{"id":41058,"date":"2026-03-31T09:11:10","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T09:11:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/41058\/"},"modified":"2026-03-31T09:11:10","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T09:11:10","slug":"u-vakcin-vubec-nejde-o-minulost-to-nejlepsi-totiz-teprve-prichazi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/41058\/","title":{"rendered":"U\u00a0vakc\u00edn v\u016fbec nejde o\u00a0minulost. To nejlep\u0161\u00ed toti\u017e teprve p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

V \u010cesku znovu za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 doutnat debata o\u00a0o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed. Koali\u010dn\u00ed SPD \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed revizi<\/a> n\u00e1rodn\u00ed o\u010dkovac\u00ed strategie a\u00a0mimo jin\u00e9 navrhuje zru\u0161it \u00fahradu vakc\u00edn proti ch\u0159ipce ze zdravotn\u00edho poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Kritici poukazuj\u00ed zejm\u00e9na na o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0proti ch\u0159ipce\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0je pravda, \u017ee jeho \u00fa\u010dinnost kol\u00eds\u00e1 a\u00a0nedosahuje toho, co by si odborn\u00edci i\u00a0pacienti p\u0159edstavovali<\/a>. Epidemiolog Petr Pazdiora ov\u0161em p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1<\/a>, \u017ee bychom nem\u011bli zpochyb\u0148ovat to, co jsme si vybojovali: d\u00edky o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed zmizely hrozby, se kter\u00fdmi se pot\u00fdkali je\u0161t\u011b na\u0161i rodi\u010de a\u00a0prarodi\u010de.<\/p>\n

T\u011b\u017eko s\u00a0t\u00edm nesouhlasit. Ale perspektiva, kter\u00e1 se v\u00a0\u010desk\u00e9 debat\u011b opakuje\u00a0\u2013 \u201epod\u00edvejte, co vakc\u00edny dok\u00e1zaly v\u00a0minulosti\u201c\u00a0\u2013, je sice pravdiv\u00e1, ale ne\u00fapln\u00e1. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e to, co o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed ud\u011blalo, je to, co m\u016f\u017ee ud\u011blat.<\/p>\n

Pokrok v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti se toti\u017e nezastavuje. Na rozd\u00edl od antibiotik, kter\u00e1 si pro\u017eila \u201eboom<\/a>\u201c v\u00a0polovin\u011b 20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed a\u00a0pak jejich v\u00fdvoj z\u00a0dobr\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f zpomalil, je o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed oborem, kter\u00fd se st\u00e1le zrychluje a\u00a0jeho\u017e \u201ezlat\u00fd v\u011bk\u201c (vyp\u016fj\u010deno z\u00a0Work In Progress<\/a>) m\u016f\u017ee je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edt.<\/p>\n

Dosavadn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos p\u0159itom nechceme nijak umen\u0161ovat. Studie publikovan\u00e1 v\u00a0roce 2024\u00a0v\u00a0\u010dasopise Lancet se pokusila vy\u010d\u00edslit<\/a>, co o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed za p\u016flstolet\u00ed p\u0159ineslo. A\u00a0v\u00fd\u010det je ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed: jen od roku 1974\u00a0odvr\u00e1tilo o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed 154\u00a0milion\u016f \u00famrt\u00ed, z\u00a0toho 146\u00a0milion\u016f u\u00a0d\u011bt\u00ed do p\u011bti let. Na ka\u017ed\u00fd zachr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd \u017eivot p\u0159ipad\u00e1 v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru 66\u00a0let pln\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 celkem p\u0159es deset miliard let.<\/p>\n

D\u00edt\u011b mlad\u0161\u00ed deseti let m\u00e1 dnes o\u00a040\u00a0% vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u0161anci do\u017e\u00edt se dal\u0161\u00edch narozenin, ne\u017e by m\u011blo ve sv\u011bt\u011b bez vakc\u00edn. O\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed vysv\u011btluje asi dv\u011b p\u011btiny celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho poklesu kojeneck\u00e9 \u00famrtnosti a\u00a0v Africe dokonce v\u00edce ne\u017e polovinu.<\/p>\n

