{"id":25807,"date":"2026-03-16T09:03:08","date_gmt":"2026-03-16T09:03:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/25807\/"},"modified":"2026-03-16T09:03:08","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T09:03:08","slug":"proc-zpivaji-ptaci-brzy-rano-aby-se-vyhnuli-dopravni-spicce-rika-biolog","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/25807\/","title":{"rendered":"Pro\u010d zp\u00edvaj\u00ed pt\u00e1ci brzy r\u00e1no? Aby se vyhnuli dopravn\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dce, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 biolog"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vedle lid\u00ed \u017eije ve m\u011bstech pom\u011brn\u011b pestr\u00e9 spole\u010denstvo r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f. M\u011bstsk\u00e9 aglomerace jsou v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdch ohledech dokonce druhov\u011b pest\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e venkovsk\u00e1 krajina s\u00a0ob\u0159\u00edmi l\u00e1ny chemicky o\u0161et\u0159ovan\u00fdch pol\u00ed. A\u00a0a\u010dkoli si to mnoz\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 ani neuv\u011bdomuj\u00ed, \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9 kolem nich maj\u00ed podstatn\u00fd vliv na to, \u017ee se jim ve m\u011bstech \u017eije dob\u0159e.<\/p>\n

\u201eV\u00fdznam \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f ve m\u011bstech je mnohovrstevnat\u00fd. Nejde jen o\u00a0jak\u00fdsi bonus nebo zbyte\u010dn\u00fd luxus, ale o\u00a0funk\u010dn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho ekosyst\u00e9mu, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 dopady na kvalitu \u017eivota lid\u00ed,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdec Peter Mikula, kter\u00fd se v\u00fdzkumem m\u011bstsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrody\u00a0\u2013 urb\u00e1nn\u00ed ekologi\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 zab\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e dvacet let.<\/p>\n

RNDr. Peter Mikula Ph.D.<\/p>\n

Vystudoval zoologii na P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9 fakult\u011b UK v\u00a0Praze.<\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasnosti p\u016fsob\u00ed na Fakult\u011b \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u010cZU v\u00a0Praze.<\/p>\n

Zab\u00fdv\u00e1 se behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0urb\u00e1nn\u00ed ekologi\u00ed pt\u00e1k\u016f z\u00a0makroekologick\u00e9 a\u00a0komparativn\u00ed perspektivy.<\/p>\n

V r\u00e1mci postdoktorandsk\u00fdch st\u00e1\u017e\u00ed p\u016fsobil na Kalifornsk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b v\u00a0Los Angeles (Fulbrightovo stipendium), Technick\u00e9 univerzit\u011b v\u00a0Mnichov\u011b a\u00a0v \u00dastavu biologie obratlovc\u016f AV \u010cR.<\/p>\n

M\u011bstsk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed je v\u0161eobecn\u011b vn\u00edm\u00e1no jako druhov\u011b nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pestr\u00e9, pokud nepo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me t\u0159eba holuby na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed nebo krysy v\u00a0kan\u00e1lech. Je tento pohled spr\u00e1vn\u00fd?<\/p>\n

To je jeden z\u00a0nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch m\u00fdt\u016f, realita je mnohem barvit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Je ale pravda, \u017ee prom\u011bna p\u016fvodn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f ve m\u011bsta, takzvan\u00e1 urbanizace, p\u0159edstavuje jeden z\u00a0nejdrasti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f \u010dlov\u011bka do p\u0159\u00edrody a\u00a0glob\u00e1ln\u011b vede ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b biodiverzity. Ale m\u011bsta v\u00a0podstat\u011b funguj\u00ed jako ekologick\u00e9 s\u00edto\u00a0\u2013 propust\u00ed jen ur\u010ditou \u010d\u00e1st druh\u016f, kter\u00e9 se dok\u00e1\u017eou p\u0159izp\u016fsobit specifick\u00fdm m\u011bstsk\u00fdm v\u00fdzv\u00e1m. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed je v\u0161ak kontext.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e srovn\u00e1te m\u011bsto, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad Praha, s\u00a0okoln\u00ed krajinou, zjist\u00edte p\u0159ekvapivou v\u011bc: m\u011bsto je \u010dasto druhov\u011b mnohem pest\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed. Na\u0161e venkovsk\u00e1 krajina je toti\u017e mnohdy tvo\u0159ena ob\u0159\u00edmi l\u00e1ny chemicky o\u0161et\u0159ovan\u00fdch pol\u00ed a\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch ploch, kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00a0pohledu p\u0159\u00edrody v\u00a0podstat\u011b biologickou pou\u0161t\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Oproti tomu Praha nab\u00edz\u00ed neuv\u011b\u0159itelnou mozaiku park\u016f, zahrad, h\u0159bitov\u016f, nevyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch zarostl\u00fdch ploch a\u00a0r\u016fzn\u011b zastav\u011bn\u00fdch ploch. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed struktura m\u011bsta a\u00a0to, jak se o\u00a0zele\u0148 star\u00e1me. My lid\u00e9 m\u00e1me r\u00e1di po\u0159\u00e1dek, ale divok\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata a\u00a0hmyz miluj\u00ed \u201ebord\u00fdlek\u201c\u00a0\u2013 star\u00e9 stromy s\u00a0dutinami, hromady spadan\u00fdch v\u011btv\u00ed \u010di list\u00ed nebo kombinaci pose\u010den\u00e9 a\u00a0nepose\u010den\u00e9 tr\u00e1vy. <\/p>\n

