{"id":181486,"date":"2026-08-16T15:15:20","date_gmt":"2026-08-16T15:15:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/181486\/"},"modified":"2026-08-16T15:15:20","modified_gmt":"2026-08-16T15:15:20","slug":"osel-cz-rimsky-dvanactisten-palisady-nezapaloval-mozna-je-pomahal-vymerovat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/181486\/","title":{"rendered":":: OSEL.CZ :: &#8211; \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn palis\u00e1dy nezapaloval. Mo\u017en\u00e1 je pom\u00e1hal vym\u011b\u0159ovat"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn palis\u00e1dy nezapaloval. Mo\u017en\u00e1 je pom\u00e1hal vym\u011b\u0159ovat \u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 bronzov\u00e9 dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bny pat\u0159\u00ed k archeologick\u00fdm p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016fm, jejich\u017e \u00fa\u010del se nepoda\u0159ilo spolehliv\u011b vysv\u011btlit. Nem\u00e1me jejich antick\u00fd n\u00e1zev, popis pou\u017eit\u00ed ani vyobrazen\u00ed. M\u00e1me pouze samotn\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty: dut\u00e9 bronzov\u00e9 t\u011bleso, dvan\u00e1ct p\u011bti\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00fdch st\u011bn, nestejn\u011b velk\u00e9 otvory, soust\u0159edn\u00e9 kruhov\u00e9 r\u00fdhy a dvacet kulovit\u00fdch v\u00fdstupk\u016f na vrcholech.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Pr\u00e1v\u011b jejich neobvyklost p\u0159itahuje hypot\u00e9zy od sv\u00edcn\u016f a pe\u010detidel p\u0159es kultovn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty a\u017e po sou\u010d\u00e1sti zbran\u00ed. Ned\u00e1vno publikovan\u00fd n\u00e1vrh z nich ud\u011blal bronzov\u00e1 j\u00e1dra z\u00e1paln\u00fdch st\u0159el ur\u010den\u00fdch k zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch palis\u00e1d.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\"><a class=\"fancybox\" title=\"\u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd bronzov\u00fd dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn nalezen\u00fd roku 1939 v belgick\u00e9m Tongeren, datovan\u00fd p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b do let 150\u2013400. Foto: Gallo-Romeins Museum Tongeren \/ Wikimedia Commons, CC0.\" rel=\"clanek nofollow noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.osel.cz\/_img\/11.png\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"\u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd bronzov\u00fd dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn nalezen\u00fd roku 1939 v belgick\u00e9m Tongeren, datovan\u00fd p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b do let 150\u2013400. Foto: Gallo-Romeins Museum Tongeren \/ Wikimedia Commons, CC0.\" src=\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/s_11.png\" alt=\"\u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd bronzov\u00fd dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn nalezen\u00fd roku 1939 v belgick\u00e9m Tongeren, datovan\u00fd p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b do let 150\u2013400. Foto: Gallo-Romeins Museum Tongeren \/ Wikimedia Commons, CC0.\"\/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\"> \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd bronzov\u00fd dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn nalezen\u00fd roku 1939 v belgick\u00e9m Tongeren, datovan\u00fd p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b do let 150\u2013400. Foto: Gallo-Romeins Museum Tongeren \/ Wikimedia Commons, CC0.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Jen\u017ee p\u0159edm\u011bt nemus\u00edme vyst\u0159elovat proti hradb\u011b, abychom vysv\u011btlili jeho otvory, v\u00fdstupky, materi\u00e1l i n\u00e1lezov\u00e9 okolnosti. Mo\u017en\u00e1 \u0161lo o mnohem prozai\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale prakticky velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj: optickou sou\u010d\u00e1st p\u0159enosn\u00e9ho no\u010dn\u00edho d\u00e1lkom\u011bru.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Pro\u010d nezapalovat palis\u00e1du dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bnem<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">P\u0159edstava z\u00e1paln\u00e9 st\u0159ely m\u00e1 n\u011bkolik slab\u00fdch m\u00edst. K dopraven\u00ed ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed hmoty na kr\u00e1tkou vzd\u00e1lenost posta\u010d\u00ed koule z hadru, koudele nebo provazu nas\u00e1kl\u00e1 smolou. Pokud pot\u0159ebujeme v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hmotnost, lze pou\u017e\u00edt k\u00e1men, keramiku nebo \u017eelezo. Pokud se m\u00e1 st\u0159ela zachytit v d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 konstrukci, o\u010dek\u00e1vali bychom hrot nebo h\u00e1ky.