{"id":30576,"date":"2026-03-20T16:31:12","date_gmt":"2026-03-20T16:31:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/30576\/"},"modified":"2026-03-20T16:31:12","modified_gmt":"2026-03-20T16:31:12","slug":"posledni-sluzba-padlym-jak-se-nakladalo-s-mrtvymi-po-bitvach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/30576\/","title":{"rendered":"Posledn\u00ed slu\u017eba padl\u00fdm: Jak se nakl\u00e1dalo s\u00a0mrtv\u00fdmi po bitv\u00e1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"

Modern\u00ed arm\u00e1dy maj\u00ed specializovan\u00e9 jednotky pro evakuaci padl\u00fdch. V\u00a0minulosti byla smrt na boji\u0161ti logistick\u00fdm i\u00a0mor\u00e1ln\u00edm probl\u00e9mem, kter\u00fd \u010dasto nem\u011bl \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Historie nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0mrtv\u00fdmi je temn\u00e1, syrov\u00e1 a\u00a0vypov\u00edd\u00e1 mnoh\u00e9 o\u00a0tom, jak si civilizace p\u0159edstavovaly d\u016fstojnost, pam\u011b\u0165 a\u00a0cenu lidsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p>\n

Ticho po bou\u0159i: Prvn\u00ed hodiny na boji\u0161ti a\u00a0t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bl<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e utichne st\u0159elba a\u00a0prach se rozpt\u00fdl\u00ed, vyst\u0159\u00edd\u00e1 hluk bitvy jen st\u00e9n\u00e1n\u00ed ran\u011bn\u00fdch a\u00a0t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 ticho smrti. Voj\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eili, se \u010dasto vracej\u00ed na m\u00edsto, kde je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed hodinami bojovali o\u00a0\u017eivot. Prvn\u00ed hodiny po bitv\u011b jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9, nejen pro z\u00e1chranu ran\u011bn\u00fdch, ale i\u00a0pro to, co se stane s\u00a0t\u011bmi, kte\u0159\u00ed u\u017e pomoc nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed. Prvn\u00edm \u00fakolem bylo zjistit, kdo je\u0161t\u011b \u017eije. Ran\u011bn\u00ed byli \u010dasto ponech\u00e1ni na m\u00edst\u011b i\u00a0des\u00edtky hodin. V\u00a0bitv\u011b u\u00a0Gettysburgu (1863) le\u017eeli n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed voj\u00e1ci na poli t\u0159i dny bez pomoci.<\/p>\n

Foto: Henri F\u00e9lix Philippoteaux \u2013 directart.co.uk, Voln\u00e9 d\u00edlo, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=4955593<\/p>\n

Britsk\u00e1 kar\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed \u00fatok francouzsk\u00fdch kyrysn\u00edk\u016f v\u00a0bitv\u011b u\u00a0Waterloo<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad po bitv\u011b u\u00a0Waterloo v\u00a0roce 1815\u00a0z\u016fstalo na poli p\u0159es 50\u00a0000\u00a0mrtv\u00fdch a\u00a0ran\u011bn\u00fdch. Voj\u00e1ci, lazaretn\u00edci i\u00a0m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 se sna\u017eili naj\u00edt \u017eiv\u00e9 mezi mrtv\u00fdmi. U\u00a0t\u011bch, kter\u00fdm u\u017e nebylo pomoci, v\u0161ak nastoupila ne\u00faprosn\u00e1 logistika t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed. T\u011bla se rozd\u011blovala podle uniforem na vlastn\u00ed a\u00a0ciz\u00ed, a\u00a0d\u00e1le podle hodnost\u00ed na d\u016fstojn\u00edky a\u00a0\u0159adov\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky. V\u00a0chaosu a\u00a0z\u00e1pachu smrti to byla pr\u00e1ce, kter\u00e1 si vy\u017e\u00e1dala siln\u00fd \u017ealudek a\u00a0je\u0161t\u011b siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nervy. T\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed m\u011blo praktick\u00fd \u00fa\u010del: identifikace, evidence, a\u00a0pokud mo\u017eno i\u00a0d\u016fstojn\u00e9 poh\u0159ben\u00ed. Ale v\u00a0praxi to \u010dasto znamenalo jen to, \u017ee t\u011bla byla odta\u017eena na hromadu podle barvy kab\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n

