161\u00ed odpov\u011bd\u011bt osmid\u00edln\u00fd seri\u00e1l Seznam Zpr\u00e1v Slavn\u00e9 pu\u010de. Ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00edkend v\u00a0\u010dervenci a\u00a0v srpnu p\u0159ineseme nov\u00fd d\u00edl v\u011bnovan\u00fd dramatick\u00fdm ud\u00e1lostem v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu p\u016flstolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Gener\u00e1ln\u00ed tajemn\u00edk rozho\u0159\u010den\u011b odm\u00edtl a\u00a0z\u016fstal na t\u0159i dny na Krymu naprosto izolovan\u00fd. Nad\u00e1le ho hl\u00eddalo jeho 32\u00a0t\u011blesn\u00fdch str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f, nemohl se ale z\u00a0vily nikam hnout ani nikoho kontaktovat.<\/p>\n
O p\u0159evratu se zem\u011b a\u00a0sv\u011bt dozv\u011bd\u011bly n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed den – v\u00a0pond\u011bl\u00ed 19.\u00a0srpna v\u00a0\u0161est hodin r\u00e1no. <\/p>\n
Televize, rozhlas a\u00a0tiskov\u00e1 agentura TASS vydaly prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed V\u00fdboru pro v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd stav, kter\u00e9 slibovalo zastavit hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd rozvrat, chaos a\u00a0rozpad Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu.<\/p>\n
Podeps\u00e1no bylo osm lid\u00ed, osm \u010dlen\u016f v\u00fdboru: viceprezident Gennadij Janajev, p\u0159edseda vl\u00e1dy Valentin Pavlov, \u0161\u00e9f KGB Vladimir Krju\u010dkov, ministr obrany Dmitrij Jazov, ministr vnitra Boris Pugo, m\u00edstop\u0159edseda N\u00e1rodn\u00ed rady obrany Oleg Baklanov, p\u0159edseda Svazu roln\u00edk\u016f Vasilij Starodubcev a\u00a0kone\u010dn\u011b p\u0159edseda Svazu pr\u016fmyslu a\u00a0dopravy Alexandr Tizjakov. <\/p>\n
Gorba\u010dova prohl\u00e1sili za zdravotn\u011b indisponovan\u00e9ho a\u00a0p\u0159evzali moc ve jm\u00e9nu z\u00e1chrany SSSR. Byl to krok v\u00a0posledn\u00ed chv\u00edli. U\u017e 20.\u00a0srpna m\u011bli z\u00e1stupci svazov\u00fdch republik v\u00a0\u010dele s\u00a0Ruskem podepsat novou svazovou smlouvu, kter\u00e1 by omezila pravomoci moskevsk\u00e9ho centra.<\/p>\n
Opil\u00fd v\u016fdce<\/p>\n
Pu\u010dist\u00e9 se sna\u017eili p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit lidi o\u00a0tom, \u017ee hospod\u00e1\u0159skou i\u00a0politickou ag\u00f3nii sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu vyl\u00e9\u010d\u00ed n\u00e1vrat k\u00a0vl\u00e1d\u011b tvrd\u00e9 ruky. Ekonomick\u00e1 situace byla tehdy katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed, proto\u017ee st\u00e1tn\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159estalo fungovat a\u00a0tr\u017en\u00ed ekonomika naopak je\u0161t\u011b fungovat neza\u010dala. <\/p>\n
V\u00a0obchodech byl nedostatek zbo\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0pokud se n\u011bjak\u00e9 objevilo, st\u00e1ly se na n\u011bj dlouh\u00e9 fronty. Tiskov\u00e1 konference ale nab\u00eddla \u0161okuj\u00edc\u00ed obr\u00e1zek, proto\u017ee v\u016fdce pu\u010dist\u016f Janajev byl opil\u00fd, potil se, mluvil z\u00a0cesty a\u00a0nikdo nedok\u00e1zal odpov\u011bd\u011bt na ot\u00e1zky, kde je Gorba\u010dov a\u00a0zda je v\u00fdbor v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0\u00fastavou.<\/p>\n
