{"id":184598,"date":"2026-08-19T10:07:19","date_gmt":"2026-08-19T10:07:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/184598\/"},"modified":"2026-08-19T10:07:19","modified_gmt":"2026-08-19T10:07:19","slug":"na-klope-mel-rudou-ruzi-pak-poslechl-matku-a-rozhodl-o-hlasu-milionu-zen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/184598\/","title":{"rendered":"Na klop\u011b m\u011bl rudou r\u016f\u017ei. Pak poslechl matku a\u00a0rozhodl o\u00a0hlasu milion\u016f \u017een"},"content":{"rendered":"

Politick\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed se toho srpnov\u00e9ho dne dalo v\u00a0zasedac\u00edm s\u00e1le parlamentu st\u00e1tu Tennessee poznat podle kv\u011btiny na klop\u011b.<\/p>\n

\u017dlutou r\u016f\u017ei nosili zast\u00e1nci volebn\u00edho pr\u00e1va \u017een. Rudou jeho odp\u016frci. \u010cty\u0159iadvacetilet\u00fd republik\u00e1nsk\u00fd poslanec Harry T. Burn p\u0159i\u0161el 18.\u00a0srpna 1920\u00a0s\u00a0rudou.<\/p>\n

Na prvn\u00ed pohled tedy nebylo pochyb, na kter\u00e9 stran\u011b stoj\u00ed. Jen\u017ee v\u00a0kapse saka m\u011bl dopis od sv\u00e9 matky. A\u00a0pr\u00e1v\u011b n\u011bkolik jej\u00edch rukou psan\u00fdch v\u011bt m\u011blo rozhodnout spor, kter\u00fd se ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech vedl po cel\u00e9 generace.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e tajemn\u00edk sn\u011bmovny p\u0159e\u010detl Burnovo jm\u00e9no, mlad\u00fd poslanec nevstal s\u00a0dlouh\u00fdm projevem. Vyslovil jedin\u00e9 slovo:<\/p>\n

V s\u00e1le nastal okam\u017eik nev\u011b\u0159\u00edcn\u00e9ho ticha. Mu\u017e s\u00a0rudou r\u016f\u017e\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b hlasoval pro volebn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo \u017een.<\/p>\n

Chyb\u011bl posledn\u00ed st\u00e1t<\/p>\n

Americk\u00e9 \u017eeny se o\u00a0politickou rovnopr\u00e1vnost nep\u0159ihl\u00e1sily a\u017e po prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce. Za symbolick\u00fd za\u010d\u00e1tek organizovan\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed b\u00fdv\u00e1 pova\u017eov\u00e1no shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0Seneca Falls v\u00a0\u010dervenci 1848, svolan\u00e9 mimo jin\u00e9 Elizabeth Cady Stantonovou a\u00a0Lucreti\u00ed Mottovou.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1vrh \u00fastavn\u00edho dodatku zakazuj\u00edc\u00edho odep\u0159\u00edt volebn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo kv\u016fli pohlav\u00ed byl v\u00a0Kongresu poprv\u00e9 p\u0159edlo\u017een roku 1878.\u00a0Pot\u00e9 se vracel znovu a\u00a0znovu. Podle N\u00e1rodn\u00edho archivu USA jej Kongres po dvaa\u010dty\u0159icet let p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eel nebo odm\u00edtal.<\/p>\n

Teprve 21.\u00a0kv\u011btna 1919\u00a0dodatek schv\u00e1lila Sn\u011bmovna reprezentant\u016f pom\u011brem 304\u00a0ku 89\u00a0hlas\u016fm. O\u00a0dva t\u00fddny pozd\u011bji se p\u0159idal Sen\u00e1t. T\u00edm v\u0161ak boj neskon\u010dil. Zm\u011bnu \u00fastavy musely potvrdit t\u0159i \u010dtvrtiny tehdej\u0161\u00edch osma\u010dty\u0159iceti st\u00e1t\u016f\u00a0\u2013 nejm\u00e9n\u011b \u0161estat\u0159icet.<\/p>\n

Do l\u00e9ta 1920\u00a0souhlasilo p\u011btat\u0159icet st\u00e1t\u016f. Osm jich dodatek odm\u00edtlo a\u00a0ochota dal\u0161\u00edch svolat mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 zased\u00e1n\u00ed byla miziv\u00e1. Posledn\u00ed nad\u011bj\u00ed se stalo Tennessee.<\/p>\n