Mezi rabov\u00e1n\u00edm a\u00a0z\u00e1chranou: Temn\u00e1 realita hled\u00e1n\u00ed cennost\u00ed a\u00a0identifikace<\/p>\n

Bitva skon\u010dila, ale pole je poseto t\u011bly, z\u00a0nich\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b d\u00fdchaj\u00ed. Historie ukazuje, \u017ee prvn\u00edmi, kdo se po bitv\u011b objevili, nebyli v\u017edy ti, kdo cht\u011bli pomoci. Kdy\u017e padne voj\u00e1k, st\u00e1v\u00e1 se on i\u00a0v\u0161e, co m\u00e1 u\u00a0sebe, ko\u0159ist\u00ed. A\u00a0ta m\u00e1 vysokou cenu. Boji\u0161t\u011b se tak st\u00e1valo po bitv\u011b m\u00edstem, kde se st\u0159et\u00e1valy dv\u011b motivace: lidskost a\u00a0zisk. Zat\u00edmco n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed hledali sv\u00e9 padl\u00e9 druhy, jin\u00ed hledali boty, \u0161perky, pen\u00edze nebo zbran\u011b. Teprve pot\u00e9 p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli zdravotn\u00edci a\u00a0tzv. \u201esb\u011bra\u010di ran\u011bn\u00fdch\u201c.<\/p>\n

Rabov\u00e1n\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch bylo b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 u\u017e ve starov\u011bku. Po bitv\u011b u\u00a0Kann v\u00a0roce 216\u00a0p\u0159. n. l. kartagin\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci systematicky svl\u00e9kali \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 mrtv\u00e9, aby z\u00edskali jejich v\u00fdzbroj. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku i\u00a0novov\u011bku se situace nezm\u011bnila. Po bitv\u011b u\u00a0Slavkova v\u00a0roce 1805\u00a0se m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 i\u00a0voj\u00e1ci vrhli na pole, aby si p\u0159ivlastnili, co zbylo. Ale mezi t\u00edmto rabov\u00e1n\u00edm prob\u00edhal i\u00a0pokus o\u00a0identifikaci. D\u016fstojn\u00edci \u010dasto nosili osobn\u00ed dokumenty, dopisy, n\u011bkdy i\u00a0medailonky s\u00a0podobiznami. \u0158adov\u00ed voj\u00e1ci v\u0161ak byli v\u011bt\u0161inou bezejmenn\u00ed. Pokud nem\u011bli u\u00a0sebe nic, co by je identifikovalo, st\u00e1vali se jen \u010d\u00edslem v\u00a0hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Foto: By Unknown author – archive.org, Public Domain, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=166241286<\/p>\n

Poh\u0159ebn\u00ed v\u016fz Alexandra Velik\u00e9ho<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco \u0159adov\u00ed voj\u00e1ci kon\u010dili \u010dasto v\u00a0prachu, jin\u00fd osud \u010dekal elitu. Velitel\u00e9, aristokracie a\u00a0kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 byli hled\u00e1ni, identifikov\u00e1ni a\u00a0balzamov\u00e1ni. Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad, Alexandr Velik\u00fd, putoval po sv\u00e9 smrti t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dva roky, ne\u017e dorazilo jeho balzamovan\u00e9 t\u011blo ve zlat\u00e9m sarkof\u00e1gu do Egypta. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku m\u011bl ryt\u00ed\u0159 cenu i\u00a0po smrti. Jeho t\u011blo se hledalo a\u00a0n\u011bkdy dokonce vykupovalo, proto\u017ee padl\u00fd \u0161lechtic p\u0159edstavoval politickou i\u00a0ekonomickou hodnotu.<\/p>\n

