{"id":46850,"date":"2026-04-06T09:43:09","date_gmt":"2026-04-06T09:43:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/46850\/"},"modified":"2026-04-06T09:43:09","modified_gmt":"2026-04-06T09:43:09","slug":"pes-domaci-zil-uz-pred-16-000-lety-zjistili-vedci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/46850\/","title":{"rendered":"Pes dom\u00e1c\u00ed \u017eil u\u017e p\u0159ed 16\u00a0000\u00a0lety, zjistili v\u011bdci"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Anatolii v\u00a0Turecku v\u00a0oblasti P\u0131narba\u015f\u0131 p\u0159ed 15\u00a0800\u00a0lety fena porodila \u0161t\u011b\u0148ata, kter\u00e1 zem\u0159ela hodn\u011b mal\u00e1. Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti \u017eili, je krmili stejn\u011b jako sebe. Dokonce je i\u00a0poh\u0159bili na poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b, kam ukl\u00e1dali i\u00a0mrtv\u00e9 lidi. Jedno z\u00a0t\u011bchto \u0161t\u011b\u0148at je nyn\u00ed nejstar\u0161\u00edm geneticky identifikovan\u00fdm psem dom\u00e1c\u00edm. Jeho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem se zab\u00fdvaly dv\u011b studie, kter\u00e9 zkoumaly kosti o\u00a0velikosti k\u00e1vov\u00fdch zrn.<\/p>\n

Do ned\u00e1vna nejstar\u0161\u00ed genetick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o\u00a0existenci domestikovan\u00fdch ps\u016f poch\u00e1zely z\u00a0doby p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u0159ed 10\u00a0900\u00a0lety a\u00a0na\u0161ly se na mezolitick\u00e9m nalezi\u0161ti v\u00a0Kar\u00e9lii v\u00a0Rusku. Nov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum ale posouv\u00e1 letopo\u010det o\u00a0v\u00edce ne\u017e 5\u00a0000\u00a0let dozadu do pozdn\u00edho paleolitu. Do doby, kdy v\u0161ichni lid\u00e9 byli je\u0161t\u011b lovci a\u00a0sb\u011bra\u010di a\u00a0nem\u011bli zat\u00edm domestikovan\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata.<\/p>\n

\u201eMluv\u00edme o\u00a0dob\u011b asi 6\u00a0000\u00a0let p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e lid\u00e9 za\u010dali \u017e\u00edt vedle krav, koz nebo prasat, a\u00a0v\u00edce ne\u017e 10\u00a0000\u00a0let p\u0159ed ko\u0148mi,\u201c \u0159ekl podle den\u00edku El Pa\u00eds<\/a> v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk Lachie Scarsbrook z\u00a0Mnichovsk\u00e9 univerzity a\u00a0spoluautor hlavn\u00ed studie.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed studie veden\u00e1 Williamem Marshem z\u00a0P\u0159\u00edrodopisn\u00e9ho muzea v\u00a0Lond\u00fdn\u011b a\u00a0Scarbrookem analyzuje poz\u016fstatky psovit\u00fdch \u0161elem ze dvou lokalit – z\u00a0tureck\u00e9ho P\u0131narba\u015f\u0131 a\u00a0z Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie z\u00a0Goughovy jeskyn\u011b. Tureck\u00e9 fragmenty jsou podle Scarsbrooka mal\u00e9 asi jako zrnko rozpustn\u00e9 k\u00e1vy. P\u0159esto se jejich t\u00fdmu poda\u0159ilo extrahovat dostatek DNA, aby potvrdil, \u017ee to byli psi dom\u00e1c\u00ed, ne vlci.<\/p>\n

Autory druh\u00e9 studie jsou Anders Bergstr\u00f6m a\u00a0Pontus Skoglund z\u00a0Francis Crick Institute v\u00a0Lond\u00fdn\u011b, kte\u0159\u00ed analyzovali v\u00edce ne\u017e 200\u00a0evropsk\u00fdch poz\u016fstatk\u016f psovit\u00fdch \u0161elem poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch z\u00a0doby p\u0159ed 14\u00a0000\u00a0a\u017e 1\u00a0000\u00a0lety. Mezi nimi byl i\u00a0dlouho diskutovan\u00fd \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd exempl\u00e1\u0159 datovan\u00fd do doby p\u0159ed 14\u00a0200\u00a0lety, kter\u00fd na z\u00e1klad\u011b morfologie byl u\u017e d\u0159\u00edve navr\u017een jako pes dom\u00e1c\u00ed. \u201eNyn\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme potvrdit, \u017ee to byl skute\u010dn\u011b pes,\u201c poznamenal Bergstr\u00f6m.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm pro badatele ale je, \u017ee poz\u016fstatky ps\u016f z\u00a0Brit\u00e1nie a\u00a0Tureck\u00e9ho P\u0131narba\u015f\u0131 jsou geneticky t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 toto\u017en\u00e9, p\u0159esto\u017ee jsou od sebe vzd\u00e1leny okolo 4\u00a0000\u00a0kilometr\u016f. Jejich spole\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159edci \u017eili asi p\u0159ed 16\u00a0900\u00a0lety, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se vysoce homogenn\u00ed populace ps\u016f roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila velkou rychlost\u00ed po cel\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00ed Eurasii p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b koncem doby ledov\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eili vedle t\u011bchto ps\u016f, se od sebe ale velmi li\u0161ili. Britskou jeskyni ob\u00fdvali magdal\u00e9n\u0161t\u00ed lovci p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00edmu chladu severn\u00ed Evropy. Tureck\u00e9 P\u0131narba\u015f\u0131 ob\u00fdvali anatol\u0161t\u00ed lovci-sb\u011bra\u010di. \u201eP\u0159ed touto studi\u00ed jsme nev\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee tyto dv\u011b komunity m\u011bly n\u011bjakou interakci, a\u00a0uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee sd\u00edleli psy. Objev n\u00e1s nut\u00ed revidovat na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed paleolitick\u00fdch kulturn\u00edch v\u00fdm\u011bn. Psi cirkulovali mezi odli\u0161n\u00fdmi lidsk\u00fdmi skupinami, mo\u017en\u00e1 jako cenn\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed nebo loveck\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje,\u201c poznamenal Marsh, jeden z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch autor\u016f prvn\u00ed studie.<\/p>\n