Proto se do Nashvillu sjeli aktivist\u00e9, novin\u00e1\u0159i, strani\u010dt\u00ed vyjednava\u010di i\u00a0profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed lobbist\u00e9 z\u00a0cel\u00e9 zem\u011b. Chodbami parlamentu a\u00a0nedalek\u00e9ho hotelu Hermitage proch\u00e1zely \u017eeny, kter\u00e9 za svou v\u011bc bojovaly des\u00edtky let. Mezi nimi p\u0159edsedkyn\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho americk\u00e9ho sdru\u017een\u00ed sufra\u017eetek Carrie Chapman Cattov\u00e1, radik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Sue Shelton Whiteov\u00e1 \u010di v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 p\u0159edstavitelka tennesseesk\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed Anne Dallas Dudleyov\u00e1. Proti nim st\u00e1la dob\u0159e organizovan\u00e1 kampa\u0148 veden\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad vysoko\u0161kolsky vzd\u011blanou pedago\u017ekou Josephine Anderson Pearsonovou. Odp\u016frci varovali p\u0159ed rozpadem tradi\u010dn\u00ed rodiny, p\u0159ed z\u00e1sahy feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dy do pravomoc\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f i\u00a0p\u0159ed politickou moc\u00ed \u010derno\u0161sk\u00fdch \u017een.<\/p>\n

Z ot\u00e1zky volebn\u00edho pr\u00e1va se stala takzvan\u00e1 v\u00e1lka r\u016f\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Rud\u00e1 r\u016f\u017ee a\u00a0dopis z\u00a0domova<\/p>\n

Harry Burn se ocitl p\u0159\u00edmo uprost\u0159ed n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Do tennesseesk\u00e9ho parlamentu byl zvolen u\u017e ve dvaadvaceti letech a\u00a0stal se jeho nejmlad\u0161\u00edm \u010dlenem. Osobn\u011b pova\u017eoval volebn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo \u017een za spr\u00e1vn\u00e9, sou\u010dasn\u011b v\u0161ak v\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee \u0159ada voli\u010d\u016f v\u00a0jeho domovsk\u00e9m McMinn County je proti. Na podzim ho nav\u00edc \u010dekaly dal\u0161\u00ed volby.<\/p>\n

Pod tlakem stranick\u00fdch koleg\u016f a\u00a0m\u00edstn\u00edch politik\u016f se proto p\u0159iklonil k\u00a0odp\u016frc\u016fm ratifikace. Kdy\u017e p\u0159edseda sn\u011bmovny Seth Walker navrhl, aby bylo rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed odlo\u017eeno, Burn hlasoval pro. Odklad by ve skute\u010dnosti znamenal konec nad\u011bj\u00ed na p\u0159ijet\u00ed dodatku.<\/p>\n

Hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ak dvakr\u00e1t skon\u010dilo nerozhodn\u011b\u00a0\u2013 48\u00a0ku 48.<\/p>\n

Walker p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal, \u017ee stejn\u011b dopadne tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed o\u00a0ratifikaci. Rem\u00edza by znamenala jej\u00ed por\u00e1\u017eku. Netu\u0161il, \u017ee mlad\u00fd poslanec s\u00a0rudou r\u016f\u017e\u00ed sv\u00e1d\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b jin\u00fd z\u00e1pas.<\/p>\n

Burnova matka Phoebe, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako Febb, nebyla \u017e\u00e1dnou politickou funkcion\u00e1\u0159kou. Byla vzd\u011blanou u\u010ditelkou, po man\u017eelov\u011b smrti vedla rodinn\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a\u00a0pun\u010doch\u00e1\u0159skou d\u00edlnu. Zaj\u00edmala se o\u00a0ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 d\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0pravideln\u011b \u010detla noviny. P\u0159esto sama nesm\u011bla hlasovat.<\/p>\n

Synovi poslala sedmistr\u00e1nkov\u00fd dopis. V\u011bt\u0161inu tvo\u0159ily rodinn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy a\u00a0m\u00edstn\u00ed novinky. Teprve na konci p\u0159e\u0161la k\u00a0politice. Nab\u00e1dala Harryho, aby hlasoval pro volebn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo \u017een, pomohl Carrie Chapman Cattov\u00e9 s\u00a0ratifikac\u00ed a\u00a0nezapomn\u011bl b\u00fdt \u201ehodn\u00fd chlapec\u201c.<\/p>\n

Nebyl to vzne\u0161en\u00fd manifest ur\u010den\u00fd d\u011bjin\u00e1m. Byl to oby\u010dejn\u00fd dopis matky synovi. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto p\u016fsob\u00ed i\u00a0po v\u00edce ne\u017e sto letech tak siln\u011b.<\/p>\n

Foto: Commons Wikimedia: James Rector of Columbus, consulting with W.D. Jameson, National Photo Company Coll., voln\u00e9 d\u00edlo<\/p>\n

Anita Pollitzerov\u00e1 a\u00a0Sue Shelton Whiteov\u00e1 p\u0159i porad\u011b o\u00a0ratifikaci 19.\u00a0dodatku v\u00a0Tennessee v\u00a0roce 1920.\u00a0Spolu s\u00a0nimi W. D. Jameson a\u00a0pan\u00ed James Rectorov\u00e1.
\nFoto: National Photo Company<\/p>\n