Nav\u00edc m\u011bsto d\u00edky neust\u00e1l\u00e9mu pohybu lid\u00ed a\u00a0zbo\u017e\u00ed p\u0159itahuje i\u00a0nep\u016fvodn\u00ed druhy. Vznikaj\u00ed tak \u00fapln\u011b nov\u00e1 spole\u010denstv\u00ed, kter\u00e1 v\u00a0divok\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b nenajdete. M\u011bsto tedy rozhodn\u011b nen\u00ed mrtv\u00e1 betonov\u00e1 d\u017eungle, ale fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed, dynamick\u00e1 ekologick\u00e1 a\u00a0evolu\u010dn\u00ed laborato\u0159.<\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edm to, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b m\u011bsta za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed b\u00fdt na \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 druhy pom\u011brn\u011b bohat\u00e1? Zlep\u0161uje se prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u00a0obydlen\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch, nebo se \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9 p\u0159izp\u016fsobuj\u00ed?<\/p>\n

Je to kombinace oboj\u00edho. N\u011bkter\u00fdm zv\u00ed\u0159at\u016fm se ve m\u011bstech vysloven\u011b l\u00edb\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 nejsou tu jen z\u00a0nouze, proto\u017ee jim n\u011bkdo zni\u010dil domov. \u0158ad\u011b druh\u016f, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm t\u011bm, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eou vyu\u017e\u00edvat \u0161irokou paletu zdroj\u016f, se ve m\u011bst\u011b da\u0159\u00ed dokonce l\u00e9pe ne\u017e v\u00a0jejich p\u016fvodn\u00edm, p\u0159irozen\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Na druhou stranu se krajina za m\u011bstem stala v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch regionech kv\u016fli intenzivn\u00edmu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pro mnoho druh\u016f neobyvatelnou. M\u011bsto jim nab\u00edz\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 alternativy k\u00a0p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Co v\u0161echno nab\u00edz\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dich\u016fm, \u017ee se jim vyplat\u00ed zabydlet se kousek od lid\u00ed?<\/p>\n

T\u011bch d\u016fvod\u016f je n\u011bkolik. M\u011bsto funguje jako tepeln\u00fd ostrov, co\u017e \u017eivo\u010dich\u016fm z\u00e1sadn\u011b sni\u017euje n\u00e1klady na termoregulaci, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0zim\u011b. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teploty nav\u00edc prodlu\u017euj\u00ed vegeta\u010dn\u00ed sez\u00f3nu, tak\u017ee rostliny z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed zelen\u00e9 po del\u0161\u00ed dobu, tak\u00e9 hmyz je aktivn\u00ed d\u00e9le, a\u00a0pt\u00e1ci tak mohou hn\u00edzdit d\u0159\u00edve a\u00a0\u010dast\u011bji.<\/p>\n

