informuje BBC<\/a>. Radnice tak za\u010daly instalovat des\u00edtkov\u00e9 hodiny a\u00a0ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed aktivity se zaznamen\u00e1valy podle nov\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e.<\/p>\n\u201eBrzy to za\u010dalo d\u011blat nekone\u010dn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Finn Burridge, populariz\u00e1tor v\u011bdy v\u00a0Royal Museums Greenwich v\u00a0Lond\u00fdn\u011b, kde s\u00eddl\u00ed Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 observato\u0159 a\u00a0kde byl zaveden greenwichsk\u00fd \u010das.<\/p>\n
P\u0159epracov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch hodin se toti\u017e uk\u00e1zalo jako mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00e9. Tento syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd Francii izoloval od sousedn\u00edch zem\u00ed, se nakonec udr\u017eel jen n\u011bco m\u00e1lo p\u0159es rok.<\/p>\n
\u010c\u00edslo \u0161edes\u00e1t<\/p>\n
P\u016fvodci \u0161edes\u00e1tkov\u00e9 soustavy m\u016f\u017eeme naj\u00edt u\u00a0Sumer\u016f. Jde o\u00a0starov\u011bk\u00fd n\u00e1rod, kter\u00fd \u017eil v\u00a0Mezopot\u00e1mii (zhruba na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Ir\u00e1ku) p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v\u00a0letech 5300\u20131940\u00a0p\u0159. n. l. a\u00a0pat\u0159il k\u00a0prvn\u00edm civilizac\u00edm, kter\u00e9 kdy zalo\u017eily m\u011bsta. Krom\u011b mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch vyn\u00e1lez\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b zavla\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0pluhu, se jim p\u0159ipisuje vytvo\u0159en\u00ed prvn\u00edho zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho p\u00edsemn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Ten zahrnoval i\u00a0\u010d\u00edseln\u00fd syst\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00fd na \u010d\u00edsle \u0161edes\u00e1t.<\/p>\n
Kdy\u017e nat\u00e1hnete p\u0159ed sebe ruku a\u00a0ohnete prst, uvid\u00edte \u017ee m\u00e1 t\u0159i klouby. Spo\u010d\u00edtejte v\u0161echny klouby na prstech jedn\u00e9 ruky – krom\u011b palce – a\u00a0dostanete se k\u00a0\u010d\u00edslu 12.\u00a0Druhou rukou si v\u017edy zapo\u010d\u00edtejte jednu \u201edvan\u00e1ctku\u201c. Kdy\u017e pou\u017eijete v\u0161ech p\u011bt prst\u016f na druh\u00e9 ruce, dostanete se a\u017e na \u010d\u00edslo \u0161edes\u00e1t. <\/p>\n
Toto je jedna ze spekulativn\u00edch teori\u00ed, pro\u010d Sumerov\u00e9 zalo\u017eili sv\u016fj matematick\u00fd syst\u00e9m na \u010d\u00edsle \u0161edes\u00e1t, a\u00a0nikoli na \u010d\u00edsle deset. Toto rozhodnut\u00ed m\u00e1 dopad na to, jak m\u011b\u0159\u00edme \u010das dodnes. <\/p>\n
Sumerov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali \u010d\u00edslo \u0161edes\u00e1t podobn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jako dnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me \u010d\u00edslo deset. Kdy\u017e dojdeme k\u00a0dev\u00edtce, posuneme se o\u00a0jedno m\u00edsto doleva, nap\u00ed\u0161eme jedni\u010dku a\u00a0napravo p\u0159id\u00e1me nulu, vysv\u011btluje Erica Meszarosov\u00e1, kter\u00e1 ned\u00e1vno dokon\u010dila doktor\u00e1t z\u00a0historie exaktn\u00edch v\u011bd a\u00a0antiky na Brownov\u011b univerzit\u011b v\u00a0USA. \u201eJe to stejn\u00e9 jako u\u00a0\u0161edes\u00e1tkov\u00e9 soustavy: dostanou se a\u017e k\u00a0\u010d\u00edslu 59\u00a0a\u00a0m\u00edsto toho, aby pou\u017eili \u010d\u00edslo vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 59, prost\u011b pou\u017eij\u00ed jedni\u010dku, ale o\u00a0jedno m\u00edsto d\u00e1l,\u201c vysv\u011btluje.<\/p>\n