Je to jeden z\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch triumf\u016f modern\u00ed medic\u00edny. Ale t\u011bchto v\u00fdsledk\u016f dos\u00e1hly vakc\u00edny vyvinut\u00e9 technologiemi 20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 tedy metodami, kter\u00e9 se od t\u00e9 doby z\u00e1sadn\u011b prom\u011bnily a\u00a0st\u00e1le se zdokonaluj\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Od n\u00e1hody k\u00a0syst\u00e9mu<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed vakc\u00edna vznikla \u0161\u0165astnou n\u00e1hodou. Kdy\u017e Edward Jenner v\u00a0roce 1796\u00a0zjistil, \u017ee kravsk\u00e9 ne\u0161tovice chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed prav\u00fdmi ne\u0161tovicemi, nikdo nev\u011bd\u011bl, co jsou viry, nato\u017e jakou roli hraj\u00ed p\u0159i nemocech. <\/p>\n

Jennerova vakc\u00edna fungovala d\u00edky zk\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 ochran\u011b<\/a> mezi p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdmi viry\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0on s\u00e1m to netu\u0161il. Z\u00e1soby jeho o\u010dkovac\u00ed l\u00e1tky opakovan\u011b odum\u00edraly<\/a> a\u00a0musely se znovu z\u00edsk\u00e1vat p\u0159enosem z\u00a0pa\u017ee na pa\u017ei, \u0159et\u011bzcem nao\u010dkovan\u00fdch lid\u00ed. Trvalo devades\u00e1t let, ne\u017e se poda\u0159ilo postup zopakovat pro jinou nemoc.<\/p>\n

V 70.\u00a0letech 19.\u00a0stolet\u00ed se laborato\u0159 Louise Pasteura pustila do studia ku\u0159ec\u00ed cholery<\/a>. \u010cerstv\u00e9 kultury bakteri\u00ed spolehliv\u011b zab\u00edjely ku\u0159ata. Jen\u017ee kdy\u017e Pasteur\u016fv asistent \u00c9mile Roux pokra\u010doval v\u00a0pr\u00e1ci p\u0159es l\u00e9to<\/a> se star\u0161\u00edmi, znehodnocen\u00fdmi kulturami, n\u011bkter\u00e1 ku\u0159ata p\u0159e\u017eila\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0co v\u00edc, p\u0159e\u017eila i\u00a0pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed injekci smrteln\u00e9ho kmene. Pasteur pochopil princip: patogen lze z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b oslabit\u00a0\u2013 atenuovat<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 tak, aby p\u0159estal zab\u00edjet, ale st\u00e1le nau\u010dil imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m ho rozpoznat.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Postup rychle roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il: proti sn\u011bti slezinn\u00e9 Pasteur inaktivoval bakterie chemicky<\/a> a\u00a0p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji vakc\u00edny proti vzteklin\u011b jeho t\u00fdm extrahoval<\/a> mozkovou tk\u00e1\u0148 z\u00a0naka\u017een\u00e9ho psa, pas\u00e1\u017eoval ji des\u00edtkami kr\u00e1l\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0postupn\u011b ji su\u0161il ve sklen\u011bn\u00fdch ba\u0148k\u00e1ch. V\u00a0roce 1885\u00a0l\u00e9\u010dil prvn\u00ed pacienty<\/a> pokousan\u00e9 vztekl\u00fdmi psy. Jedn\u00e9 z\u00a0nejsmrteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch chorob se najednou dalo zabr\u00e1nit<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Z t\u011bchto pokus\u016f vze\u0161ly dv\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed metody, kter\u00e9 vakcinologie pou\u017e\u00edvala cel\u00e9 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed stolet\u00ed: oslaben\u00ed \u017eiv\u00e9ho patogenu (atenuace<\/a>) a\u00a0usmrcen\u00ed patogenu chemik\u00e1liemi nebo teplem (inaktivace<\/a>). Ob\u011b zachovaly strukturu mikroba tak, aby ji imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m rozpoznal, ale zabr\u00e1nily mu, aby zp\u016fsobil nemoc.<\/p>\n