Logistika smrti: Od hromadn\u00fdch jam k\u00a0vojensk\u00fdm h\u0159bitov\u016fm<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstavte si pole, kde le\u017e\u00ed tis\u00edce t\u011bl. V\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b se rychle rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed, v\u00a0zim\u011b mrznou. V\u00a0obou p\u0159\u00edpadech je nutn\u00e9 jednat rychle. A\u00a0tak vznikaly hromadn\u00e9 hroby. Praktick\u00e9, ale nelidsk\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Po bitv\u011b u\u00a0Borodina v\u00a0roce 1812\u00a0z\u016fstalo na boji\u0161ti p\u0159es 70\u00a0000\u00a0mrtv\u00fdch a\u00a0ran\u011bn\u00fdch. Jen mrtv\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 bylo nutn\u00e9 okam\u017eit\u011b poh\u0159b\u00edt do masov\u00fdch hrob\u016f, byly des\u00edtky tis\u00edc. Voj\u00e1ci kopali j\u00e1my, do kter\u00fdch se t\u011bla skl\u00e1dala jako d\u0159evo. N\u011bkdy se p\u00e1lila, jindy se jen zasypala v\u00e1pnem nebo pouze zahrnula vrstvou hl\u00edny. Identifikace byla v\u00a0t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech nemo\u017en\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Foto: By Interfase – Own work, Public Domain, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=21784896<\/p>\n

Masov\u00fd hrob v\u00a0Qub\u011b obsahuje ostatky ob\u011bt\u00ed masakru z\u00a0roku 1918<\/p>\n

Ale Evropa 19.\u00a0stolet\u00ed m\u011bla je\u0161t\u011b jin\u00fd pl\u00e1n. Kosti padl\u00fdch z\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch boji\u0161\u0165 se pozd\u011bji vyor\u00e1valy, mlely a\u00a0prod\u00e1valy jako hnojivo. Boji\u0161t\u011b se stalo zdrojem fosf\u00e1t\u016f a\u00a0mrtv\u00ed se prom\u011bnili v\u00a0pr\u016fmyslovou surovinu.<\/p>\n

Zm\u011bna p\u0159i\u0161la a\u017e s\u00a0americkou ob\u010danskou v\u00e1lkou (1861\u20131865), kdy se za\u010daly zakl\u00e1dat prvn\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 h\u0159bitovy. Bitva u\u00a0Gettysburgu vedla k\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed N\u00e1rodn\u00edho h\u0159bitova, kde byli voj\u00e1ci poh\u0159beni podle pluk\u016f a\u00a0st\u00e1t\u016f. Tento model se pozd\u011bji roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il i\u00a0do Evropy.<\/p>\n

Foto: Spc. James McCann \u2013 dvidshub.net\/image\/1142426, Voln\u00e9 d\u00edlo, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=39614250<\/p>\n

Arlingtonsk\u00fd n\u00e1rodn\u00ed h\u0159bitov, zalo\u017een\u00fd b\u011bhem americk\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/p>\n

Epidemie jako druh\u00fd nep\u0159\u00edtel: Sanit\u00e1rn\u00ed pohromy a\u00a0role v\u00e1pna v\u00a0historii v\u00e1lek<\/p>\n

Mrtv\u00e1 t\u011bla nejsou jen mor\u00e1ln\u00edm probl\u00e9mem, jsou i\u00a0zdravotn\u00edm rizikem. V\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy je\u0161t\u011b nebyly zn\u00e1my bakterie, se v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se t\u011bla \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed \u201emiasma\u201c\u00a0\u2013 jedovat\u00fd vzduch. A\u00a0i kdy\u017e tato teorie byla myln\u00e1, praxe uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee hromadn\u00e9 hroby bez hygienick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159isp\u00edvaly ke vzniku\u00a0epidemi\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Po bitv\u011b u\u00a0Solferina v\u00a0roce 1859\u00a0vypukla mezi civilisty a\u00a0voj\u00e1ky \u0159ada nemoc\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b cholery. V\u00e1pno, kter\u00e9 se sypalo na t\u011bla, m\u011blo zpomalit rozklad a\u00a0zabr\u00e1nit \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed nemoc\u00ed. V\u00a0roce 1870\u00a0b\u011bhem prusko-francouzsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky vydalo prusk\u00e9 velen\u00ed rozkaz, \u017ee t\u011bla mus\u00ed b\u00fdt poh\u0159bena do 48\u00a0hodin. V\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech, jako b\u011bhem obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed Sevastopolu (1854\u20131855), byla t\u011bla z\u00a0hygienick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f spalov\u00e1na.<\/p>\n