I p\u0159es teorii o\u00a0po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed na prstech nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, pro\u010d se Sumerov\u00e9 rozhodli pro \u0161edes\u00e1tkovou soustavu. \u201eNeexistuje mnoho d\u016fkaz\u016f o\u00a0tom, odkud se \u010d\u00edslo \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00a0vlastn\u011b vzalo,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Martin Willis Monroe, odborn\u00edk na kultury kl\u00ednov\u00e9ho p\u00edsma z\u00a0Univerzity v\u00a0New Brunswicku v\u00a0Kanad\u011b. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee \u0161edes\u00e1tkov\u00e1 soustava mohla existovat ji\u017e p\u0159ed Sumery.<\/p>\n
Odkud se vzal \u010das<\/p>\n
Nejsou ani \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jasn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o\u00a0tom, \u017ee by Sumerov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali pojem \u010dasu, a\u010dkoli m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010dasu v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b existovalo ji\u017e p\u0159ed prvn\u00edm dolo\u017een\u00fdm pou\u017eit\u00edm slune\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0vodn\u00edch hodin Babyl\u00f3\u0148any. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0starov\u011bkou mezopot\u00e1mskou civilizaci, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1sledovala po Sumerech kolem roku 1000\u00a0p\u0159. n. l., informuje Monroe.<\/p>\n
\u201ePrvn\u00ed civilizac\u00ed, o\u00a0kter\u00e9 je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee rozd\u011blovala den na hodiny, byli sta\u0159\u00ed Egyp\u0165an\u00e9,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Rita Gautschyov\u00e1, archeoastronomka z\u00a0Basilejsk\u00e9 univerzity ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku. To se podle n\u00ed objevuje v\u00a0n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch textech z\u00a0obdob\u00ed kolem roku 2500\u00a0p\u0159. n. l.<\/p>\n
Nen\u00ed zcela jasn\u00e9, pro\u010d si Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 zvolili pr\u00e1v\u011b dvan\u00e1ctid\u00edln\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nakonec vedlo k\u00a024\u00a0hodin\u00e1m v\u00a0cel\u00e9m dni. Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 m\u011bli zv\u011brokruhov\u00fd cyklus slo\u017een\u00fd z\u00a0dvan\u00e1cti\u00a0souhv\u011bzd\u00ed, ten v\u0161ak byl pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zaveden a\u017e po prvn\u00edch zm\u00ednk\u00e1ch o\u00a0dvan\u00e1cti\u00a0hodin\u00e1ch. Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed je po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed do dvan\u00e1cti\u00a0pomoc\u00ed kloub\u016f a\u00a0prst\u016f jedn\u00e9 ruky. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed odborn\u00edci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee to mohlo souviset s\u00a0t\u00edm, jak se jejich volba 10denn\u00edho t\u00fddne prot\u00ednala s\u00a0viditelnost\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch hv\u011bzd.<\/p>\n
Nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje na m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010dasu, slune\u010dn\u00ed hodiny a\u00a0vodn\u00ed hodiny, se v\u00a0Egypt\u011b objevily kolem roku 1500\u00a0p\u0159. n. l. \u201eN\u011bkter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaly p\u0159i ka\u017edodenn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci, ale v\u011bt\u0161ina z\u00a0nich pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b souvisela sp\u00ed\u0161e s\u00a0n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou sf\u00e9rou a\u00a0ritu\u00e1ly, ne\u017e s\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm \u010dasu,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Gautschyov\u00e1. \u201eOsobn\u011b si mysl\u00edm, \u017ee mnoho z\u00a0nich byly dary boh\u016fm. O\u00a0v\u011bdeck\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010dasu z\u00a0t\u00e9 doby nem\u00e1me mnoho informac\u00ed,\u201c dod\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/p>\n
P\u0159\u00edchod minut<\/p>\n