Aby se z\u00a0vakcinologie stala skute\u010dn\u00e1 syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 v\u011bda, muselo p\u0159ij\u00edt je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik technologick\u00fdch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f. Neurov\u011bdec Ross Harrison v\u00a0roce 1907\u00a0vynalezl metodu vis\u00edc\u00ed kapky<\/a>, kter\u00e1 umo\u017enila p\u011bstovat \u017eiv\u00e9 bu\u0148ky mimo t\u011blo\u00a0\u2013 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd krok k\u00a0tomu, aby se vakc\u00edny nemusely kultivovat v\u00a0\u017eiv\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159atech. <\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edstup to byl pr\u016fkopnick\u00fd, v\u00a0praxi ov\u0161em z\u00a0technologick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f t\u011b\u017eko vyu\u017eiteln\u00fd. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u016flom p\u0159i\u0161el a\u017e v\u00a0roce 1949, kdy trojice americk\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f John Enders, Thomas Weller a\u00a0Frederick Robbins dok\u00e1zala pomno\u017eit virus d\u011btsk\u00e9 obrny v\u00a0bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 kultu\u0159e<\/a> (p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 z\u00a0opi\u010d\u00edch ledvin). <\/p>\n

T\u00edm se otev\u0159ela cesta nejprve k\u00a0Salkov\u011b inaktivovan\u00e9 a\u00a0pot\u00e9 Sabinov\u011b \u017eiv\u00e9 oslaben\u00e9 vakc\u00edn\u011b proti obrn\u011b, kter\u00e9 nemoc postupn\u011b vytla\u010dily z\u00a0velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sv\u011bta. \u201ePr\u00e1v\u011b d\u011btsk\u00e1 obrna je kl\u00ed\u010dovou z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed pro minulost i\u00a0budoucnost vakcinologie,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 pro Seznam Zpr\u00e1vy Libor Grubhoffer, \u0159editel Biologick\u00e9ho centra Akademie v\u011bd \u010cR. \u201eKultivace viru v\u00a0bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 kultu\u0159e otev\u0159ela cestu k\u00a0v\u00fdrob\u011b vakc\u00edn proti vir\u016fm.\u201c<\/p>\n

Bakteriolog Robert Koch a\u00a0jeho asistent Julius Petri p\u0159isp\u011bli Petriho miskou<\/a>. Pozd\u011bji p\u0159ibyly bioreaktory<\/a>, antibiotika, steriliza\u010dn\u00ed technologie. K\u00a0polovin\u011b 20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed existovaly vakc\u00edny proti tyfu, z\u00e1\u0161krtu, tetanu, \u010dern\u00e9mu ka\u0161li, ch\u0159ipce, obrn\u011b i\u00a0\u017elut\u00e9 zimnici. Z\u00a0n\u00e1hody se stal syst\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

Od neviditeln\u00e9ho k\u00a0viditeln\u00e9mu<\/p>\n

Pasteur dok\u00e1zal n\u011bco pozoruhodn\u00e9ho: vyvinul vakc\u00ednu proti vzteklin\u011b, ani\u017e kdy vid\u011bl virus, kter\u00fd ji zp\u016fsobuje. Pracoval do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry naslepo. Kdy\u017e pak v\u011bdci sv\u00e9 protivn\u00edky kone\u010dn\u011b spat\u0159ili, otev\u0159elo jim to nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti.<\/p>\n

Vezm\u011bme tuberkul\u00f3zu. Jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky se snadno zam\u011b\u0148ovaly s\u00a0jin\u00fdmi nemocemi a\u00a0bakterie, kter\u00e1 ji zp\u016fsobuje, se vzp\u00edrala b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm barv\u00edc\u00edm technik\u00e1m\u00a0\u2013 jej\u00ed voskovit\u00e9 bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 st\u011bny<\/a> odpuzovaly vodn\u00e9 roztoky. Teprve Robert Koch v\u00a0roce 1882\u00a0p\u0159i\u0161el na to, jak ji zviditelnit: aplikoval na plicn\u00ed tk\u00e1\u0148 barvivo a\u00a0p\u0159idal amoniak<\/a>, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zv\u00fd\u0161il z\u00e1saditost roztoku a\u00a0umo\u017enil barviv\u016fm p\u0159ilnout k\u00a0bakterii. Poprv\u00e9 se tak poda\u0159ilo identifikovat p\u016fvodce<\/a> jedn\u00e9 z\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch lidsk\u00fdch pohrom.<\/p>\n