P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si Ulicemi Moskvy za\u010daly v\u00a0ned\u011bli 19.\u00a0srpna proj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bt tanky a\u00a0obrn\u011bn\u00e9 transport\u00e9ry, ozbrojenci pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ministerstvu vnitra a\u00a0KGB hl\u00eddali p\u0159\u00edstup ke kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm budov\u00e1m a\u00a0m\u00edst\u016fm v\u00a0metropoli. <\/p>\n Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se ale zvedl odpor, se kter\u00fdm projektanti p\u0159evratu mo\u017en\u00e1 nepo\u010d\u00edtali. Rusk\u00fd prezident Boris Jelcin (Rusko bylo jednou z\u00a0patn\u00e1cti svazov\u00fdch republik Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu) pu\u010d ozna\u010dil za nez\u00e1konn\u00fd a\u00a0vyzval Rusy k\u00a0odporu. <\/p>\n Tis\u00edce lid\u00ed se houfovaly v\u00a0centru m\u011bsta. Na Man\u00e9\u017en\u00edm n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed pobl\u00ed\u017e Kremlu a\u00a0tak\u00e9 na Krasnopresn\u011bnsk\u00e9m n\u00e1b\u0159e\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ed s\u00eddlem rusk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy (nikoli feder\u00e1ln\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00e9, ale republikov\u00e9 rusk\u00e9), zn\u00e1m\u00fdm jako B\u00edl\u00fd d\u016fm.<\/p>\n Jelcin kr\u00e1tce po jedn\u00e9 hodin\u011b odpoledne vy\u0161el p\u0159ed B\u00edl\u00fd d\u016fm, stoupl si na tank a\u00a0p\u0159e\u010detl v\u00fdzvu k\u00a0ob\u010dan\u016fm Ruska. P\u0159esv\u011bd\u010doval je, aby se postavili p\u0159evratu na odpor a\u00a0br\u00e1nili svobodu. P\u0159ed s\u00eddlem vl\u00e1dy a\u00a0rusk\u00e9ho prezidenta lid\u00e9 stav\u011bli barik\u00e1dy a\u00a0vytvo\u0159ili \u0159et\u011bz, aby zabr\u00e1nili p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9mu \u00fatoku na B\u00edl\u00fd d\u016fm.<\/p>\n Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch moment\u016f dramatu byla state\u010dnost dvou pracovn\u00edk\u016f st\u00e1tn\u00ed televize – report\u00e9ra Viktora Medved\u011bva a\u00a0z\u00e1stupce \u0161\u00e9fredaktora Valentina Lazutkina. <\/p>\n Medved\u011bvovi se poda\u0159ilo dostat z\u00a0hl\u00eddan\u00e9 budovy s\u00a0kamerou do ulic Moskvy a\u00a0nat\u00e1\u010del demonstrace, protesty, stav\u011bn\u00ed barik\u00e1d a\u00a0Jelcin\u016fv projev. Ve\u010der pak v\u00a0budov\u011b televize sest\u0159\u00edhal dlouhou report\u00e1\u017e, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla j\u00edt v\u00a0dev\u011bt ve\u010der v\u00a0hlavn\u00edm zpravodajsk\u00e9m programu Vremja. \u201eByl jsem p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00fd, \u017ee se to nebude vys\u00edlat. \u017de to nepovol\u00ed,\u201c \u0159ekl pozd\u011bji Medved\u011bv. <\/p>\n P\u0159esto\u017ee pu\u010dist\u00e9 na\u0159\u00eddili p\u0159\u00edsnou cenzuru a\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 informace o\u00a0nepokoj\u00edch se nesm\u011bla dostat ven, z\u00e1stupce \u0161\u00e9fredaktora Lazutkin se rozhodl, \u017ee report\u00e1\u017e pust\u00ed.<\/p>\n D\u00edky n\u00ed se cel\u00e9 Rusko dozv\u011bd\u011blo o\u00a0odporu v\u016f\u010di v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9mu stavu a\u00a0lid\u00e9 se p\u0159id\u00e1vali na stranu Jelcina. V\u00a0ulic\u00edch Moskvy a\u00a0Leningradu se shrom\u00e1\u017edily desetitis\u00edce demonstrant\u016f. \u201eM\u011bl jsem pocit, jako by se nade mnou z\u0159\u00edtila klenba. Vedouc\u00ed zpravodajsk\u00e9 sm\u011bny mi \u0159ekl, a\u0165 si rad\u011bji vezmu volno a\u00a0n\u011bkam se ztrat\u00edm,\u201c vypr\u00e1v\u011bl Medv\u011bd\u011bv.<\/p>\n Zvrat nakonec za\u0159\u00eddila arm\u00e1da. Velitel\u00e9 Tamansk\u00e9 a\u00a0Tulsk\u00e9 divize, povolan\u00ed do Moskvy pu\u010disty, ozn\u00e1mili p\u0159echod na Jelcinovu stranu. Pu\u010dist\u00e9 na\u0159\u00eddili 21.