Jedin\u00e9 slovo, kter\u00e9 zm\u011bnilo v\u00fdsledek<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e p\u0159i\u0161la \u0159ada na Burna, hlasoval pro ratifikaci.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledn\u00fd z\u00e1pis nakonec uv\u00e1d\u011bl pom\u011br 50\u00a0ku 46, proto\u017ee p\u0159edseda Walker n\u00e1sledn\u011b sv\u016fj hlas takticky zm\u011bnil, aby mohl \u017e\u00e1dat nov\u00e9 projedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee rozhodl jedin\u00fd hlas, p\u0159esto nen\u00ed pouhou romantickou legendou. Bez Burnova ne\u010dekan\u00e9ho \u201eano\u201c by vznikla rem\u00edza a\u00a0n\u00e1vrh by nepro\u0161el.<\/p>\n

Tennessee se stal \u0161estat\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdm st\u00e1tem, kter\u00fd 19.\u00a0dodatek schv\u00e1lil\u00a0\u2013 on\u00edm \u201edokonal\u00fdm \u0161estat\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdm\u201c, jak jej naz\u00fdvali zast\u00e1nci ratifikace.<\/p>\n

Burn se hned n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho dne musel h\u00e1jit p\u0159ed rozzu\u0159en\u00fdmi odp\u016frci. Nevysv\u011btloval sv\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed pouze mate\u0159skou autoritou. Prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee pln\u00e9 volebn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo pova\u017euje za mor\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00e1konn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo. Sou\u010dasn\u011b ale p\u0159ipustil, \u017ee rada matky pro n\u011bj byla rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pokusy v\u00fdsledek zvr\u00e1tit pokra\u010dovaly je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed. Ratifikaci v\u0161ak ji\u017e nezastavily. Dne 26.\u00a0srpna 1920\u00a0ji ministr zahrani\u010d\u00ed Bainbridge Colby \u00fa\u0159edn\u011b potvrdil a\u00a019.\u00a0dodatek se stal sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed americk\u00e9 \u00fastavy.<\/p>\n

V\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nebylo pro v\u0161echny<\/p>\n

Slavn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh dopisu a\u00a0jednoho rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edho hlasu m\u00edv\u00e1 jednoduch\u00fd konec: americk\u00e9 \u017eeny z\u00edskaly volebn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo.<\/p>\n

Skute\u010dnost byla slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Devaten\u00e1ct\u00fd dodatek v\u00fdslovn\u011b zak\u00e1zal feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1d\u011b i\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm odep\u00edrat ob\u010dan\u016fm volebn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo \u201ez d\u016fvodu pohlav\u00ed\u201c. Neodstranil v\u0161ak ostatn\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky, kter\u00e9 americk\u00e9 z\u00e1kony a\u00a0m\u00edstn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ady dok\u00e1zaly postavit mezi ob\u010dana a\u00a0volebn\u00ed urnu.<\/p>\n

B\u011blo\u0161sk\u00e9 \u017eeny v\u00a0mnoha st\u00e1tech skute\u010dn\u011b mohly bezprost\u0159edn\u011b pot\u00e9 volit. \u010cerno\u0161sk\u00e9 \u017eeny na americk\u00e9m Jihu ale d\u00e1l nar\u00e1\u017eely na poplatky za \u00fa\u010dast ve volb\u00e1ch, testy gramotnosti, sv\u00e9voln\u00e9 registra\u010dn\u00ed podm\u00ednky, zastra\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1sil\u00ed. Stejn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje u\u017e p\u0159edt\u00edm p\u0159ipravily o\u00a0hlasovac\u00ed pr\u00e1vo miliony \u010derno\u0161sk\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f.<\/p>\n

Mnoz\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 Ameriky nav\u00edc je\u0161t\u011b nebyli pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za ob\u010dany Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Obecn\u00e9 ob\u010danstv\u00ed jim feder\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1kon p\u0159iznal a\u017e roku 1924, n\u011bkter\u00e9 st\u00e1ty jim v\u0161ak \u00fa\u010dast ve volb\u00e1ch odp\u00edraly i\u00a0potom. S\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekami se pot\u00fdkaly tak\u00e9 \u017eeny asijsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu a\u00a0p\u0159ist\u011bhovalkyn\u011b, kter\u00fdm z\u00e1kony komplikovaly nebo p\u0159\u00edmo znemo\u017e\u0148ovaly z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed ob\u010danstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jak upozor\u0148uje National Park Service, ratifikace sama nezajistila v\u0161em \u017een\u00e1m skute\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0volebn\u00edm m\u00edstnostem. Proti nejtvrd\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1stroj\u016fm rasov\u00e9ho vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed za\u010dala feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bji zasahovat a\u017e po p\u0159ijet\u00ed z\u00e1kona o\u00a0volebn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu v\u00a0roce 1965.<\/p>\n