Ve m\u011bst\u011b tak\u00e9 prakticky chyb\u00ed velc\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i a\u00a0zpravidla zde plat\u00ed z\u00e1kaz lovu, co\u017e mnoha druh\u016fm zvy\u0161uje \u0161ance na p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed a\u00a0\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 rozmno\u017een\u00ed. K\u00a0tomu se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 potravn\u00ed stabilita. Kombinace p\u0159ikrmov\u00e1n\u00ed, lidsk\u00e9ho odpadu a\u00a0v\u00fdsadeb okrasn\u00fdch d\u0159evin, kter\u00e9 plod\u00ed i\u00a0v zim\u011b, eliminuje obdob\u00ed kritick\u00e9ho nedostatku potravy, kter\u00e9 je v\u00a0mimom\u011bstsk\u00e9 krajin\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n

V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b m\u011bsto nab\u00edz\u00ed specifick\u00e9 hn\u00edzdn\u00ed a\u00a0\u00fakrytov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti. Na\u0161e budovy s\u00a0dutinami, \u0159\u00edmsami a\u00a0p\u016fdami funguj\u00ed pro mnoho druh\u016f, t\u0159eba pro ror\u00fdsy nebo po\u0161tolky, jako dokonal\u00e1 n\u00e1hrada skaln\u00edch st\u011bn \u010di star\u00fdch strom\u016f. Pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 vizu\u00e1ln\u011b orientovan\u00e9 druhy m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt, trochu paradoxn\u011b, bonusem i\u00a0um\u011bl\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jim umo\u017e\u0148uje prodlou\u017eit dobu denn\u00ed aktivity a\u00a0efektivn\u011bji sb\u00edrat potravu.<\/p>\n

Co je urb\u00e1nn\u00ed ekologie<\/p>\n

V\u011bdn\u00ed obor, kter\u00fd se zam\u011b\u0159uje na \u017eivot organism\u016f a\u00a0ekologick\u00e9 procesy v\u00a0m\u011bstsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, jak vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 ze spojen\u00ed dvou slov \u201eekologie\u201c a\u00a0\u201eurb\u00e1nn\u00ed\u201c. Ekologie je nauka o\u00a0vztaz\u00edch mezi organismy, v\u010detn\u011b \u010dlov\u011bka, a\u00a0jejich prost\u0159ed\u00edm. P\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no urb\u00e1nn\u00ed odkazuje na prost\u0159ed\u00ed pozm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 lidmi\u00a0\u2013 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na m\u011bsta. V\u00fdzkum kombinuje d\u016fkladn\u00e9 znalosti organism\u016f a\u00a0fungov\u00e1n\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f s\u00a0ter\u00e9nn\u00edm sb\u011brem dat, sofistikovan\u00fdmi statistick\u00fdmi metodami i\u00a0modern\u00edmi technologiemi, jako jsou radary, vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 dru\u017eice \u010di um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence.<\/p>\n

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b \u017eivot ve m\u011bstech p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed i\u00a0sv\u00e1 negativa, v\u010detn\u011b v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9ho hluku, sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159eh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0jarn\u00edch a\u00a0letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch a\u00a0vysok\u00e9 koncentrace lid\u00ed. Lidsk\u00e1 infrastruktura, nap\u0159\u00edklad sklen\u011bn\u00e9 plochy a\u00a0doprava, zp\u016fsobuje smrt mnoha \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f. Specifickou hrozbou jsou nav\u00edc pred\u00e1to\u0159i spjat\u00ed s\u00a0\u010dlov\u011bkem, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm voln\u011b pob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed ko\u010dky dom\u00e1c\u00ed a\u00a0potkani, kte\u0159\u00ed mohou lok\u00e1ln\u011b vyv\u00edjet siln\u00fd tlak na populace pt\u00e1k\u016f a\u00a0drobn\u00fdch savc\u016f, a\u00a0to nejenom ve m\u011bst\u011b. A\u00a0snadno dostupn\u00e1, av\u0161ak nutri\u010dn\u011b nevhodn\u00e1 lidsk\u00e1 strava m\u016f\u017ee u\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f v\u00e9st k\u00a0v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm zdravotn\u00edm probl\u00e9m\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Jsou zapot\u0159eb\u00ed i\u00a0n\u011bjak\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed ze strany veden\u00ed m\u011bst, aby se \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9 c\u00edtili v\u00a0t\u011bchto s\u00eddlech jako doma?<\/p>\n