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Dut\u00fd bronzov\u00fd dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn s p\u0159esn\u011b odstup\u0148ovan\u00fdmi otvory je pro tento \u00fa\u010del zbyte\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00fd a slo\u017eit\u00fd. Jeho \u00fadajn\u00e1 opakovan\u00e1 pou\u017eitelnost by nav\u00edc skon\u010dila prvn\u00edm \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdm z\u00e1sahem: bronzov\u00e9 j\u00e1dro by z\u016fstalo uvnit\u0159 ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 palis\u00e1dy.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Ani odkaz na Ammiana Marcellina p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nepom\u00e1h\u00e1. Antick\u00fd autor popisuje z\u00e1palnou st\u0159elu s dutou perforovanou kovovou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed napln\u011bnou ho\u0159lavinou, ale sou\u010dasn\u011b upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee se m\u00e1 vypou\u0161t\u011bt pomalu z voln\u011bj\u0161\u00edho luku, proto\u017ee rychl\u00fd let ohe\u0148 uhas\u00ed. To se t\u011b\u017eko slu\u010duje s p\u0159edstavou dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bnu vyst\u0159elen\u00e9ho balistou rychlost\u00ed des\u00edtek metr\u016f za sekundu.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Probl\u00e9mem jsou rovn\u011b\u017e nestejn\u00e9 otvory. Kdyby slou\u017eily jen jako \u201eok\u00e9nka\u201c pro prsty, vzduch nebo vyt\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed ho\u0159lavinu, nebyl d\u016fvod vyr\u00e1b\u011bt p\u011bt p\u0159esn\u00fdch protilehl\u00fdch dvojic s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi pr\u016fm\u011bry. Nejmen\u0161\u00ed otvory nav\u00edc nejsou pro manipulaci prstem pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bny b\u00fdvaj\u00ed odlity z olovnat\u00e9ho bronzu. P\u0159\u00edm\u011bs olova zlep\u0161uje tekutost slitiny a usnad\u0148uje odlit\u00ed komplikovan\u00e9ho dut\u00e9ho tvaru, ale v\u00fdsledn\u00fd materi\u00e1l nen\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro opakovan\u00e9 n\u00e1razy. P\u0159edm\u011bt p\u016fsob\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e jako trvanliv\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u00e1 odl\u00e9van\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1st ne\u017e jako spot\u0159ebn\u00ed st\u0159elivo.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>P\u011bt p\u00e1r\u016f otvor\u016f, p\u011bt m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch rozsah\u016f<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">U b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho typu dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bnu lze rozli\u0161it dv\u011b protilehl\u00e9 nepravideln\u00e9 st\u011bny, kter\u00e9 pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b souvisej\u00ed s v\u00fdrobou, a deset p\u0159esn\u011bji zpracovan\u00fdch otvor\u016f. T\u011bchto deset otvor\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed p\u011bt protilehl\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch dvojic.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt kl\u00ed\u010d.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">P\u0159edstavme si malou olejovou lampu postavenou na p\u0159enosn\u00e9m stolku. Vedle n\u00ed stoj\u00ed dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn nato\u010den\u00fd jednou dvojic\u00ed otvor\u016f ve sm\u011bru m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Men\u0161\u00ed otvor je obr\u00e1cen k plameni, v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed k c\u00edli. Posouv\u00e1n\u00edm lampy nebo dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bnu se nastav\u00ed poloha, ve kter\u00e9 dvojice otvor\u016f vymez\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00fd ku\u017eel.