Foto: K.u.k. Kriegspressequartier,bildarchivaustria.at,Public Domain, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=54090639<\/p>\n

Sanit\u00e1rn\u00ed pracovn\u00edci obsluhuj\u00ed dezinfek\u010dn\u00ed parn\u00ed pec b\u011bhem epidemie tyfu, Cholm, 1916<\/p>\n

V prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce se v\u00e1pno pou\u017e\u00edvalo systematicky, nejen na t\u011bla, ale i\u00a0na latr\u00edny a\u00a0odpad. Sanit\u00e1rn\u00ed jednotky m\u011bly za \u00fakol nejen o\u0161et\u0159ovat ran\u011bn\u00e9, ale i\u00a0dezinfikovat boji\u0161t\u011b. V\u00a0roce 1916, po bitv\u011b na Somm\u011b, bylo nasazeno p\u0159es 10\u00a0000\u00a0mu\u017e\u016f jen na \u00faklid t\u011bl a\u00a0dezinfekci z\u00e1kop\u016f.<\/p>\n

Zrod pietn\u00ed slu\u017eby: Jak se z\u00a0bezejmenn\u00fdch staly ob\u011bti<\/p>\n

Zm\u011bna v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edstupu k\u00a0mrtv\u00fdm za\u010dala v\u00a019.\u00a0stolet\u00ed. Henry Dunant, sv\u011bdek hr\u016fz u\u00a0Solferina, zalo\u017eil \u010cerven\u00fd k\u0159\u00ed\u017e a\u00a0prosazoval, aby i\u00a0mrtv\u00ed m\u011bli pr\u00e1vo na d\u016fstojnost. V\u00a0roce 1864\u00a0byla podeps\u00e1na prvn\u00ed \u017denevsk\u00e1 \u00famluva, kter\u00e1 zaru\u010dovala ochranu ran\u011bn\u00fdch a\u00a0mrtv\u00fdch. D\u016fle\u017eitou roli hr\u00e1l i\u00a0n\u00e1stup fotografie. Sn\u00edmky Mathewa Bradyho z\u00a0americk\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky \u0161okovaly ve\u0159ejnost. Pole pln\u00e1 mrtv\u00fdch u\u00a0Gettysburgu zm\u011bnila vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed smrti z\u00a0abstraktn\u00edho pojmu na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed obraz.<\/p>\n

Foto: Kevin Quinn, Ohio, US \u2013 Flickr, CC BY 2.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=359407<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed \u017denevsk\u00e1 \u00famluva, origin\u00e1l z\u00a0roku 1864<\/p>\n

V tomto procesu transformace hr\u00e1li kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli kaplani a\u00a0vojen\u0161t\u00ed p\u00edsa\u0159i. Byli to oni, kdo v\u00a0poli udr\u017eovali posledn\u00ed nitky spojen\u00ed mezi padl\u00fdm a\u00a0jeho rodinou. P\u00edsa\u0159i vedli seznamy ztr\u00e1t, zat\u00edmco kaplani \u010dasto psali osobn\u00ed dopisy poz\u016fstal\u00fdm a\u00a0vedli si podrobn\u00e9 den\u00edky padl\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f sv\u00e9 jednotky. V\u00a0chaosu po bitv\u011b se sna\u017eili o\u00a0improvizovan\u00e9 poh\u0159by s\u00a0modlitbou, \u010d\u00edm\u017e d\u00e1vali smrti alespo\u0148 zd\u00e1n\u00ed lidskosti a\u00a0\u0159\u00e1du.<\/p>\n

Foto: By Sgt. Steele – archives.gov, Public Domain, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=14988333<\/p>\n

Kaplan americk\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva slou\u017e\u00ed m\u0161i pro mari\u0148\u00e1ky na Saipanu, \u010derven 1944<\/p>\n

