{"id":198812,"date":"2026-09-01T17:36:15","date_gmt":"2026-09-01T17:36:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/198812\/"},"modified":"2026-09-01T17:36:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-01T17:36:15","slug":"spor-o-pluto-ktere-v-praze-ztratilo-svuj-status-se-tyka-otazky-co-je-vlastne-planeta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/198812\/","title":{"rendered":"Spor o\u00a0Pluto, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0Praze ztratilo sv\u016fj status, se t\u00fdk\u00e1 ot\u00e1zky, co je vlastn\u011b planeta"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed astronomick\u00e1 unie (IAU) na sv\u00e9m valn\u00e9m shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0Praze p\u0159ed 20\u00a0lety, 24.\u00a0srpna 2006, rozhodla, \u017ee aby byla planeta planetou, mus\u00ed spl\u0148ovat t\u0159i podm\u00ednky: ob\u00edhat kolem hv\u011bzdy, m\u00edt dostate\u010dnou hmotnost k\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b kulov\u00e9ho tvaru a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 gravita\u010dn\u011b ovl\u00e1dat sv\u00e9 okol\u00ed, tedy takzvan\u011b \u201evy\u010distit\u201c svou ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hu. Pluto posledn\u00ed podm\u00ednku nespl\u0148uje, a\u00a0tak Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustava r\u00e1zem p\u0159i\u0161la o\u00a0dev\u00e1tou planetu.<\/p>\n

Rozhodnut\u00ed p\u0159edch\u00e1zelo objeven\u00ed t\u011blesa Eris v\u00a0Kuiperov\u011b p\u00e1su za Neptunem. Eris je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u011b velk\u00e1 jako Pluto, ale m\u00e1 o\u00a0n\u011bco v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hmotnost. Pokud by tedy Pluto z\u016fstalo planetou, bylo by obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 vysv\u011btlit, pro\u010d by stejn\u00fd status nem\u011bla m\u00edt Eris. A\u00a0pokud by planetou byla i\u00a0Eris, otev\u0159ela by se cesta cel\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b dal\u0161\u00edch podobn\u00fdch t\u011bles. <\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b podm\u00ednka t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy, kter\u00e1 Pluto vy\u0159adila, podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed v\u00edce \u0161kody ne\u017e u\u017eitku. Podle planet\u00e1rn\u00edho v\u011bdce Philipa Metzgera schopnost t\u011blesa ovl\u00e1dat sv\u00e9 okol\u00ed toti\u017e z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tom, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed. Pokud by se nap\u0159\u00edklad Zem\u011b ocitla na m\u00edst\u011b, kde dnes ob\u00edh\u00e1 Pluto, podle t\u00e9to definice by ani ona svou ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hu nedok\u00e1zala dostate\u010dn\u011b ovl\u00e1dat. <\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201eDefinici planety, kterou stvo\u0159ili, nelze ve v\u011bd\u011b v\u016fbec pou\u017e\u00edt,\u201c \u0159ekl den\u00edku The Guardian<\/a> Metzger, kter\u00fd je \u0159editelem Stephen W. Hawking Centre for Microgravity Research and Education na Univerzit\u011b st\u0159edn\u00ed Floridy. <\/p>\n

\u201eOsobn\u00ed k\u0159ivda\u201c pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 Ameri\u010dany<\/p>\n

Zast\u00e1nci Pluta proto prosazuj\u00ed jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup. O\u00a0planet\u00e1rn\u00edm statusu by podle nich m\u011bly rozhodovat p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vlastnosti samotn\u00e9ho t\u011blesa. A\u00a0jak v\u00a0roce 2015\u00a0uk\u00e1zala americk\u00e1 sonda New Horizons, kter\u00e1 kolem Pluta prolet\u011bla, na trpasli\u010d\u00ed planet\u011b se nach\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b rozmanit\u00fd sv\u011bt. Sn\u00edmky zachytily hory, rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 oblasti vodn\u00edho ledu a\u00a0zn\u00e1mky geologick\u00e9 aktivity. <\/p>\n

\u201ePluto p\u0159edstavuje outsidera, kter\u00e9mu spousta lid\u00ed fand\u00ed,\u201c \u0159ekl zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9mu listu Kevin Schindler, historik Lowellovy observato\u0159e v\u00a0americk\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b Arizona, kde bylo Pluto v\u00a0roce 1930\u00a0objeveno. <\/p>\n

A\u00a0pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0americk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed m\u00e1 spor o\u00a0jeho status zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed s\u00edlu a\u00a0jeho vy\u0159azen\u00ed n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 vn\u00edmaj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jako osobn\u00ed k\u0159ivdu. <\/p>\n