Koch\u016fv objev byl sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed zlat\u00e9ho v\u011bku mikrobiologie<\/a> v\u00a0posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch 19.\u00a0stolet\u00ed, kdy se jedna po druh\u00e9 odhalovaly p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny tuberkul\u00f3zy, cholery, tyfu, z\u00e1\u0161krtu \u010di tetanu. Ale viry, mnohem men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e bakterie, z\u016fst\u00e1valy neviditeln\u00e9. B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 optick\u00e9 mikroskopy nar\u00e1\u017eely na fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed limit: pod zhruba dv\u011b st\u011b nanometr\u016f, tedy p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b polovinu vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky viditeln\u00e9ho sv\u011btla, se sv\u011bteln\u00e9 vlny za\u010dnou navz\u00e1jem ru\u0161it a\u00a0obraz se slije do nerozli\u0161iteln\u00e9 skvrny.<\/p>\n

Teprve ve 30.\u00a0letech 20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed Ernst Ruska a\u00a0Max Knoll vynalezli elektronov\u00fd mikroskop<\/a>, kter\u00fd nahradil sv\u011btlo elektrony s\u00a0krat\u0161\u00ed vlnovou d\u00e9lkou a\u00a0posunul rozli\u0161ovac\u00ed schopnost tis\u00edcin\u00e1sobn\u011b. Mikrobiologov\u00e9 kone\u010dn\u011b spat\u0159ili viry<\/a> a\u00a0jejich geometrii. <\/p>\n

V 80.\u00a0letech p\u0159ibyla kryoelektronov\u00e1 mikroskopie<\/a>: vzorek se bleskov\u00fdm zmrazen\u00edm uzamkne v\u00a0tzv. skeln\u00e9m ledu, kter\u00fd uchov\u00e1 molekuly v\u00a0jejich p\u0159irozen\u00e9 struktu\u0159e. S\u00a0postupn\u00fdm zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00edm detektor\u016f a\u00a0v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edch metod dnes dok\u00e1\u017eeme rekonstruovat trojrozm\u011brnou strukturu biologick\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f a\u017e na \u00farove\u0148 jednotliv\u00fdch atom\u016f<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Foto: \u0160imon, Seznam Zpr\u00e1vy<\/p>\n

V\u00fdvoj rozli\u0161en\u00ed mikroskop\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d je to d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro vakc\u00edny? Poslu\u017eme si p\u0159\u00edkladem l\u00e1tky proti RSV viru (respira\u010dn\u00ed syncyti\u00e1ln\u00ed virus), jednomu z\u00a0nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u016fvodc\u016f z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch respira\u010dn\u00edch infekc\u00ed u\u00a0kojenc\u016f a\u00a0senior\u016f.<\/p>\n

D\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pokusy<\/a> o\u00a0vakc\u00ednu proti n\u011bmu opakovan\u011b selh\u00e1valy. Kl\u00ed\u010dem se uk\u00e1zal f\u00fazn\u00ed protein<\/a> na povrchu viru, kter\u00fd mu pom\u00e1h\u00e1 vstoupit do bu\u0148ky. Tento protein m\u011bn\u00ed tvar: jakmile pronikne do bu\u0148ky, je pozd\u011b, imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m ho v\u00a0nov\u00e9 konformaci nerozpozn\u00e1. <\/p>\n

Ale teprve kdy\u017e v\u011bdci dok\u00e1zali pomoc\u00ed krystalografie a\u00a0kryoelektronov\u00e9 mikroskopie vid\u011bt jeho tvar p\u0159ed vstupem do bu\u0148ky (tzv. pref\u00fazn\u00ed strukturu), mohli ho geneticky zamknout<\/a> v\u00a0t\u00e9to podob\u011b a\u00a0vytvo\u0159it \u00fa\u010dinnou vakc\u00ednu<\/a>. Pokrok v\u00a0zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed vedl p\u0159\u00edmo k\u00a0pr\u016flomu v\u00a0o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Od celku k\u00a0p\u0159esnosti<\/p>\n