Ano. M\u011bsta u\u017e dnes maj\u00ed v\u00a0rukou \u0159adu jednoduch\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed, ale s\u00a0velk\u00fdm praktick\u00fdm efektem. Z\u00e1klad je nepracovat se zelen\u00ed jako s\u00a0pouhou dekorac\u00ed. Pom\u00e1h\u00e1 pest\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0mozaikov\u00e1 \u00fadr\u017eba tr\u00e1vn\u00edk\u016f, ponech\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti ploch bez se\u010de, v\u00fdsadby dom\u00e1c\u00edch druh\u016f d\u0159evin a\u00a0hlavn\u011b ochrana star\u00fdch strom\u016f s\u00a0dutinami. Roli tak\u00e9 hraje plocha zelen\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, t\u00edm lep\u0161\u00ed. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je tak\u00e9 m\u00edt ve m\u011bst\u011b vodu. Mal\u00e9 mok\u0159ady, t\u016fn\u011b anebo neupraven\u00e9 b\u0159ehy \u0159ek maj\u00ed pro biodiverzitu obrovsk\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n

Velk\u00fdm krokem vp\u0159ed je i\u00a0prevence zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 \u00famrtnosti \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f. Pat\u0159\u00ed sem \u00fapravy sklen\u011bn\u00fdch ploch proti n\u00e1raz\u016fm pt\u00e1k\u016f, omezen\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho smogu v\u00a0noci a\u00a0bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dopravn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed na m\u00edstech s\u00a0vysok\u00fdm v\u00fdskytem \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f. M\u011bsta m\u016f\u017eou tak\u00e9 c\u00edlen\u011b podporovat hn\u00edzdn\u00ed a\u00a0\u00fakrytov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti pro tyto \u017eivo\u010dichy. Budky a\u00a0hn\u00edzdn\u00ed prvky pro pt\u00e1ky a\u00a0netop\u00fdry \u010di ponech\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed drobn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch nepo\u0159\u00e1dk\u016f, kter\u00e9 vyhovuj\u00ed jak hmyzu, tak pt\u00e1k\u016fm a\u00a0drobn\u00fdm savc\u016fm. Jde o\u00a0to neud\u011blat z\u00a0cel\u00e9ho m\u011bsta steriln\u00ed prostor.<\/p>\n

A mysl\u00ed se p\u0159i rozvoji m\u011bst pr\u00e1v\u011b i\u00a0na jejich zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed obyvatele?<\/p>\n

R\u00e1z m\u011bst se skute\u010dn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed. Architekti, pl\u00e1nova\u010di i\u00a0b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 ve\u0159ejnost dnes v\u00edce p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lej\u00ed o\u00a0funk\u010dnosti m\u011bstsk\u00e9 zelen\u011b a\u00a0o tom, jak ji sladit s\u00a0pot\u0159ebami lid\u00ed i\u00a0\u017eivo\u010dich\u016f. P\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt instalace hn\u00edzdn\u00edch budek pro pt\u00e1ky, jejich p\u0159ikrmov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0zim\u011b na krm\u00edtk\u00e1ch \u010di specifick\u00e1 \u00fadr\u017eba zelen\u011b. \u017divo\u010dichov\u00e9 se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b mus\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00e9mu \u017eivotu p\u0159izp\u016fsobit. M\u011bsta ale nejsou jenom budovy a\u00a0ulice, jsou to v\u00a0z\u00e1sad\u011b \u00fapln\u011b nov\u00e9 ekosyst\u00e9my s\u00a0rozd\u00edlnou dynamikou a\u00a0ekologick\u00fdmi vazbami.<\/p>\n

M\u016f\u017eete b\u00fdt konkr\u00e9tn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed?<\/p>\n

Klasick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je kos \u010dern\u00fd. P\u016fvodn\u011b plach\u00fd lesn\u00ed pt\u00e1k se stal jedn\u00edm z\u00a0na\u0161ich nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch soused\u016f. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch m\u011bstech \u017eije ji\u017e stovky let, zvykl si na um\u011bl\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed i\u00a0hluk a\u00a0zahn\u00edzd\u00ed klidn\u011b na okapu nebo na zastr\u010den\u00e9 palet\u011b v\u00a0obchodn\u00edm centru. Jin\u00e9 druhy zase zcela zm\u011bnily sv\u016fj j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dek a\u00a0spol\u00e9haj\u00ed se na lidsk\u00e9 p\u0159ikrmov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0odpad, nebo se z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u011b denn\u00edch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f st\u00e1vaj\u00ed no\u010dn\u00edmi tvory, aby se vyhnuli nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu provozu. <\/p>\n