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Na druh\u00e9m konci nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 slo\u017eit\u00e1 konstrukce. Sta\u010d\u00ed b\u00edl\u00e9 pl\u00e1tno s namalovan\u00fdmi soust\u0159edn\u00fdmi kru\u017enicemi. Jeden pomocn\u00edk je dr\u017e\u00ed napnut\u00e9, druh\u00fd sleduje prom\u00edtnut\u00fd sv\u011bteln\u00fd kruh a nav\u00e1d\u00ed dr\u017eitele pl\u00e1tna dop\u0159edu nebo dozadu. Jakmile se okraj projekce p\u0159ekryje s p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nou kru\u017enic\u00ed, zaraz\u00ed do zem\u011b kol\u00edk. R\u00e1m by byl jen zbyte\u010dnou komplikac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\"><a class=\"fancybox\" title=\"Hypotetick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bnu jako no\u010dn\u00edho d\u00e1lkom\u011bru. Mistr nastavuje olejovou lampi\u010dku a dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn, prvn\u00ed pomocn\u00edk dr\u017e\u00ed kalibrovan\u00e9 pl\u00e1tno bez r\u00e1mu a druh\u00fd sleduje sv\u011bteln\u00fd kruh a zatlouk\u00e1 kol\u00edk. N\u00e1kres: autor \u010dl\u00e1nku s vyu\u017eit\u00edm ChatGPT.\" rel=\"clanek nofollow noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.osel.cz\/_img\/22_1.png\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Hypotetick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bnu jako no\u010dn\u00edho d\u00e1lkom\u011bru. Mistr nastavuje olejovou lampi\u010dku a dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn, prvn\u00ed pomocn\u00edk dr\u017e\u00ed kalibrovan\u00e9 pl\u00e1tno bez r\u00e1mu a druh\u00fd sleduje sv\u011bteln\u00fd kruh a zatlouk\u00e1 kol\u00edk. N\u00e1kres: autor \u010dl\u00e1nku s vyu\u017eit\u00edm ChatGPT.\" src=\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/s_22_1.png\" alt=\"Hypotetick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bnu jako no\u010dn\u00edho d\u00e1lkom\u011bru. Mistr nastavuje olejovou lampi\u010dku a dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn, prvn\u00ed pomocn\u00edk dr\u017e\u00ed kalibrovan\u00e9 pl\u00e1tno bez r\u00e1mu a druh\u00fd sleduje sv\u011bteln\u00fd kruh a zatlouk\u00e1 kol\u00edk. N\u00e1kres: autor \u010dl\u00e1nku s vyu\u017eit\u00edm ChatGPT.\"\/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\">Hypotetick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bnu jako no\u010dn\u00edho d\u00e1lkom\u011bru. Mistr nastavuje olejovou lampi\u010dku a dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn, prvn\u00ed pomocn\u00edk dr\u017e\u00ed kalibrovan\u00e9 pl\u00e1tno bez r\u00e1mu a druh\u00fd sleduje sv\u011bteln\u00fd kruh a zatlouk\u00e1 kol\u00edk. N\u00e1kres: autor \u010dl\u00e1nku s vyu\u017eit\u00edm ChatGPT.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Rozm\u011bry ku\u017eele ur\u010duje jednoduch\u00e1 geometrie. Ozna\u010d\u00edme-li pr\u016fm\u011br men\u0161\u00edho otvoru d, v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho otvoru D a vzd\u00e1lenost protilehl\u00fdch st\u011bn B, potom vzd\u00e1lenost sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho zdroje od men\u0161\u00edho otvoru vych\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b:<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">s = Bd \/ (D \u2212 d)<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Pr\u016fm\u011br sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho ku\u017eele ve vzd\u00e1lenosti x za v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm otvorem je:<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">H = D + x(D \u2212 d) \/ B<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Odtud lze ur\u010dit m\u011b\u0159enou vzd\u00e1lenost:<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">x = B(H \u2212 D) \/ (D \u2212 d)<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Jin\u00fdmi slovy: zn\u00e1m\u00e1 dvojice otvor\u016f a zn\u00e1m\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br kru\u017enice na pl\u00e1tn\u011b ur\u010duj\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost. P\u011bt pracovn\u00edch dvojic m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edstavovat p\u011bt rozsah\u016f nebo p\u011bt r\u016fzn\u00fdch rozli\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Pro\u010d olejov\u00e1 lampi\u010dka<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Sv\u00ed\u010dka by poslou\u017eila v nouzi, ale prakti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zdrojem je olejov\u00e1 lampi\u010dka s \u00fazk\u00fdm zast\u0159i\u017een\u00fdm knotem. V\u00fd\u0161ka plamene z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b st\u00e1l\u00e1, intenzitu lze upravit knotem, olej se snadno dopl\u0148uje a lampi\u010dka m\u016f\u017ee pracovat dlouho.