V t\u00e9 dob\u011b se za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 rodit i\u00a0my\u0161lenka \u201enezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho voj\u00edna\u201c. Po prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, kdy padly miliony mu\u017e\u016f, z\u00a0nich\u017e mnoz\u00ed nebyli nikdy identifikov\u00e1ni, vznikly pam\u00e1tn\u00edky nezn\u00e1m\u00fdm. V\u00a0roce 1920\u00a0byl v\u00a0Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei poh\u0159ben prvn\u00ed nezn\u00e1m\u00fd voj\u00e1k pod V\u00edt\u011bzn\u00fdm obloukem. N\u00e1sledovaly Lond\u00fdn, Washington, Praha. Tato symbolick\u00e1 gesta m\u011bla hlubok\u00fd v\u00fdznam. I\u00a0kdy\u017e t\u011blo nebylo nalezeno, ob\u011b\u0165 nebyla zapomenuta. Z\u00a0bezejmenn\u00fdch se staly ob\u011bti s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem.<\/p>\n

P\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0padl\u00e9 ve 20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed: Vznik identifika\u010dn\u00edch zn\u00e1mek a\u00a0specializovan\u00fdch jednotek<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka p\u0159inesla nejen masov\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty, ale i\u00a0snahu o\u00a0systematickou evidenci padl\u00fdch. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem se staly identifika\u010dn\u00ed zn\u00e1mky. A\u010dkoliv se v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch arm\u00e1d\u00e1ch objevovaly u\u017e d\u0159\u00edve, a\u017e brut\u00e1ln\u00ed realita z\u00e1kop\u016f si vynutila jejich plo\u0161n\u00e9 zaveden\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd voj\u00e1k m\u011bl dv\u011b: jednu u\u00a0sebe, druhou pro evidenci. Pokud padl, jedna zn\u00e1mka z\u016fstala na t\u011ble, druh\u00e1 \u0161la do z\u00e1znamu. Ve druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce u\u017e byly \u201eps\u00ed zn\u00e1mky\u201c standardem.<\/p>\n

Foto: By Postdlf, CC BY-SA 3.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=1148409<\/p>\n

Ps\u00ed zn\u00e1mky voj\u00e1ka americk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy z\u00a0druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kopov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zala i\u00a0svou nejd\u011bsiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podobu. U\u00a0Verdunu a\u00a0na Somm\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1vali mrtv\u00ed tam, kde padli, a\u00a0z\u00e1kopy se staly h\u0159bitovy. T\u011bla se m\u00edsila s\u00a0hl\u00ednou a\u00a0gran\u00e1ty je znovu vyhazovaly na povrch. Kostnice Douaumont dnes ukr\u00fdv\u00e1 ostatky asi 130\u00a0000\u00a0neidentifikovan\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n

Vznikly i\u00a0specializovan\u00e9 jednotky, jako americk\u00e1 Graves Registration Service nebo britsk\u00e1 Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Tyto jednotky m\u011bly za \u00fakol naj\u00edt t\u011bla, identifikovat je, evidovat a\u00a0zajistit d\u016fstojn\u00fd poh\u0159eb. Vznikly prvn\u00ed systematick\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 h\u0159bitovy. V\u00a0roce 1944, po vylod\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0Normandii, bylo b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika t\u00fddn\u016f poh\u0159beno p\u0159es 10\u00a0000\u00a0americk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f na provizorn\u00edch h\u0159bitovech. Po v\u00e1lce byla t\u011bla bu\u010f p\u0159evezena dom\u016f, nebo p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bna na st\u00e1l\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 h\u0159bitovy. <\/p>\n

Foto: By Unknown, http:\/\/www.qmfound.com\/gravewwii.htm, Public Domain, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=6360933<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk arm\u00e1dn\u00ed slu\u017eby pro evidenci hrob\u016f (Graves Registration Service) se pokou\u0161\u00ed o\u00a0identifikaci ostatk\u016f b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/p>\n

