{"id":25263,"date":"2026-03-15T17:39:11","date_gmt":"2026-03-15T17:39:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/25263\/"},"modified":"2026-03-15T17:39:11","modified_gmt":"2026-03-15T17:39:11","slug":"slavne-mesto-bylo-oazou-svobody-a-parizi-orientu-dnes-je-smutnym-bojistem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/25263\/","title":{"rendered":"Slavn\u00e9 m\u011bsto bylo o\u00e1zou svobody a\u00a0Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u00ed Orientu. Dnes je smutn\u00fdm boji\u0161t\u011bm"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hlavn\u00ed pozornost americko-izraelsk\u00e9 ofenzivy se soust\u0159ed\u00ed na \u00cdr\u00e1n, ale rakety dopadaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 na Libanon<\/a>. Izraelsk\u00e9 letectvo v\u00a0boji s\u00a0radik\u00e1ln\u00edm hnut\u00edm Hizball\u00e1h p\u00e1l\u00ed i\u00a0na metropoli Bejr\u00fat. Statis\u00edce lid\u00ed ode\u0161ly ze sv\u00fdch dom\u016f v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech Libanonu. Hizball\u00e1h, kter\u00fd je spojencem \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho re\u017eimu, odpaluje rakety na Izrael.<\/p>\n

Libanonsk\u00e1 metropole dost\u00e1v\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed \u0161r\u00e1my a\u00a0n\u00e1vrat ke slavn\u00e9 \u00e9\u0159e z\u00a0poloviny minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed je zat\u00edm nemo\u017en\u00fd. Zemi se p\u0159ezd\u00edvalo \u0160v\u00fdcarsko Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu, Bejr\u00fatu pak Monte Carlo nebo Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e Orientu.<\/p>\n

Posledn\u00ed desetilet\u00ed je ale spojovan\u00e9 v\u00edce s\u00a0v\u00e1lkami a\u00a0bombardov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Foto: Amr Abdallah Dalsh, Reuters<\/p>\n

V\u00fdbuch na ji\u017en\u00edm p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed Bejr\u00fatu po jednom z\u00a0izraelsk\u00fdch \u00fader\u016f, 13.\u00a0b\u0159ezna 2026.<\/p>\n

Centrum byznysu, luxusu i\u00a0turist\u016f<\/p>\n

Do poloviny sedmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let byl mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdm m\u011bstem, jedine\u010dn\u00fdm. Metropol\u00ed, kde se st\u00fdkal V\u00fdchod a\u00a0Z\u00e1pad, arabsk\u00fd sv\u011bt a\u00a0Evropa. Centrum byznysu a\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00edch slu\u017eeb, pln\u00e9 vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch hotel\u016f, restaurac\u00ed, kav\u00e1ren a\u00a0luxusn\u00edch obchod\u016f.<\/p>\n

M\u011bsto, kde se mohl \u010dlov\u011bk koupat v\u00a0mo\u0159i a\u00a0u pl\u00e1\u017ee vid\u011bl zasn\u011b\u017een\u00e9 kopce poho\u0159\u00ed \u0160\u00faf, kam se dalo odpoledne vyrazit na sjezdovky na ly\u017ee.<\/p>\n

Libanon p\u0159edstavoval o\u00e1zu svobody na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b. Nakladatel\u00e9 zde vyd\u00e1vali knihy a\u00a0noviny, kter\u00e9 by v\u00a0jin\u00fdch arabsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch nemohly vyj\u00edt. P\u0159itahoval jak obchodn\u00edky a\u00a0investory ze Z\u00e1padu, tak z\u00a0bohat\u00fdch ropn\u00fdch monarchi\u00ed v\u00a0Persk\u00e9m z\u00e1livu. Ze Sa\u00fadsk\u00e9 Ar\u00e1bie, Spojen\u00fdch arabsk\u00fdch emir\u00e1t\u016f \u010di Kuvajtu. Podnikatele l\u00e1kaly i\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00e9 dan\u011b – pr\u00e1v\u011b proto ono p\u0159irovn\u00e1n\u00ed ke \u0160v\u00fdcarsku.<\/p>\n