Vakc\u00edna proti RSV ilustruje je\u0161t\u011b jednu prom\u011bnu: neobsahovala toti\u017e cel\u00fd virus, ale jen jeden jeho protein. A\u017e do poloviny 20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed se vakc\u00edny vyr\u00e1b\u011bly z\u00a0cel\u00fdch patogen\u016f\u00a0\u2013 oslaben\u00fdch nebo usmrcen\u00fdch. Postupn\u011b jsme ov\u0161em p\u0159e\u0161li k \u201ep\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm\u201c vakc\u00edn\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed pouze \u010d\u00e1st p\u016fvodce nemoci. D\u00edky tomu se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo jak spektrum mo\u017en\u00fdch \u201ec\u00edl\u016f\u201c vakc\u00edn, tak se zv\u00fd\u0161ila bezpe\u010dnost.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1klady polo\u017eil objev protil\u00e1tek a\u00a0pochopen\u00ed jejich extr\u00e9mn\u00ed \u201especializace\u201c. Takzvan\u00e1 klon\u00e1ln\u00ed selek\u010dn\u00ed teorie<\/a> Macfarlana Burneta z\u00a0roku 1957\u00a0vysv\u011btlila, jak to funguje: ka\u017ed\u00e1 b\u00edl\u00e1 krvinka nese unik\u00e1tn\u00ed protil\u00e1tku. Kdy\u017e se setk\u00e1 s \u201ec\u00edlem\u201c, proti n\u011bmu\u017e m\u00e1 bojovat, za\u010dne se mno\u017eit a\u00a0produkovat tis\u00edce kopi\u00ed protil\u00e1tky za sekundu. Imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m nepot\u0159ebuje cel\u00fd patogen\u00a0\u2013 sta\u010d\u00ed mu ten spr\u00e1vn\u00fd konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed kousek, aby si ho zapamatoval, tzv. antigen.<\/p>\n

Praktick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je \u010dern\u00fd ka\u0161el. P\u016fvodn\u00ed celobun\u011b\u010dn\u00e1 vakc\u00edna z\u00a0roku 1914\u00a0masivn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eila v\u00fdskyt nemoci<\/a>, ale bakterie Bordetella pertussis m\u00e1 na sv\u00e9m povrchu tis\u00edce \u201ec\u00edl\u016f\u201c<\/a> pro imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m (tj. tis\u00edce antigen\u016f) a\u00a0injekce cel\u00e9 bakterie do t\u011bla vyvol\u00e1vala pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dasto ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed reakce.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e pak nap\u0159\u00edklad Japonsko pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vakc\u00edny pozastavilo kv\u016fli obav\u00e1m o\u00a0bezpe\u010dnost, po\u010dty p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f a\u00a0\u00famrt\u00ed strm\u011b vzrostly<\/a>. Ov\u0161em man\u017eel\u00e9 Yuji a\u00a0Hiroko Satovi z\u00a0japonsk\u00e9ho N\u00e1rodn\u00edho zdravotn\u00edho \u00fastavu postupn\u011b odhalili a\u00a0popsali ta hlavn\u00ed \u201epozn\u00e1vac\u00ed znamen\u00ed\u201c bakterie – dva kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 antigeny<\/a>. D\u00edky tomu vznikla bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0c\u00edlen\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vakc\u00edna, kter\u00e1 neobsahuje cel\u00e9 bu\u0148ky bakterie (tzv. acelul\u00e1rn\u00ed).<\/p>\n

D\u011bti dnes i\u00a0d\u00edky t\u00e9to technologii dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00edce vakc\u00edn ne\u017e kdykoliv d\u0159\u00edve, ale p\u0159itom se jim do t\u011bla dost\u00e1v\u00e1 \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b antigen\u016f<\/a> ne\u017e v\u00a0roce 1900.\u00a0Ochrana je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, ale riziko ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edch reakc\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Foto: \u0160imon, Seznam Zpr\u00e1vy<\/p>\n