Extr\u00e9mn\u00ed podm\u00ednky v\u0161ak panovaly na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed front\u011b. U\u00a0Stalingradu (1942\u20131943) z\u016fst\u00e1vali mrtv\u00ed v\u00a0mrazech na ulic\u00edch cel\u00e9 t\u00fddny, n\u011bkter\u00e1 t\u011bla byla dokonce pou\u017eita jako barik\u00e1dy. Sov\u011btsk\u00e9 jednotky \u010dasto nem\u011bly kapacitu na poh\u0159b\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Mrtv\u00ed byli zasyp\u00e1ni sutinami nebo ponech\u00e1ni v\u00a0ruin\u00e1ch. Ale po bitv\u011b (jaro 1943) se hygiena stala prioritou kv\u016fli hrozb\u011b tyfu. Mrtv\u00ed byli \u010dasto skl\u00e1d\u00e1ni do rokl\u00ed (nap\u0159. rokle u\u00a0Caricynu), co\u017e jsou dodnes ob\u0159\u00ed masov\u00e9 hroby.<\/p>\n

Foto: Cristian Grecu taguwan-unsplash.com\/photos\/_ykb4UBjtGUImage,CC0,https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=62113258<\/p>\n

Lidsk\u00e9 ostatky v\u00a0d\u017eungli<\/p>\n

V\u00a0Pacifiku se t\u011bla \u010dasto ztratila v\u00a0d\u017eungli nebo mo\u0159i. V\u00a0bitv\u011b o\u00a0Guadalcanal (1942) z\u016fstalo mnoho voj\u00e1k\u016f nezv\u011bstn\u00fdch, t\u011bla pohltila p\u0159\u00edroda a\u00a0zmizela nav\u017edy. Voj\u00e1ci byli \u010dasto poh\u0159b\u00edv\u00e1ni na m\u00edst\u011b nebo jejich jm\u00e9na z\u016fstala na pam\u00e1tn\u00edc\u00edch nezv\u011bstn\u00fdch, jako na Honolulu Memorial, kde je vyryto p\u0159es 28\u00a0000\u00a0jmen.<\/p>\n

Pam\u00e1tka a\u00a0zapomn\u011bn\u00ed: Jak se historie vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1 s\u00a0miliony mrtv\u00fdch<\/p>\n

Dnes nav\u0161t\u011bvujeme vojensk\u00e9 h\u0159bitovy jako m\u00edsta ticha a\u00a0\u00facty. Ale za ka\u017ed\u00fdm n\u00e1hrobkem je p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh a\u00a0\u010dasto i\u00a0dlouh\u00e1 cesta od bezejmenn\u00e9ho t\u011bla k\u00a0identifikovan\u00e9 ob\u011bti. Historie se u\u010d\u00ed vyrovn\u00e1vat s\u00a0masovou smrt\u00ed. Ne v\u017edy \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b. Po v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch v\u00a0b\u00fdval\u00e9 Jugosl\u00e1vii z\u016fstaly tis\u00edce t\u011bl v\u00a0masov\u00fdch hrobech. Identifikace prob\u00edh\u00e1 dodnes pomoc\u00ed DNA. V\u00a0S\u00fdrii a\u00a0na Ukrajin\u011b se op\u011bt objevuj\u00ed hromadn\u00e9 hroby, a\u00a0ot\u00e1zka, co se d\u011bje s\u00a0mrtv\u00fdmi, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Foto: I, Pyramid, CC BY-SA 3.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=2416561<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edpravy na hromadn\u00fd poh\u0159eb nov\u011b identifikovan\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed srebrenick\u00e9ho masakru nalezen\u00fdch v\u00a0masov\u00fdch hrobech, 2007<\/p>\n

D\u011bdictv\u00ed a\u00a0v\u011b\u010dn\u00e1 slu\u017eba: Pam\u011b\u0165 mrtv\u00fdch a\u00a0tich\u00e9 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed d\u011bjin<\/p>\n

D\u011bjiny v\u00e1lek nejsou jen o\u00a0v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edch a\u00a0por\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch. Jsou i\u00a0o mrtv\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed z\u016fstali na boji\u0161t\u00edch. Historie ukazuje, \u017ee i\u00a0v nejtemn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch chv\u00edl\u00edch se lidstvo sna\u017eilo d\u00e1t smrti \u0159\u00e1d a\u00a0d\u016fstojnost. Proto\u017ee jak \u0159ekl Henry Dunant: \u201eI mrtv\u00ed maj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na lidskost.\u201c<\/p>\n