Foto: Francois LOCHON\/Gamma-Rapho, Getty Images<\/p>\n

Panorama Bejr\u00fatu v\u00a0roce 1970.<\/p>\n

Ulice Hamra v\u00a0Bejr\u00fatu pat\u0159ila k\u00a0nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00edm na sv\u011bt\u011b a\u00a0\u010dtvr\u0165 v\u00a0okol\u00ed St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako R\u00e1s Bejr\u00fat, se stala legendou sv\u00fdmi restauracemi, kav\u00e1rnami a\u00a0no\u010dn\u00edmi kluby. Casino du Liban otev\u0159elo sv\u00e9 br\u00e1ny v\u00a0roce 1957\u00a0a\u00a0dlouho bylo nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hernou \u0161iroko daleko na v\u0161echny sv\u011btov\u00e9 strany.<\/p>\n

V roce 1966\u00a0americk\u00fd \u010dasopis Life napsal o\u00a0Bejr\u00fatu: \u201eJe to Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e Orientu a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u00e1 v\u00a0sob\u011b kousek Las Vegas, Rivi\u00e9ry a\u00a0\u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9ho Svat\u00e9ho Mo\u0159ice.\u201c Libanonci m\u011bli pov\u011bst talentovan\u00fdch obchodn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0mnoho z\u00a0nich se uchytilo jako byznysmeni ve sv\u011bt\u011b: v\u00a0Braz\u00edlii, Argentin\u011b, Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, Francii nebo v\u00a0monarchi\u00edch v\u00a0Persk\u00e9m z\u00e1livu.<\/p>\n

Do Bejr\u00fatu to v\u00a0opa\u010dn\u00e9m sm\u011bru t\u00e1hlo Araby, kte\u0159\u00ed museli ze sv\u00fdch zem\u00ed uprchnout z\u00a0politick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f.<\/p>\n

A\u00a0\u0161piony: b\u011bhem studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky p\u0159edstavoval ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed n\u011bco jako v\u00a0Evrop\u011b Berl\u00edn nebo V\u00edde\u0148. Centrum mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0161pion\u00e1\u017ee, ale tak\u00e9 tajn\u00fdch dohod a\u00a0kontakt\u016f tajn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb. Pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0Bejr\u00fatu p\u016fsobil v\u00a0\u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed jako novin\u00e1\u0159 nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed agent sov\u011btsk\u00e9 KGB a\u00a0britsk\u00fd zr\u00e1dce Kim Philby<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Foto: Reuters, Reuters<\/p>\n

Letoun libanonsk\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti MEA p\u0159ist\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00a0Bejr\u00fatu.<\/p>\n

Supermarket Goodies v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b ka\u017ed\u00fd den dopl\u0148oval z\u00e1soby z\u00a0letadel, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ist\u00e1vala z\u00a0Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee. Hotely St. Georges, Normandy nebo Phoenicia p\u0159et\u00e9kaly opulentnost\u00ed a\u00a0luxusem, m\u011bsto zachv\u00e1til stavebn\u00ed boom. Libanon byl arabskou zem\u00ed, kde se alkoholu nekladly meze, co\u017e je\u0161t\u011b zvy\u0161ovalo jeho p\u0159ita\u017elivost v\u00a0o\u010d\u00edch turist\u016f.<\/p>\n

V Bejr\u00fatu tehdy p\u0159ist\u00e1valy letouny spole\u010dnost\u00ed z\u00a0des\u00edtek zem\u00ed sv\u011bta a\u00a0v p\u0159\u00edstavu denn\u011b kotvily v\u00fdletn\u00ed lod\u011b s\u00a0turisty. P\u0159ij\u00ed\u017ed\u011bli za pam\u00e1tkami, z\u00e1bavou, kasinem, golfem, tr\u017ei\u0161ti pln\u00fdmi \u010derstv\u00e9ho ovoce a\u00a0zeleniny i\u00a0vyhl\u00e1\u0161enou libanonskou kuchyn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si<\/a><\/p>\n