Mno\u017estv\u00ed antigen\u016f v\u00a0b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch vakc\u00edn\u00e1ch<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed pokrok p\u0159ineslo lep\u0161\u00ed pozn\u00e1n\u00ed genetick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu vir\u016f a\u00a0bakteri\u00ed (a tak\u00e9 n\u00e1s sam\u00fdch). \u201e\u010cten\u00ed\u201c (sekvenov\u00e1n\u00ed) DNA se za 50\u00a0let zlevnilo milionkr\u00e1t<\/a>. Prvn\u00ed p\u0159e\u010dten\u00ed lidsk\u00e9ho genomu za\u010dalo v\u00a0roce 1990\u00a0a\u00a0posledn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st v\u00fdsledk\u016f byla zve\u0159ejn\u011bna v\u00a0roce 2022.\u00a0Nejlep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledek sou\u010dasnosti z\u00a0podzimu 2025: pod \u010dty\u0159i hodiny<\/a> (nejde o\u00a0zcela toto\u017en\u00fd v\u00fdkon, odborn\u00edci odpust\u00ed, ale mnoha\u0159\u00e1dov\u00fd rozd\u00edl to ilustruje dob\u0159e).<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci dnes dok\u00e1\u017eou porovnat tis\u00edce kmen\u016f viru a\u00a0naj\u00edt geny, kter\u00e9 jsou mezi nimi spole\u010dn\u00e9\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0tedy ide\u00e1ln\u00ed c\u00edle pro vakc\u00ednu \u00fa\u010dinnou proti v\u00edce variant\u00e1m. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup, zvan\u00fd reverzn\u00ed vakcinologie<\/a>, p\u0159inesl v\u00a0roce 2013\u00a0prvn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnou vakc\u00ednu<\/a> proti meningitid\u011b B.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed technologie zase prom\u011bnila bu\u0148ky kvasinek, bakteri\u00ed \u010di hmyz\u00edch bun\u011bk na miniaturn\u00ed tov\u00e1rny na b\u00edlkoviny do o\u010dkovac\u00edch l\u00e1tek. Tak vznikla vakc\u00edna proti hepatitid\u011b B<\/a> i\u00a0vakc\u00edny proti lidsk\u00e9mu papilomaviru (HPV), kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9 \u201esko\u0159\u00e1pky\u201c viru<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 (virus-like particles) bez jak\u00e9hokoliv genetick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu uvnit\u0159. Imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m je rozpozn\u00e1 jako vet\u0159elce a\u00a0nau\u010d\u00ed se proti n\u011bmu br\u00e1nit. Vakc\u00edna Gardasil-9<\/a>\u00a0dnes chr\u00e1n\u00ed proti dev\u00edti kmen\u016fm HPV a\u00a0pom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159edch\u00e1zet<\/a> cel\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b n\u00e1dor\u016f.<\/p>\n

Foto: \u0160imon, Seznam Zpr\u00e1vy<\/p>\n

Historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj n\u00e1klad\u016f na sekvenov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9ho genomu <\/p>\n

V\u00fdroba sv\u00e9pomoc\u00ed<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem pandemie covidu-19\u00a0pak p\u0159i\u0161la poprv\u00e9 do praxe i\u00a0mRNA technologie. Jej\u00ed my\u0161lenka je elegantn\u011b prost\u00e1: m\u00edsto toho, abychom vyr\u00e1b\u011bli pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 b\u00edlkoviny do vakc\u00edny n\u011bkde v\u00a0tov\u00e1rn\u011b a\u00a0pak je vst\u0159\u00edkli do t\u011bla, m\u016f\u017eeme do bu\u0148ky doru\u010dit jen instrukci\u00a0\u2013 molekulu mRNA\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0nechat na\u0161e vlastn\u00ed bu\u0148ky, a\u0165 pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky vyrob\u00ed samy. <\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledkem je z\u00e1klad pro o\u010dkovac\u00ed l\u00e1tky, kter\u00fd lze p\u0159eprogramovat b\u011bhem t\u00fddn\u016f<\/a>. Nov\u00e1 vakc\u00edna nevy\u017eaduje za\u010d\u00edt s\u00a0procesem od za\u010d\u00e1tku\u00a0\u2013 sta\u010d\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u201e\u0161asi\u201c a\u00a0zm\u011bnit jen do n\u011bj vlo\u017een\u00fd kousek mRNA. To je, jako kdybyste m\u00edsto stavby nov\u00e9 tov\u00e1rny jen p\u0159epsali v\u00fdrobn\u00ed recept.<\/p>\n

Tato rychlost otev\u00edr\u00e1 sm\u011bry, kter\u00e9 byly je\u0161t\u011b ned\u00e1vno nep\u0159edstaviteln\u00e9. V\u00a0pokro\u010dil\u00fdch klinick\u00fdch zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch je mRNA <\/a>vakc\u00edna <\/a>\u201ena m\u00edru\u201c proti melanomu<\/a> od firem Moderna a\u00a0Merck: na z\u00e1klad\u011b genetick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy n\u00e1doru se pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho pacienta sestav\u00ed pro n\u011bj ur\u010den\u00e1 vakc\u00edna, kter\u00e1 imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m nau\u010d\u00ed c\u00edlit p\u0159\u00edmo na jeho n\u00e1dorov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky. Po p\u011bti letech data ukazuj\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rizika n\u00e1vratu melanomu t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 o\u00a0polovinu. Podobn\u00e9 zkou\u0161ky f\u00e1ze III<\/a> prob\u00edhaj\u00ed i\u00a0pro karcinom plic, ledvin a\u00a0mo\u010dov\u00e9ho m\u011bch\u00fd\u0159e.<\/p>\n