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u010cist\u00fd lehk\u00fd olej, kr\u00e1tk\u00fd knot a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 jednoduch\u00e9 zast\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed by omezily kou\u0159 i velikost sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho zdroje. Skute\u010dn\u00fd plamen samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nen\u00ed matematick\u00fd bod, tak\u017ee okraj projekce nebude dokonale ostr\u00fd. Pr\u00e1v\u011b ostrost, viditelnost a dosa\u017eiteln\u00e1 p\u0159esnost pat\u0159\u00ed k v\u011bcem, kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed ov\u011b\u0159it experiment.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Noc zde nen\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou, ale podm\u00ednkou. Ve dne by slab\u00e1 projekce zanikla v okoln\u00edm sv\u011btle. Za tmy m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt sv\u011bteln\u00fd kruh viditeln\u00fd na n\u011bkolik metr\u016f, mo\u017en\u00e1 i d\u00e1le. Nad ur\u010ditou vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed by u\u017e obraz nebyl dostate\u010dn\u011b jasn\u00fd ani ostr\u00fd, ale pro rozm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed stavebn\u00edch parcel jsou u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b vzd\u00e1lenosti v \u0159\u00e1du n\u011bkolika metr\u016f.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Obsluha by mohla m\u00edt t\u0159i \u010dleny. Mistr nastavoval lampu a dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn. Prvn\u00ed pomocn\u00edk dr\u017eel napnut\u00e9 pl\u00e1tno. Druh\u00fd sledoval projekci, nav\u00e1d\u011bl dr\u017eitele pl\u00e1tna a na spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b zatloukal kol\u00edk.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Sm\u011bry a prav\u00e9 \u00fahly mohl zem\u011bm\u011b\u0159i\u010d ur\u010dovat gromou. Dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn by \u0159e\u0161il jinou \u00falohu: rychl\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159edem stanoven\u00fdch vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed bez opakovan\u00e9ho natahov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edho lana.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00edseln\u00edkem bylo po\u0159ad\u00ed st\u011bn<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">P\u0159i no\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci nechceme poka\u017ed\u00e9 hledat spr\u00e1vn\u00fd otvor. Logick\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed by proto m\u011blo m\u00edt v\u00fdchoz\u00ed polohu a n\u00e1slednou \u0159adu pracovn\u00edch rozsah\u016f, mezi nimi\u017e se p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed postupn\u00fdm p\u0159eklopen\u00edm t\u011blesa.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Dv\u011b nepravideln\u00e9 v\u00fdrobn\u00ed st\u011bny mohly ozna\u010dovat horn\u00ed a doln\u00ed referen\u010dn\u00ed polohu. Kolem nich se nach\u00e1zelo p\u011bt pracovn\u00edch p\u00e1r\u016f. Kulovit\u00e9 v\u00fdstupky na vrcholech nemusely b\u00fdt ozdobou: usnad\u0148ovaly pevn\u00e9 uchopen\u00ed, stabiln\u00ed polo\u017een\u00ed a kontrolovan\u00e9 p\u0159eklopen\u00ed do dal\u0161\u00ed polohy.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Obsluha p\u0159itom na p\u0159edm\u011bt nemusela vid\u011bt. Prst poznal velikost otvoru i po\u010det nebo podobu soust\u0159edn\u00fdch r\u00fdh kolem n\u011bj. Nepravideln\u00e9 otvory bez b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 kruhov\u00e9 v\u00fdzdoby ozna\u010dovaly \u201enulu\u201c. U exempl\u00e1\u0159e z Jublains maj\u00ed protilehl\u00e9 st\u011bny odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed kruhov\u00e9 zdoben\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mohlo fungovat jako hmatov\u00e1 zna\u010dka p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho p\u00e1ru.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u010c\u00edsla tedy nemusela b\u00fdt nikde naps\u00e1na. \u010c\u00edseln\u00edkem bylo samotn\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed st\u011bn. Mistr mohl rozsah zm\u011bnit po hmatu, zat\u00edmco sledoval projekci a okol\u00ed t\u00e1bora.