P\u011bt kilometr\u016f dlouh\u00e1 promen\u00e1da na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 pod francouzsk\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem Corniche, p\u0159edstavovala r\u00e1j pro rann\u00ed b\u011b\u017ece, cyklisty nebo jen lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed si r\u00e1di u\u017e\u00edvali \u0161um\u011bn\u00ed mo\u0159sk\u00fdch vln uprost\u0159ed velkom\u011bsta.<\/p>\n

Dobov\u00e9 pohlednice zachycovaly centr\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed Mu\u010dedn\u00edk\u016f s\u00a0palmami, mo\u0159em v\u00a0pozad\u00ed a\u00a0sv\u00e9r\u00e1zn\u00fdm architektonick\u00fdm po\u010dinem: brutalistn\u00ed budovou kina Rivoli, kter\u00e1 vypadala trochu jako podivn\u00e1 kosmick\u00e1 lo\u010f.<\/p>\n

Foto: Three Lions, Getty Images<\/p>\n

Bejr\u00fatsk\u00e9 kino Rivoli zhruba v\u00a0roce 1958.<\/p>\n

Kritick\u00e1 sedmdes\u00e1t\u00e1 l\u00e9ta<\/p>\n

Za\u010d\u00e1tek konce zlat\u00e9 \u00e9ry nastal na ja\u0159e 1975.\u00a0Organizace pro osvobozen\u00ed Palestiny (OOP) se do Libanonu p\u0159esunula z\u00a0Jord\u00e1nska, vytv\u00e1\u0159ela si st\u00e1t ve st\u00e1t\u011b a\u00a0\u00fato\u010dila p\u0159es ji\u017en\u00ed hranice na Izrael, co\u017e vyvol\u00e1valo odvety z\u00a0izraelsk\u00e9 strany.<\/p>\n

Nar\u016fstalo tak\u00e9 konfesijn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed v\u00a0n\u00e1bo\u017eensky pestr\u00e9 libanonsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti: \u0161\u00edit\u0161t\u00ed muslimov\u00e9 se c\u00edtili odstr\u010den\u00ed, ekonomicky znev\u00fdhod\u0148ovan\u00ed a\u00a0odstaven\u00ed od pod\u00edlu na politick\u00e9 moci, kterou dr\u017eeli hlavn\u011b k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 a\u00a0sunnit\u0161t\u00ed muslimov\u00e9.<\/p>\n

13.\u00a0dubna 1975\u00a0se p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch milic a\u00a0ozbrojenci OOP J\u00e1sira Arafata st\u0159etli v\u00a0centru Bejr\u00fatu. M\u011bsto rozd\u011blily barik\u00e1dy na dv\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti – z\u00e1padn\u00ed muslimskou a\u00a0v\u00fdchodn\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165anskou.<\/p>\n

Boje se \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily rychle, zemi zachv\u00e1tila ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. Ze \u0160v\u00fdcarska Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu se stalo boji\u0161t\u011b arm\u00e1dy a\u00a0milic, v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm roce 1976\u00a0vyslala sv\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky S\u00fdrie. Zem\u011b, jej\u00ed\u017e vl\u00e1dci se nikdy nesm\u00ed\u0159ili s\u00a0nez\u00e1vislost\u00ed Libanonu a\u00a0pova\u017eovali ho za um\u011ble odtr\u017een\u00fd kus S\u00fdrie.<\/p>\n

Foto: Keystone, Getty Images<\/p>\n

Bojovn\u00edk v\u00a0Bejr\u00fatu, prosinec 1975.<\/p>\n

V roce 1979\u00a0se dostali v\u00a0\u00cdr\u00e1nu po svr\u017een\u00ed \u0161\u00e1ha k\u00a0moci ajatoll\u00e1h Ruholl\u00e1h Chomejn\u00ed a\u00a0jeho stoupenci. Sv\u016fj koncept takzvan\u00e9 isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 revoluce cht\u011bli vyv\u00e1\u017eet i\u00a0za hranice. Minim\u00e1ln\u011b tam, kde \u017eili \u0161\u00edit\u0161t\u00ed muslimov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu obyvatel v\u00a0\u00cdr\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n