Pt\u00e1ci ve m\u011bstech tak\u00e9 mohou zjednodu\u0161ovat sv\u016fj zp\u011bv. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se sna\u017e\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fd hluk \u201ep\u0159e\u0159vat\u201c, tak\u00e9 zp\u00edvaj\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve r\u00e1no, aby se vyhnuli dopravn\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dce, a\u00a0zvy\u0161uj\u00ed t\u00f3ninu, aby jejich zp\u011bv nezanikl v\u00a0n\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00edm hluku dopravy.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Pro\u010d je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby m\u011bsta nebyla jen m\u00edsty pro lidi, ale tak\u00e9 pro zv\u00ed\u0159ata?<\/p>\n

V\u00fdznam \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f ve m\u011bstech je mnohovrstevnat\u00fd. Nejde jen o\u00a0jak\u00fdsi bonus nebo zbyte\u010dn\u00fd luxus, ale o\u00a0funk\u010dn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho ekosyst\u00e9mu, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 dopady na kvalitu \u017eivota lid\u00ed. \u017divo\u010dichov\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00e9 slu\u017eby. Opylova\u010di podporuj\u00ed m\u011bstskou zele\u0148 a\u00a0produkci v\u00a0zahrad\u00e1ch. Hmyzo\u017erav\u00ed pt\u00e1ci a\u00a0netop\u00fd\u0159i pom\u00e1haj\u00ed regulovat hmyz a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed bezobratl\u00e9. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9 pod\u00edlej\u00ed na rozkladu organick\u00e9 hmoty a\u00a0kolob\u011bhu \u017eivin v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b, co\u017e zlep\u0161uje fungov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n

Jsou tak\u00e9 citliv\u00fdm indik\u00e1torem zm\u011bn v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed. U\u017e z\u00a0jejich v\u00fdskytu a\u00a0chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasto rychle pozn\u00e1me, \u017ee se ve m\u011bst\u011b n\u011bco d\u011bje, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159eh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, sucho, sv\u011bteln\u00fd smog nebo rozpad souvisl\u00fdch ploch zelen\u011b. V\u00a0tomhle smyslu funguj\u00ed jako v\u010dasn\u00fd varovn\u00fd syst\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f pom\u00e1h\u00e1 s\u00a0ment\u00e1ln\u00ed relaxac\u00ed, sni\u017euje stres a\u00a0posiluje pocit, \u017ee nejsme od p\u0159\u00edrody \u00fapln\u011b odst\u0159i\u017een\u00ed, i\u00a0kdy\u017e \u017eijeme uprost\u0159ed hust\u00e9 z\u00e1stavby. Pro mnoho obyvatel jsou to toti\u017e jedin\u00e9 divok\u00e9 organismy, s\u00a0nimi\u017e se v\u00a0b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b pravideln\u011b setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b to vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00ed kontakt s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodou s\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm psychologick\u00fdm efektem. A\u00a0maj\u00ed i\u00a0vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed hodnotu. Pro velkou \u010d\u00e1st populace je m\u011bsto nejdostupn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed u\u010debnic\u00ed biologie, proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00edrodu tu \u010dlov\u011bk m\u016f\u017ee pozorovat denn\u011b, v\u00a0podstat\u011b za rohem.<\/p>\n

\u017dij\u00ed ve m\u011bstech sp\u00ed\u0161e b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 druhy, nebo se objevuj\u00ed i\u00a0n\u011bjak\u00e9 vz\u00e1cn\u00e9?<\/p>\n

Obecn\u011b ve m\u011bstech p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed druhy, kter\u00e9 nejsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vyb\u00edrav\u00e9 a\u00a0dob\u0159e sn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed lidskou p\u0159\u00edtomnost. \u010cas od \u010dasu se ale ve m\u011bst\u011b nebo na jeho okraji objev\u00ed i\u00a0n\u011bco opravdu zaj\u00edmav\u00e9ho\u00a0\u2013 u\u00a0pt\u00e1k\u016f typicky p\u0159i tahu, kdy vyu\u017eij\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00e9 plochy jako kr\u00e1tkou zast\u00e1vku. <\/p>\n