Ani samotn\u00e9 hnut\u00ed za \u017eensk\u00e9 volebn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo nebylo bez rozpor\u016f. \u010cerno\u0161sk\u00e9 aktivistky jako Juno Frankie Pierceov\u00e1, Ida B. Wellsov\u00e1 \u010di Mary Church Terrellov\u00e1 bojovaly sou\u010dasn\u011b proti diskriminaci pohlav\u00ed i\u00a0rasy. \u010c\u00e1st b\u00edl\u00fdch sufra\u017eetek v\u0161ak byla ochotna pou\u017e\u00edvat rasistick\u00e9 argumenty nebo z\u00e1jmy \u010derno\u0161sk\u00fdch \u017een odsunout, pokud t\u00edm mohla z\u00edskat podporu b\u011blo\u0161sk\u00fdch politik\u016f z\u00a0ji\u017en\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n

D\u011bjiny spravedlnosti neb\u00fdvaj\u00ed mor\u00e1ln\u011b \u010dist\u00e9 ani tehdy, kdy\u017e sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm sm\u011brem.<\/p>\n

Foto: Commons Wikimedia: Thumbs up for suffragettes, author: Joel Kramer, photo flickr, CC BY-2.0<\/p>\n

Tennessee Woman Suffrage Memorial v\u00a0Knoxville p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 Elizabeth Avery Meriwetherovou, Lizzie Crozier Frenchovou a\u00a0Anne Dallas Dudleyovou. Autorem pomn\u00edku je socha\u0159 Alan LeQuire. Foto: Joel Kramer \/ Wikimedia Commons \/ CC BY 2.0<\/p>\n

D\u011bjiny tak trochu vytvo\u0159il poslu\u0161n\u00fd syn<\/p>\n

Bylo by l\u00e1kav\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bt 18.\u00a0srpen 1920\u00a0jako poh\u00e1dku o\u00a0moudr\u00e9 matce a\u00a0poslu\u0161n\u00e9m synovi. Takov\u00e9 pod\u00e1n\u00ed by v\u0161ak ubralo z\u00e1sluhy tis\u00edc\u016fm \u017een, kter\u00e9 po des\u00edtky let psaly petice, po\u0159\u00e1daly shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed, pochodovaly ulicemi, sn\u00e1\u0161ely v\u00fdsm\u011bch, zat\u00fdk\u00e1n\u00ed i\u00a0n\u00e1sil\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Febb Burnov\u00e1 sama nez\u00edskala americk\u00fdm \u017een\u00e1m volebn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo. Harry Burn jim je velkoryse nedaroval. Jeho hlas byl posledn\u00edm pohybliv\u00fdm kamenem ve stavb\u011b, kterou p\u0159ed n\u00edm budovaly cel\u00e9 generace.<\/p>\n

Jeho z\u00e1sluha spo\u010d\u00edvala v\u00a0n\u011b\u010dem jin\u00e9m. V\u00a0rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed chv\u00edli pochopil, \u017ee politick\u00e1 opatrnost nem\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed cenu ne\u017e pr\u00e1vo milion\u016f lid\u00ed pod\u00edlet se na rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o\u00a0zemi, ve kter\u00e9 \u017eij\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na klop\u011b m\u011bl st\u00e1le rudou r\u016f\u017ei. V\u00a0kapse dopis od \u017eeny, kter\u00e1 sm\u011bla ovlivnit syna, ale nesm\u011bla vhodit vlastn\u00ed hlasovac\u00ed l\u00edstek.<\/p>\n

Pak bylo p\u0159e\u010dteno jeho jm\u00e9no a\u00a0on vyslovil jedin\u00e9 slovo.<\/p>\n

Demokracie se t\u00edm nestala \u00faplnou. Jej\u00ed hranice se v\u0161ak posunula zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd u\u017e nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vz\u00edt zp\u011bt.<\/p>\n

Zdroje<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Politick\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed se toho srpnov\u00e9ho dne dalo v\u00a0zasedac\u00edm s\u00e1le parlamentu st\u00e1tu Tennessee poznat podle kv\u011btiny na klop\u011b. \u017dlutou…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":184599,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[11],"tags":[9132,43716,441,54,12613,113,415,35230,1528,53,52],"class_list":["post-184598","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-svet","tag-feminismus","tag-feministky","tag-historie","tag-svet","tag-tennessee","tag-usa","tag-ustava","tag-volebni-pravo","tag-vyroci","tag-world","tag-world-news"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/117121623703370662","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184598","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=184598"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184598\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/184599"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=184598"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=184598"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=184598"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}