Mezit\u00edm i\u00a0Babyl\u00f3\u0148an\u00e9 rozv\u00edjeli sv\u00e9 pojet\u00ed hodin. Nakonec to byli pr\u00e1v\u011b oni, kdo jako prvn\u00ed rozd\u011blil hodinu na mnohem men\u0161\u00ed jednotky\u00a0\u2013 i\u00a0kdy\u017e ne za \u00fa\u010delem m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010dasu. V\u00a0letech 2000\u00a0p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 540\u00a0p\u0159. n. l. p\u0159evzali od Sumer\u016f jak kl\u00ednov\u00e9 p\u00edsmo, tak \u0161edes\u00e1tkovou \u010d\u00edselnou soustavu. <\/p>\n
Babyl\u00f3\u0148an\u00e9 vyvinuli praktick\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd syst\u00e9m pro ka\u017edodenn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed, kter\u00fd rozd\u011bloval den i\u00a0noc na dvan\u00e1ct\u00a0\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako Egyp\u0165an\u00e9. D\u00e9lka t\u011bchto \u201esez\u00f3nn\u00edch hodin\u201c se m\u011bnila v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na d\u00e9lce dne a\u00a0noci. \u201eRozd\u011blili jsme den na dvan\u00e1ct\u00a0\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, proto\u017ee no\u010dn\u00ed oblohu rozd\u011blujeme na dvan\u00e1ct\u00a0m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f a\u00a0dvan\u00e1ct\u00a0znamen\u00ed zv\u011brokruhu,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Erica Meszarosov\u00e1.<\/p>\n
Babyl\u00f3\u0148an\u00e9 tak\u00e9 vyvinuli dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dasov\u00fd syst\u00e9m pro v\u00fdpo\u010dty a\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed astronomick\u00fdch jev\u016f, kter\u00fd v\u0161ak nebyl ur\u010den pro ka\u017edodenn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed. Ten rozd\u011bloval den na dvan\u00e1ct \u201eberu\u201c, co\u017e m\u016f\u017eeme pova\u017eovat za ekvivalent dvou dne\u0161n\u00edch hodin. Babyl\u00f3nie nebyla jedinou starov\u011bkou kulturou, kter\u00e1 je pou\u017e\u00edvala. Objevovaly se nap\u0159\u00edklad i\u00a0ve starov\u011bk\u00e9 \u010c\u00edn\u011b a\u00a0Japonsku.<\/p>\n
Vzhledem k\u00a0pot\u0159eb\u011b dos\u00e1hnout v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esnosti ve sv\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dtech za\u010dali Babyl\u00f3\u0148an\u00e9 tyto dvojit\u00e9 hodiny \u201eberu\u201c rozd\u011blovat na 30\u00a0starov\u011bk\u00fdch minut zn\u00e1m\u00fdch jako \u201eush\u201c, z\u00a0nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 odpov\u00eddala \u010dty\u0159em dne\u0161n\u00edm minut\u00e1m. Ty byly d\u00e1le rozd\u011bleny na 60\u00a0men\u0161\u00edch jednotek zvan\u00fdch \u201eninda\u201c, z\u00a0nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 odpov\u00eddala p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b \u010dty\u0159em dne\u0161n\u00edm sekund\u00e1m. \u201eTyto d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed jednotky pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvali, proto\u017ee v\u00a0\u0161edes\u00e1tkov\u00e9 soustav\u011b rozd\u011blujeme v\u011bci do skupin po \u0161edes\u00e1ti,\u201c podot\u00fdk\u00e1 Meszarosov\u00e1.<\/p>\n
\u201eBabyl\u00f3\u0148an\u00e9 to v\u0161ak nech\u00e1pali jako rozd\u011blen\u00ed \u010dasu,\u201c poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 Monroe. \u201ePova\u017eovali to za rozd\u011blen\u00ed \u010d\u00edsel, kter\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost na obloze nebo rychlost planet,\u201c dod\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/p>\n
\u201eJe v\u0161ak z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee sta\u0159\u00ed \u0158ekov\u00e9 p\u0159evzali babyl\u00f3nsk\u00fd astronomick\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd syst\u00e9m,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Meszarosov\u00e1. \u201eZachovali stejn\u00e9 \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed, proto\u017ee jim to umo\u017e\u0148ovalo jednodu\u0161e p\u0159id\u00e1vat nov\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00a0t\u011bm st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd Babyl\u00f3\u0148an\u016fm fungoval natolik dob\u0159e, \u017ee ho jejich n\u00e1stupci p\u0159evzali v\u00a0pln\u00e9m rozsahu, aby z\u00edskali i\u00a0astronomick\u00e1 data a\u00a0tradice,\u201c vysv\u011btluje.<\/p>\n