Loni na p\u0159elomu z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a\u00a0\u0159\u00edjna se nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159\u00edmo v\u00a0centru Prahy, u\u00a0Vltavy, zdr\u017eoval b\u0159ehou\u0161 rud\u00fd a\u00a0stal se nov\u00fdm druhem pro pra\u017eskou faunu. Jde o\u00a0fascinuj\u00edc\u00edho d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho migranta z\u00a0\u0159ad bah\u0148\u00e1k\u016f, kter\u00fd mezi arktick\u00fdmi hn\u00edzdi\u0161ti a\u00a0zimovi\u0161ti ka\u017ed\u00fd rok nal\u00e9t\u00e1 i\u00a0desetitis\u00edce kilometr\u016f. \u010clov\u011bk by ho \u010dekal sp\u00ed\u0161e na mo\u0159sk\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed ne\u017e p\u00e1r krok\u016f od Karlova mostu. <\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e trochu odbo\u010d\u00edm, tak t\u0159eba v\u00a0hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b Kambod\u017ee, Phnompenhu, byl relativn\u011b ned\u00e1vno pops\u00e1n \u00fapln\u011b nov\u00fd, pro v\u011bdu do t\u00e9 doby nezn\u00e1m\u00fd pta\u010d\u00ed druh, krej\u010d\u00ed\u0159\u00edk Orthotomus chaktomuk.<\/p>\n

Foto: Tom\u00e1\u0161 J\u016fnek, Seznam Zpr\u00e1vy<\/p>\n

Peter Mikula se v\u011bnuje biologii u\u017e od mali\u010dka. <\/p>\n

P\u0159ekvapil v\u00e1s osobn\u011b ve m\u011bst\u011b objev \u010di v\u00fdskyt n\u011bjak\u00e9ho druhu?<\/p>\n

Ze st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy je \u010dlov\u011bk zvykl\u00fd, \u017ee ve m\u011bstech se b\u011b\u017en\u011b nevyskytuj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed savci. Ob\u010das se ve m\u011bstech potuluj\u00ed divok\u00e1 prasata nebo li\u0161ky, medv\u011bd je u\u017e skute\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e1 rarita a\u00a0t\u00fdk\u00e1 se jen n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblast\u00ed. Kdy\u017e jsem ale studoval v\u00a0Los Angeles, p\u0159ekvapilo m\u011b, jak odli\u0161n\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt realita. V\u00fdskyt velk\u00fdch kopytn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0\u0161elem tam byl v\u00a0podstat\u011b na denn\u00edm po\u0159\u00e1dku, v\u010detn\u011b jelenc\u016f, rys\u016f, a\u00a0dokonce i\u00a0medv\u011bda baribala.<\/p>\n

Objevuj\u00ed se i\u00a0n\u011bjak\u00e9 negativn\u00ed tendence, nap\u0159\u00edklad roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed invazn\u00edch druh\u016f? Jsou to jen v\u0161eobecn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 nutrie, nebo i\u00a0jin\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9?<\/p>\n

Rozhodn\u011b nejde jen o\u00a0nutrie. M\u011bsta jsou \u010dasto epicentry, kam se invazn\u00ed druhy dostanou jako prvn\u00ed a\u00a0odkud se pak \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed do okoln\u00ed krajiny. Ve m\u011bstech se jim da\u0159\u00ed i\u00a0proto, \u017ee tu maj\u00ed dost potravy, m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mikroklima a\u00a0\u0159adu koridor\u016f pod\u00e9l \u0159ek, park\u016f a\u00a0zahrad. Krom\u011b nutri\u00ed je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem husice nilsk\u00e1, kter\u00e1 v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech pravideln\u011b hn\u00edzd\u00ed i\u00a0v Praze. <\/p>\n

Ve m\u011bstech se dob\u0159e \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 invazn\u00ed rostliny, kter\u00e9 um\u011bj\u00ed rychle obsazovat \u010dlov\u011bkem naru\u0161en\u00e1 stanovi\u0161t\u011b. Probl\u00e9m invazn\u00edch druh\u016f je, \u017ee mohou vytla\u010dovat p\u016fvodn\u00ed druhy, m\u011bnit strukturu ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f a\u00a0n\u011bkdy i\u00a0p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e1 mohou b\u00fdt rizikov\u00e1 jak pro p\u016fvodn\u00ed faunu, tak pro \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p>\n

Jak dlouho se vlastn\u011b v\u00fdzkumem m\u011bstsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrody zab\u00fdv\u00e1te a\u00a0co v\u00e1s za tu dobu nejv\u00edce p\u0159ekvapilo?<\/p>\n