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee tuto p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f lze porovnat s publikovan\u00fdmi n\u00e1kresy. U dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bnu z Jublains vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed protilehl\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed dvojice rozd\u00edly pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 0,5; 0,5; 1,0; 4,0 a 6,5 milimetru. Proto\u017ee dosah je nep\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00fd rozd\u00edlu pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f, odpov\u00edd\u00e1 po\u0159ad\u00ed rozsah\u016fm od nejdel\u0161\u00edch k nejkrat\u0161\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">U exempl\u00e1\u0159e z Avenches nevznik\u00e1 jednoduch\u00e1 \u0159ada obch\u00e1zen\u00edm kolem osy, ale posloupnost p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed po p\u011bti\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00e9 hv\u011bzd\u011b d\u00e1v\u00e1 rozd\u00edly asi 1,1; 1,2; 1,7; 2,3 a 2,6 milimetru \u2013 op\u011bt od del\u0161\u00edho rozsahu ke krat\u0161\u00edmu. Zda jde o p\u0159irozen\u00fd zp\u016fsob manipulace, mus\u00ed uk\u00e1zat replika. Nen\u00ed to d\u016fkaz, ale je to velmi konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed shoda s p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed vytvo\u0159enou je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed prohl\u00e9dnut\u00edm rozlo\u017een\u00ed otvor\u016f.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00edsla u\u017e dlouho le\u017e\u00ed na stole<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">My\u0161lenka pou\u017eit\u00ed dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bnu jako optick\u00e9ho d\u00e1lkom\u011bru nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b nov\u00e1. Amelia Carolina Sparavigna v roce 2012 zve\u0159ejnila v\u00fdpo\u010dty zalo\u017een\u00e9 na pohledu oka skrz dvojici otvor\u016f sm\u011brem k c\u00edli. Takov\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed v\u0161ak vy\u017eaduje p\u0159esn\u00e9 spojen\u00ed oka, obou otvor\u016f a vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho objektu. S nata\u017eenou rukou je geometrie obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b stabiln\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Pevn\u011b polo\u017een\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj, olejov\u00e1 lampi\u010dka a kalibrovan\u00e9 pl\u00e1tno tento probl\u00e9m odstra\u0148uj\u00ed. Poloha oka obsluhy u\u017e nen\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">P\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00fd p\u0159epo\u010det publikovan\u00fdch rozm\u011br\u016f pro c\u00edlovou kru\u017enici o pr\u016fm\u011bru jedn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 stopy, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 296 milimetr\u016f, d\u00e1v\u00e1 u n\u011bkolika exempl\u00e1\u0159\u016f praktick\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti:<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n   &#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">N\u00e1lez<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">T\u0159i pou\u017eiteln\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Avenches<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 4,93; 5,57 a 7,81 m<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Carnuntum<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 4,53; 5,57 a 7,19 m<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Tongeren<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 4,40; 5,89 a 6,89 m<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed: 15, 20 a 25 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch stop odpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 4,44; 5,92 a 7,40 metru.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Shoda nen\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e1 a u del\u0161\u00edch rozsah\u016f se hodnoty rozch\u00e1zej\u00ed. Star\u0161\u00ed publikovan\u00e9 rozm\u011bry v\u0161ak b\u00fdvaj\u00ed zaokrouhlen\u00e9 na p\u016fl milimetru, co\u017e u mal\u00e9ho rozd\u00edlu pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f zp\u016fsob\u00ed velkou chybu v\u00fdsledku. Nen\u00ed v\u017edy jist\u00e9 ani to, kter\u00e9 otvory byly skute\u010dn\u011b pracovn\u00ed a kter\u00e9 vznikly p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b. Tato \u010d\u00edsla proto teorii nepotvrzuj\u00ed, ale rozhodn\u011b ospravedl\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>K \u010demu by zem\u011bm\u011b\u0159i\u010di takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj pot\u0159ebovali<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">P\u0159i zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed opevn\u011bn\u00e9 osady bylo m\u00edsto omezen\u00e9 palis\u00e1dou nebo hradbami. Bylo nutn\u00e9 vyty\u010dit ulice pr\u016fjezdn\u00e9 pro povozy, stavebn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ry, parcely, bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed rozestupy a prostor pro dal\u0161\u00ed domy. Nikdo nemohl dostat podstatn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kus p\u016fdy ne\u017e soused, proto\u017ee by nezbylo na ostatn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">M\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed lano je p\u0159esn\u00e9, ale mus\u00ed se opakovan\u011b rozvinovat, nap\u00ednat a p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et. Prov\u011b\u0161uje se, vlhne, zachyt\u00e1v\u00e1 se o ter\u00e9n a mezi ka\u017ed\u00fdmi dv\u011bma body s n\u00edm n\u011bkdo mus\u00ed proj\u00edt.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Projek\u010dn\u00ed d\u00e1lkom\u011br by umo\u017enil ze stanovi\u0161t\u011b rychle p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et n\u011bkolik standardn\u00edch vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed. Nebyl by to modern\u00ed laser, ale funk\u010dn\u011b by plnil podobnou praktickou \u00falohu: mistr zvolil rozsah, pomocn\u00edci posunuli pl\u00e1tno do spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 polohy a zatloukli kol\u00edk. Za jedinou noc mohli vytvo\u0159it z\u00e1kladn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 parcel s podstatn\u011b men\u0161\u00edm pob\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee by po takov\u00e9m za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed existovala popt\u00e1vka. Ka\u017ed\u00fd chce m\u00edt d\u016fm alespo\u0148 tak velk\u00fd jako soused, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 jej mus\u00ed vm\u011bstnat mezi ulici, hradbu a sousedn\u00ed parcelu.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Experiment na jeden ve\u010der<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Hypot\u00e9za je snadno vyvratiteln\u00e1. Sta\u010dily by p\u0159esn\u00e9 trojrozm\u011brn\u00e9 skeny nejm\u00e9n\u011b t\u0159\u00ed dob\u0159e zachovan\u00fdch dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn\u016f a p\u0159edem zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00fd v\u00fdpo\u010det o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdch vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">U ka\u017ed\u00e9ho kusu by bylo pot\u0159eba zm\u011b\u0159it:<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\">vnit\u0159n\u00ed i vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011bry \tv\u0161ech otvor\u016f,<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\">skute\u010dn\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti \tprotilehl\u00fdch st\u011bn,<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\">po\u0159ad\u00ed a orientaci \tpracovn\u00edch dvojic,<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\">nepravidelnosti \u00fadajn\u00fdch \tv\u00fdrobn\u00edch otvor\u016f,<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\">kruhov\u00e9 r\u00fdhy a mo\u017en\u00e9 \thmatov\u00e9 zna\u010dky,<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\">p\u0159irozen\u00e9 posloupnosti \tp\u0159eklopen\u00ed mezi rozsahy.<\/p>\n<p>&#13;<br \/>\n&#13;<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Potom sta\u010d\u00ed odl\u00edt nebo vytisknout p\u0159esnou repliku, postavit ji vedle \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 olejov\u00e9 lampi\u010dky a proti n\u00ed nechat pomocn\u00edka dr\u017eet napnut\u00e9 b\u00edl\u00e9 pl\u00e1tno s kalibrovan\u00fdmi kru\u017enicemi. Druh\u00fd pomocn\u00edk sleduje okraj projekce a zatlouk\u00e1 kol\u00edky. Pokus m\u00e1 prob\u011bhnout ve\u010der a mus\u00ed zm\u011b\u0159it ostrost obrazu, dosa\u017eitelnou vzd\u00e1lenost, citlivost na polohu plamene, opakovatelnost i rychlost p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed rozsah\u016f po hmatu.