Foto: Carl Schindler – Dorotheum: Info about artwork, Public Domain, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=153271595<\/p>\n

Obraz s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem \u201eDie letzte Ehre\u201c (Posledn\u00ed pocta) od rakousk\u00e9ho mal\u00ed\u0159e Carla Schindlera<\/p>\n

Dnes se o\u00a0padl\u00e9 staraj\u00ed specializovan\u00e9 organizace. V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 h\u0159bitovy, pam\u00e1tn\u00edky, exhumace, identifikace pomoc\u00ed DNA. To v\u0161e je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed snahy d\u00e1t mrtv\u00fdm d\u016fstojnost. Ale ot\u00e1zka z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1. Kolik jich z\u016fstalo beze jm\u00e9na? Kolik jich le\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0zemi, o\u00a0kter\u00e9 nikdo nev\u00ed? Historik Jay Winter p\u00ed\u0161e: \u201eModern\u00ed v\u00e1lka zabila nejen t\u011bla, ale i\u00a0jm\u00e9na. A\u00a0pr\u00e1v\u011b jm\u00e9na jsou to, co d\u00e1v\u00e1 smrti smysl.\u201c<\/p>\n

P\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0padl\u00e9 toti\u017e nen\u00ed jen ot\u00e1zkou logistiky, je to ot\u00e1zka pam\u011bti a\u00a0na\u0161eho vlastn\u00edho sv\u011bdom\u00ed. Posledn\u00ed slu\u017eba mrtv\u00fdm nen\u00ed jen o\u00a0samotn\u00e9m poh\u0159bu, ale o\u00a0v\u011bdom\u00ed, \u017ee i\u00a0v tom nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm chaosu m\u00e1 lidsk\u00fd \u017eivot\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0smrt\u00a0\u2013 svou hodnotu. Je to sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o\u00a0tom, jak budeme jednou vzpom\u00ednat a\u00a0jak budeme jednou sami souzeni.<\/p>\n

Pou\u017eit\u00e9 zdroje:Henry Dunant: A\u00a0MEMORY OF SOLFERINO (icrc.org<\/a>)Drew Gilpin Faust: This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2008)John Keegan: The Face of Battle: A\u00a0Study of Agincourt, Waterloo, and the Somme (Penguin Publishing Group, 1983)International Committee of the Red Cross<\/a>, International Commission on Missing Persons<\/a>Wikipedia (EN): Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of Waterloo, Battle of Cannae, Battle of Solferino, Battle of Verdun, Battle of the Somme, Battle of Stalingrad, Death of Alexander the Great, Srebrenick\u00fd masakr, Cholera, Vojensk\u00fd kaplan, Mass grave, Dog tag, Douaumont Ossuary, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, DNA profiling<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Modern\u00ed arm\u00e1dy maj\u00ed specializovan\u00e9 jednotky pro evakuaci padl\u00fdch. V\u00a0minulosti byla smrt na boji\u0161ti logistick\u00fdm i\u00a0mor\u00e1ln\u00edm probl\u00e9mem, kter\u00fd \u010dasto…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":30577,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[13369,13374,13375,1720,2209,441,4863,13371,13370,13376,13373,3076,4615,908,6891,3408,351,54,13372,645,1558,53,52],"class_list":{"0":"post-30576","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-svet","8":"tag-bitva","9":"tag-bitva-u-stalingradu","10":"tag-cerveny-kriz","11":"tag-dejiny","12":"tag-druha-svetova-valka","13":"tag-historie","14":"tag-identifikace","15":"tag-masovy-hrob","16":"tag-mrtvi","17":"tag-mrtvola","18":"tag-obcanska-valka","19":"tag-padli","20":"tag-pamatnik","21":"tag-pohreb","22":"tag-pomnik","23":"tag-prvni-svetova-valka","24":"tag-smrt","25":"tag-svet","26":"tag-valecny-hrob","27":"tag-valka","28":"tag-vojaci","29":"tag-world","30":"tag-world-news"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116262462033229429","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30576","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30576"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30576\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30577"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30576"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30576"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30576"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}