V\u011bnuji se tomu u\u017e v\u00edc ne\u017e dvacet let. Za\u010d\u00ednal jsem v\u00a0podstat\u011b u\u017e na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161kole. Tehdy jsem si za\u010dal do se\u0161itu zapisovat, jak\u00e9 druhy pt\u00e1k\u016f jsem pozoroval ve sv\u00e9m rodn\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b, slovensk\u00e9m Bardejov\u011b, a\u00a0v jeho okol\u00ed. Asi nejv\u00edc m\u011b na m\u011bstech fascinuje, jak neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b pestr\u00e9 a\u00a0\u010dasto ne\u010dekan\u00e9 interakce mezi \u017eivo\u010dichy tam \u010dlov\u011bk m\u016f\u017ee vid\u011bt. Ve m\u011bst\u011b se potk\u00e1vaj\u00ed druhy, kter\u00e9 by se v\u00a0okoln\u00ed krajin\u011b m\u00edjely, a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 jsou vystaven\u00e9 \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m prost\u0159ed\u00ed. To vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed situace, kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00a0biologick\u00e9ho hlediska takov\u00fdmi mal\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi experimenty. <\/p>\n

Z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u011b po\u0159\u00e1d nep\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ekvapovat vynal\u00e9zavost a\u00a0schopnost m\u011bstsk\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f poradit si a\u00a0improvizovat. N\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy se dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed rychle u\u010dit, m\u011bnit sv\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0bleskov\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvat nov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti. Jin\u00e9 naopak nar\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed na sv\u00e9 limity a\u00a0m\u011bsto pro n\u011b p\u0159edstavuje nep\u0159ekonatelnou bari\u00e9ru. M\u011bsta nejsou jen kulisou, ale siln\u00fdm hybatelem, kter\u00fd chov\u00e1n\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159at viditeln\u011b formuje.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e t\u00e9ma o\u00a0m\u011bstsk\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010di\u0161\u00edch trochu zleh\u010d\u00edme dlouhodobou rivalitou Prahy a\u00a0Brna. D\u00e1 se \u0159\u00edct, kter\u00e9 m\u011bsto je na tom v\u00a0druhov\u00e9 rozmanitosti l\u00e9pe?<\/p>\n

V celkov\u00e9m po\u010dtu druh\u016f je na tom l\u00e9pe Praha. \u010c\u00e1st rozd\u00edlu bude dan\u00e1 t\u00edm, \u017ee Praha m\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozlohu a\u00a0podle jednoduch\u00e9 ekologick\u00e9 z\u00e1konitosti plat\u00ed, \u017ee s\u00a0rostouc\u00ed plochou obvykle roste i\u00a0po\u010det druh\u016f. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 pro Prahu m\u00e1me lep\u0161\u00ed historick\u00e9 pokryt\u00ed zdroj\u016f o\u00a0m\u00edstn\u00edm ptactvu. Od 19.\u00a0stolet\u00ed bylo na \u00fazem\u00ed Prahy zaznamen\u00e1no v\u00edce ne\u017e 280\u00a0druh\u016f pt\u00e1k\u016f. Mezi lety 2011\u00a0a\u00a02020\u00a0bylo v\u00a0Praze zaznamen\u00e1no 248\u00a0druh\u016f, z\u00a0nich\u017e prokazateln\u011b hn\u00edzdilo 140\u00a0druh\u016f. Brn\u011bnsk\u00fd monitoring z\u00a0let 2011\u00a0a\u017e 2016\u00a0prok\u00e1zal hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed 113\u00a0druh\u016f.<\/p>\n

A pokud bychom cht\u011bli vyhl\u00e1sit druhov\u011b nejbohat\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsto v\u00a0\u010cR?<\/p>\n

To bude z\u0159ejm\u011b znovu Praha.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Vedle lid\u00ed \u017eije ve m\u011bstech pom\u011brn\u011b pestr\u00e9 spole\u010denstvo r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f. M\u011bstsk\u00e9 aglomerace jsou v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdch ohledech dokonce druhov\u011b pest\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":25808,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[7],"tags":[43,42,41,40,11987,99,1445],"class_list":["post-25807","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-cesko","tag-ceska-republika","tag-cesko","tag-czech-republic","tag-czechia","tag-invazni-druhy","tag-praha","tag-priroda"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116238051408414680","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25807","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25807"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25807\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25808"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25807"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25807"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25807"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}