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Pokud vypo\u010dten\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti nebudou opakovateln\u00e9, projekce bude nepou\u017eiteln\u011b rozmazan\u00e1 nebo uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed otvor\u016f nebude d\u00e1vat praktickou posloupnost, hypot\u00e9za padne. Pokud se v\u0161ak u n\u011bkolika nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch exempl\u00e1\u0159\u016f objev\u00ed stejn\u00e9 standardn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti a p\u0159irozen\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 rozsahy, p\u016fjde o siln\u00fd argument, \u017ee otvory byly skute\u010dn\u011b navr\u017eeny jako optick\u00e1 soustava.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">T\u0159i shodn\u00e9 kusy by je\u0161t\u011b samy o sob\u011b nedok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee se pou\u017e\u00edvala pr\u00e1v\u011b lampi\u010dka a pl\u00e1tno. Mohly by ale potvrdit, \u017ee dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bny vytv\u00e1\u0159ely \u00famysln\u011b kalibrovan\u00e9 sv\u011bteln\u00e9 ku\u017eely. Historick\u00fd zp\u016fsob pou\u017eit\u00ed by n\u00e1sledn\u011b pomohly ur\u010dit n\u00e1lezov\u00e9 souvislosti a praktick\u00e9 experimenty.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Ukraden\u00e9 prost\u011bradlo<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Takov\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed odpov\u00edd\u00e1 i tomu, co se dochovalo.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Bronzov\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1st byla drah\u00e1, odoln\u00e1 a po\u010d\u00edtalo se s jej\u00ed dlouhou \u017eivotnost\u00ed. D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fd stolek zetlel nebo sho\u0159el. Olej se spot\u0159eboval. Oby\u010dejn\u00e1 keramick\u00e1 lampi\u010dka mohla b\u00fdt znovu pou\u017eita nebo p\u0159i vykop\u00e1vk\u00e1ch za\u0159azena mezi b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dom\u00e1c\u00ed vybaven\u00ed. Pl\u00e1tno se rozpadlo \u2013 p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jej n\u011bkdo odnesl, proto\u017ee pou\u017eiteln\u00e9 prost\u011bradlo m\u011blo v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed okam\u017eitou cenu ne\u017e nepochopiteln\u00e1 bronzov\u00e1 kostka.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">A kdyby archeologov\u00e9 lampi\u010dku p\u0159ece jen na\u0161li vedle dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bnu, nejsp\u00ed\u0161 by ji ozna\u010dili za vybaven\u00ed zlod\u011bje, kter\u00fd po kr\u00e1de\u017ei kalibrovan\u00e9ho prost\u011bradla zapomn\u011bl sv\u011btlo na m\u00edst\u011b.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn tedy mo\u017en\u00e1 nebyl kultovn\u00ed z\u00e1hadou ani projektil l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed vysokou rychlost\u00ed proti ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed palis\u00e1d\u011b. Mohl b\u00fdt trvanlivou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, jeho\u017e b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 organick\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti zmizely.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">Rozhodnut\u00ed nele\u017e\u00ed v dal\u0161\u00edch spekulac\u00edch, ale v p\u0159esn\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed dob\u0159e zachovan\u00fdch kus\u016f a v jednom poctiv\u00e9m no\u010dn\u00edm experimentu.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Prameny a literatura<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bn palis\u00e1dy nezapaloval. Mo\u017en\u00e1 je pom\u00e1hal vym\u011b\u0159ovat \u00a0 \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 bronzov\u00e9 dvan\u00e1ctist\u011bny pat\u0159\u00ed k archeologick\u00fdm p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016fm, jejich\u017e \u00fa\u010del&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":181487,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[12],"tags":[67,68,9185,43248],"class_list":["post-181486","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-byznys","tag-business","tag-byznys","tag-nalez","tag-rimsky"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/117105847823031223","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/181486","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=181486"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/181486\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/181487"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=181486"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=181486"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=181486"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}