Chomejn\u00ed a\u00a0jeho lid\u00e9 si tak vzali pod patron\u00e1t komunitu \u0161\u00editsk\u00fdch muslim\u016f v\u00a0Libanonu. Vyzbrojovali a\u00a0financovali \u0161\u00editsk\u00e9 bojovn\u00edky: tak se na za\u010d\u00e1tku osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let zrodil Hizball\u00e1h.<\/p>\n

Izraelsk\u00fd vp\u00e1d<\/p>\n

V\u00e1lka zemi rozvr\u00e1tila. V\u00a0roce 1982\u00a0izraelsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da vstoupila do Bejr\u00fatu s\u00a0c\u00edlem vyhnat Organizaci pro osvobozen\u00ed Palestiny. Arafat v\u00a0bezv\u00fdchodn\u00e9 situaci k\u00fdvl na odchod.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch dnech se p\u0159es osm tis\u00edc \u010dlen\u016f OOP nalodilo v\u00a0bejr\u00fatsk\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstavu a\u00a0odplulo. S\u00e1m Arafat a\u00a0jeho veden\u00ed do Tunisu, kde \u017eil dal\u0161\u00edch dvan\u00e1ct let, ne\u017e mu Izraelci v\u00a0r\u00e1mci m\u00edrov\u00fdch dohod povolili vstup do P\u00e1sma Gazy a\u00a0na Z\u00e1padn\u00ed b\u0159eh Jord\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n

Konec Organizace pro osvobozen\u00ed Palestiny ale neznamenal konec v\u00e1lky. T\u00e1hla se dal\u0161\u00edch dlouh\u00fdch osm let. Libanon ovl\u00e1dl syrsk\u00fd re\u017eim prezidenta H\u00e1fize Asada, otce pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edho v\u016fdce Ba\u0161\u00e1ra Asada.<\/p>\n

Hizball\u00e1h z\u00a0v\u00e1lky vy\u0161el jako siln\u00e9 hnut\u00ed vyzbrojen\u00e9 \u00cdr\u00e1nem. Zosnoval dva sebevra\u017eedn\u00e9 atent\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b sv\u011bt \u0161okovaly. \u00dato\u010dn\u00edci najeli s\u00a0n\u00e1kladn\u00edmi automobily nap\u011bchovan\u00fdmi v\u00fdbu\u0161ninami 23.\u00a0\u0159\u00edjna 1983\u00a0do kas\u00e1ren francouzsk\u00fdch a\u00a0americk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f, rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00a0Libanonu pod hlavi\u010dkou m\u00edrov\u00fdch sil OSN.<\/p>\n

Symbolem hlubok\u00fdch a\u00a0dlouhodob\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f cel\u00e9 zem\u011b se stal tak\u00e9 4.\u00a0srpna 2020\u00a0v\u00fdbuch v\u00edce ne\u017e 2700\u00a0tun dusi\u010dnanu amonn\u00e9ho v\u00a0bejr\u00fatsk\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstavu. Nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nejadern\u00e1 exploze ve zn\u00e1m\u00e9 historii usmrtila 220\u00a0lid\u00ed a\u00a0300\u00a0tis\u00edc\u016fm zni\u010dila byty a\u00a0domy. A\u00a0jak je vid\u011bt n\u00ed\u017ee ve fotogalerii, utrpen\u00ed a\u00a0zmar kdysi slavn\u00e9ho m\u011bsta pokra\u010duj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pod\u00edvejte se<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Hlavn\u00ed pozornost americko-izraelsk\u00e9 ofenzivy se soust\u0159ed\u00ed na \u00cdr\u00e1n, ale rakety dopadaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 na Libanon. Izraelsk\u00e9 letectvo v\u00a0boji s\u00a0radik\u00e1ln\u00edm…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":25264,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[6695,6584,7825,6694,54,53,52],"class_list":{"0":"post-25263","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-svet","8":"tag-bejrut","9":"tag-hizballah","10":"tag-konflikt-usa-izrael-iran","11":"tag-libanon","12":"tag-svet","13":"tag-world","14":"tag-world-news"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116234417953985207","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25263","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25263"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25263\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25264"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25263"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25263"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25263"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}