Zdokonaluje se i\u00a0samotn\u00e1 mRNA \u201eplatforma\u201c. Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 vakc\u00edny doru\u010duj\u00ed do t\u011bla hotov\u00fd \u201en\u00e1vod\u201c (molekulu mRNA), podle kter\u00e9 na\u0161e bu\u0148ky vyrob\u00ed, co jim v\u011bdci p\u0159edlo\u017e\u00ed. Nov\u00e1 generace ale p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b jeden krok: spolu s\u00a0n\u00e1vodem doru\u010d\u00ed tak\u00e9 l\u00e1tku, tedy enzym, d\u00edky kter\u00e9mu se n\u00e1vod v\u00a0t\u011ble s\u00e1m nakop\u00edruje. \u201eBu\u0148ky tak z\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed d\u00e1vky vyrob\u00ed v\u00edce proteinu, co\u017e zvy\u0161uje \u00fa\u010dinnost a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 sni\u017euje v\u00fdrobn\u00ed n\u00e1klady,\u201c popisuje Libor Grubhoffer.<\/p>\n

Foto: \u0160imon, Seznam Zpr\u00e1vy<\/p>\n

V\u00fdvoj vakc\u00edn se v\u00a0historick\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku zrychluje. <\/p>\n

Ve v\u00fdvoji jsou tak\u00e9 kombinovan\u00e9 vakc\u00edny\u00a0\u2013 jedna injekce chr\u00e1n\u00edc\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b proti covidu, ch\u0159ipce a\u00a0RSV\u00a0\u2013 i\u00a0univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed ch\u0159ipkov\u00e1 vakc\u00edna<\/a>, kter\u00e1 by d\u00edky des\u00edtk\u00e1m antigen\u016f dok\u00e1zala pokr\u00fdt v\u0161echny zn\u00e1m\u00e9 podtypy ch\u0159ipky najednou.<\/p>\n

Za 230\u00a0let od Jennerova pokusu s\u00a0kravsk\u00fdmi ne\u0161tovicemi se v\u00fdroba vakc\u00edn prom\u011bnila k\u00a0nepozn\u00e1n\u00ed. Mikroby, kter\u00e9 byly kdysi neviditeln\u00e9, dnes dok\u00e1\u017eeme pozorovat na \u00farovni jednotliv\u00fdch atom\u016f. Vakc\u00edny se d\u0159\u00edve kultivovaly ve zv\u00ed\u0159atech, pak v\u00a0tk\u00e1n\u00edch a\u00a0bu\u0148k\u00e1ch a\u00a0dnes si nech\u00e1me kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 l\u00e1tky vyr\u00e1b\u011bt p\u0159\u00edmo ve vlastn\u00edm t\u011ble. <\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledkem nap\u0159\u00edklad je, \u017ee jen za posledn\u00edch p\u011bt let vznikly prvn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 vakc\u00edny proti \u010dty\u0159em dal\u0161\u00edm nemocem<\/a>. O\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed tedy zdaleka nen\u00ed zkamen\u011bl\u00fdm v\u00fddobytkem, ale naopak velk\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edslibem do budoucna.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"V \u010cesku znovu za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 doutnat debata o\u00a0o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed. Koali\u010dn\u00ed SPD \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed revizi n\u00e1rodn\u00ed o\u010dkovac\u00ed strategie a\u00a0mimo jin\u00e9 navrhuje…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":20798,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[43,42,3002,2435,41,40,2440,16281,2192,4842,11509,16280,16282],"class_list":{"0":"post-41058","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-cesko","8":"tag-ceska-republika","9":"tag-cesko","10":"tag-chripka","11":"tag-covid-19","12":"tag-czech-republic","13":"tag-czechia","14":"tag-mrna-vakcina","15":"tag-nadorova-onemocneni","16":"tag-ockovani","17":"tag-tuberkuloza-tbc","18":"tag-vakcina","19":"tag-vakcinace","20":"tag-vzteklina"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116323017342851949","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41058","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41058"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41058\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20798"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41058"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41058"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41058"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}