Pluto nav\u00edc nebylo nikdy \u00fapln\u011b oby\u010dejnou planetou. Kdy\u017e bylo v\u00a0roce 1930\u00a0objeveno, astronomov\u00e9 se nejprve domn\u00edvali, \u017ee jde o\u00a0dlouho hledanou dev\u00e1tou planetu, kterou tehdy ozna\u010dovali jako Planetu X (Planet X). P\u00edsmeno X p\u0159itom neznamenalo \u010d\u00edslo deset, ale ozna\u010dovalo nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 \u010di hypotetick\u00e9 t\u011bleso, kter\u00e9 m\u011blo ob\u00edhat za Neptunem. <\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Existence takov\u00e9 planety m\u011bla vysv\u011btlit \u00fadajn\u00e9 nepravidelnosti v\u00a0drah\u00e1ch Uranu a\u00a0Neptunu. Pozd\u011bji vy\u0161lo najevo, \u017ee Pluto je na takov\u00fd \u00fakol p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mal\u00e9 a\u00a0\u017ee p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 odchylky byly zp\u016fsobeny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nep\u0159esnostmi v\u00a0tehdej\u0161\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00fdpo\u010dtech. S\u00a0p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi \u00fadaji o\u00a0hmotnosti Neptunu se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee k\u00a0vysv\u011btlen\u00ed drah zn\u00e1m\u00fdch planet \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed planeta pot\u0159eba nen\u00ed. <\/p>\n

P\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed po nezn\u00e1m\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b za Neptunem v\u0161ak \u00fapln\u011b neskon\u010dilo. V\u00a0roce 2016\u00a0astronomov\u00e9 p\u0159edlo\u017eili hypot\u00e9zu o\u00a0Planet\u011b Dev\u011bt (Planet Nine), kter\u00e1 by mohla vysv\u011btlovat neobvykl\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed drah n\u011bkter\u00fdch velmi vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch t\u011bles. Jej\u00ed existence zat\u00edm potvrzena nebyla a\u00a0astronomov\u00e9 ji st\u00e1le hledaj\u00ed<\/a>. <\/p>\n

Pro p\u0159\u00edznivce Pluta je ale pr\u00e1v\u011b historie dan\u00e9ho t\u011blesa sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jeho kouzla. Z\u00a0kdysi vytou\u017een\u00e9 dev\u00e1t\u00e9 planety se stal vyhnanec Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy. <\/p>\n

Zast\u00e1nci Pluta dnes tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee jeho vy\u0159azen\u00ed uk\u00e1zalo sp\u00ed\u0161 limity lidsk\u00e9 snahy uspo\u0159\u00e1dat vesm\u00edr do jednoduch\u00fdch kategori\u00ed. Odp\u016frci naopak p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b jasn\u00e1 definice je nutn\u00e1, pokud m\u00e1 b\u00fdt pojem \u201eplaneta\u201c v\u011bdecky u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh \u201edegradace\u201c Pluta<\/p>\n

Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed astronomick\u00e1 unie (IAU) na valn\u00e9m shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0Praze 24.\u00a0srpna 2006\u00a0vy\u0159adila Pluto ze seznamu planet ve Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b a\u00a0za\u0159adila ho mezi takzvan\u00e9 trpasli\u010d\u00ed planety. <\/p>\n

Jeho status byl zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1n ji\u017e od konce 70.\u00a0let 20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed, kdy byla objevena vzd\u00e1len\u00e1 planetka Chiron a\u00a0kdy tak\u00e9 astronomov\u00e9 p\u0159esn\u011bji poznali malou hmotnost Pluta. V\u00a0\u010dervnu 2008\u00a0IAU rozhodla, \u017ee po Plutu budou nap\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b souhrnn\u011b pojmenov\u00e1v\u00e1na t\u011blesa zhruba stejn\u00e9 velikosti (\u201eplutoidy\u201c). <\/p>\n

O objev Pluta se ve sv\u00fdch 24\u00a0letech v\u00a0roce 1930\u00a0zaslou\u017eil americk\u00fd astronom Clyde William Tombaugh (1906\u20131997), kter\u00fd Pluto vypozoroval na Lowellov\u011b observato\u0159i v\u00a0Arizon\u011b. Vesm\u00edrn\u00fd objekt byl nazv\u00e1n podle boha podsv\u011bt\u00ed Plutona (\u0159ecky H\u00e1des). Pluto se tehdy stalo dev\u00e1tou planetou Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy.<\/p>\n

Pluto se, podobn\u011b jako i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed objekty Kuiperova p\u00e1su, skl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0kamenn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a\u00a0ledu. Jde o\u00a0pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00e9 t\u011bleso, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u011btinu hmotnosti M\u011bs\u00edce a\u00a0t\u0159etinu jeho objemu. Pluto m\u00e1 p\u011bt zn\u00e1m\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, Charon, byl objeven roku 1978, dal\u0161\u00ed dva, Nix a\u00a0Hydra, n\u00e1sledovaly a\u017e roku 2005.\u00a0Dal\u0161\u00ed dva mal\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edce, Kerberos a\u00a0Styx, byly objeveny v\u00a0letech 2011\u00a0a\u00a02012. <\/p>\n

V \u010dervenci 2015\u00a0dorazila na vzd\u00e1lenost 12\u00a0500\u00a0kilometr\u016f od Pluta americk\u00e1 sonda New Horizons. Sonda tehdy po\u0159\u00eddila fotografie Pluta, na nich\u017e jsou vid\u011bt kr\u00e1tery, hory a\u00a0ledovcov\u00e9 \u00fatvary nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00a0asi 80\u00a0kilometr\u016f \u0161irok\u00e9m p\u00e1smu. Na povrchu trpasli\u010d\u00ed planety je z\u00e1rove\u0148 patrn\u00e1 \u0159ada rud\u00fdch ploch, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zmrzl\u00e9 vody. <\/p>\n

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