\u00a0srpna prov\u00e9st operaci s\u00a0kryc\u00edm n\u00e1zvem Hrom, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla skon\u010dit rozehn\u00e1n\u00edm protest\u016f a\u00a0zat\u010den\u00edm Jelcina. <\/p>\n Velitel v\u00fdsadk\u00e1\u0159\u016f Pavel Gra\u010dev a\u00a0\u0161\u00e9f speci\u00e1ln\u00edho protiteroristick\u00e9ho odd\u00edlu KGB Alfa Viktor Karpuchin odm\u00edtli rozkaz splnit. V\u00fdbor pu\u010dist\u016f ztratil nad situac\u00ed kontrolu a\u00a0rozpadl se. Ministr obrany Jazov zkolaboval kv\u016fli psychick\u00e9mu vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed, ministr vnitra Pugo se ve sv\u00e9 pracovn\u011b zast\u0159elil. Zbyl\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9 v\u00fdboru skon\u010dili ve vazb\u011b.<\/p>\n P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si T\u0159i lid\u00e9 p\u0159esto 21.\u00a0srpna brzy r\u00e1no p\u0159i\u0161li o\u00a0\u017eivot. Demonstrant Dmitrij Komar se pokusil zastavit nedaleko B\u00edl\u00e9ho domu obrn\u011bn\u00fd transport\u00e9r, ale spadl pod n\u011bj. Vladimir Usov, kter\u00fd ho neznal, se mu vydal pomoci, ale n\u011bkdo ho st\u0159elil do hlavy. Rozl\u00edcen\u00fd dav pak transport\u00e9r napadl a\u00a0p\u0159i tom byl zast\u0159elen t\u0159et\u00ed mlad\u00edk, Ilja Kry\u010devskij.<\/p>\n Za \u010dty\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce se Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz definitivn\u011b rozpadl. St\u00e1tn\u00ed duma\u00a0\u2013 doln\u00ed komora rusk\u00e9ho parlamentu\u00a0\u2013 ale ud\u011blila v\u0161em pu\u010dist\u016fm 23.\u00a0\u00fanora 1994\u00a0amnestii. \u0160\u00e9f KGB Vladimir Krju\u010dkov, pova\u017eovan\u00fd za hlavn\u00ed \u201emozek\u201c pu\u010de, zem\u0159el v\u00a0roce 2007.\u00a0Gennadij Janajev o\u00a0t\u0159i roky pozd\u011bji.<\/p>\n A report\u00e9r Sergej Medved\u011bv? Kr\u00e1tce p\u016fsobil jako tiskov\u00fd mluv\u010d\u00ed Borise Jelcina a\u00a0pak se v\u00a0rodn\u00e9m Kaliningradu dvakr\u00e1t pokusil kandidovat do St\u00e1tn\u00ed dumy. Poprv\u00e9 jako nez\u00e1visl\u00fd, podruh\u00e9 jako \u010dlen strany Spravedliv\u00e9 Rusko. V\u00a0obou p\u0159\u00edpadech neusp\u011bl. Pozd\u011bji pracoval v\u00a0arm\u00e1dn\u00ed televizi Zv\u011bzda.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Cht\u011bli zabr\u00e1nit rozpadu nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b sv\u011bta, Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu. Cht\u011bli zachovat nadvl\u00e1du komunistick\u00e9 strany a\u00a0svoji vlastn\u00ed moc. Takov\u00e9 byly…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":180574,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[10],"tags":[17,21,167,16,61,2213,18,19,22,20],"class_list":["post-180573","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-zpravy","tag-headlines","tag-hlavni-udalosti","tag-michail-gorbacov","tag-news","tag-rusko","tag-sovetsky-svaz","tag-top-news","tag-top-stories","tag-udalosti-dne","tag-zpravy"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/117100154147526520","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/180573","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=180573"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/180573\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/180574"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=180573"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=180573"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=180573"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/1786806430_89_polsko-jaruzelski.png\")
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