Po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed sekund<\/p>\n
Zat\u00edmco \u0158ekov\u00e9 m\u011bli u\u00a0dvora p\u0159es\u00fdpac\u00ed hodiny, aby pro v\u0161echny zajistili stejn\u00fd \u010das projevu, p\u0159evzat\u00fd babyl\u00f3nsk\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd syst\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edvali pouze teoreticky astrologov\u00e9. Pro ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot byl podle Gautschyov\u00e9 z\u00a0velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti irelevantn\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Pojmy hodiny, minuty a\u00a0sekundy, kter\u00e9 vze\u0161ly z\u00a0hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed se v\u0161ak uchovaly po stalet\u00ed a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00ed doby. Teprve p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika stovkami let se ale minuty a\u00a0sekundy za\u010daly pou\u017e\u00edvat v\u00a0ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b.<\/p>\n
Sekunda se dnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0nes\u010detn\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch definic\u00edch a\u00a0jakmile jsme jako spole\u010dnost za\u010dali po\u010d\u00edtat \u010dasov\u00e9 jednotky men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e sekunda, v\u011bdci p\u0159e\u0161li na metrick\u00fd syst\u00e9m a\u00a0rozd\u011blili jej na milisekundy a\u00a0mikrosekundy (tis\u00edcinu, respektive miliontinu sekundy).<\/p>\n
Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me do historie m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010dasu, zjist\u00edme \u017ee se ve skute\u010dnosti jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0lidsk\u00fd konstrukt. Hodiny, minuty a\u00a0sekundy se k\u00a0n\u00e1m dostaly d\u00edky \u0159ad\u011b rozhodnut\u00ed, n\u00e1hod a\u00a0shody okolnost\u00ed. Z\u016fstaly ale s\u00a0n\u00e1mi po stalet\u00ed jako poz\u016fstatek starov\u011bku.<\/p>\n
I b\u011bhem francouzsk\u00e9ho pokusu o\u00a0des\u00edtkovou \u010dasovou soustavu v\u00a018.\u00a0stolet\u00ed se nov\u00fd syst\u00e9m v\u00a0praxi t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nepou\u017e\u00edval. Des\u00edtkov\u00fd \u010das vydr\u017eel pouh\u00fdch sedmn\u00e1ct\u00a0m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, a\u010dkoli kalend\u00e1\u0159 z\u016fstal v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00e9m pou\u017eit\u00ed asi deset let. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"V \u0159\u00edjnu 1793\u00a0nov\u011b vznikl\u00e1 Francouzsk\u00e1 republika zm\u011bnila \u010das. Revolucion\u00e1\u0159i rozhodli, \u017ee den bude rozd\u011blen na deset hodin, nikoli…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":39221,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[17,441,21,15106,15797,16,18,19,22,20],"class_list":{"0":"post-39220","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-zpravy","8":"tag-headlines","9":"tag-historie","10":"tag-hlavni-udalosti","11":"tag-hodiny","12":"tag-mezopotamie","13":"tag-news","14":"tag-top-news","15":"tag-top-stories","16":"tag-udalosti-dne","17":"tag-zpravy"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116312722790697076","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39220","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39220"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39220\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/39221"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39220"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39220"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=39220"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}