Anal\u00fdza kost\u00ed potvrdila, \u017ee psi na obou m\u00edstech jedli to sam\u00e9 co jejich majitel\u00e9. V\u00a0Turecku poz\u016fstatky poukazuj\u00ed na stravu zalo\u017eenou na ryb\u00e1ch. Lid\u00e9 je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b krmili stejn\u00fdmi rybami, kter\u00e9 sami konzumovali. V\u00a0Brit\u00e1nii byla strava ps\u016f a\u00a0lid\u00ed prakticky k\u00a0nerozezn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Siln\u00e9 pouto<\/p>\n

V obou p\u0159\u00edpadech byl siln\u00fd i\u00a0symbolick\u00fd vztah. V\u00a0Turecku byla \u0161t\u011b\u0148ata poh\u0159bena vedle lid\u00ed se stejn\u00fdmi poh\u0159ebn\u00edmi ritu\u00e1ly. V\u00a0britsk\u00e9 Goughov\u011b jeskyni, kde lid\u00e9 praktikovali ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed kanibalismus, v\u00a0r\u00e1mci kter\u00e9ho byly lebky mrtv\u00fdch p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bny na poh\u00e1ry a\u00a0na kostech se na\u0161ly stopy zub\u016f, m\u011bla \u010delist psa z\u00e1m\u011brnou posmrtnou perforaci identickou s\u00a0typem posmrtn\u00e9 modifikace proveden\u00e9 na lidsk\u00fdch poz\u016fstatc\u00edch. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee 4\u00a0000\u00a0kilometr\u016f od sebe dv\u011b naprosto odli\u0161n\u00e9 kultury zach\u00e1zely se sv\u00fdmi psy zp\u016fsobem podobn\u00fdm tomu, jak zach\u00e1zely s\u00a0mrtv\u00fdmi lidmi.<\/p>\n

Druh\u00e1 studie p\u0159inesla dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed. Kdy\u017e farm\u00e1\u0159i dorazili do Evropy z\u00a0jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Asie asi p\u0159ed 8\u00a0000\u00a0lety, geneticky nahradili asi 80\u00a0a\u017e 90\u00a0% lidsk\u00e9 populace na kontinentu. Psi se ale nezm\u011bnili, zhruba polovinou p\u0159isp\u011bli ke vzniku nov\u00fdch farm\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch ps\u016f. \u201eLovci-sb\u011bra\u010di byli t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 geneticky vymazan\u00ed. Jejich psi ale nebyli,\u201c poznamenal Bergstr\u00f6m. Tahle linie p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 dodnes – psi od n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho ov\u010d\u00e1ka po bernard\u00fdna nesou otisk t\u011bchto zv\u00ed\u0159at v\u00a0genomu.<\/p>\n

Dv\u011b ot\u00e1zky ale z\u016fstaly nezodpov\u011bzeny. Prvn\u00ed je, kde p\u0159esn\u011b a\u00a0kdy do\u0161lo k\u00a0domestikaci. Nikdo zat\u00edm neidentifikoval populaci \u0161ed\u00e9ho vlka, ze kter\u00e9ho dom\u00e1c\u00ed psi poch\u00e1zej\u00ed. Ob\u011b nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed studie ale pouk\u00e1zaly na z\u00e1padn\u00ed Eurasii jako na nejpravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed oblast p\u016fvodu. V\u011bdci se domn\u00edmavj\u00ed, \u017ee genetick\u00e1 diverzifikace ps\u016f z\u00a0doby p\u0159ed 16\u00a0000\u00a0lety nazna\u010duje, \u017ee k\u00a0domestikaci do\u0161lo o\u00a0n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc let d\u0159\u00edve. Druhou ot\u00e1zkou je, jakou roli hr\u00e1li tito ran\u00ed psi v\u00a0paleolitick\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Anatolii v\u00a0Turecku v\u00a0oblasti P\u0131narba\u015f\u0131 p\u0159ed 15\u00a0800\u00a0lety fena porodila \u0161t\u011b\u0148ata, kter\u00e1 zem\u0159ela hodn\u011b mal\u00e1. Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":46851,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[3344,17794,17793,1653,54,4771,1136,53,52],"class_list":{"0":"post-46850","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-svet","8":"tag-archeologie","9":"tag-kosti","10":"tag-pozustatky","11":"tag-psi","12":"tag-svet","13":"tag-turecko","14":"tag-velka-britanie","15":"tag-world","16":"tag-world-news"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116357117039197519","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46850","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46850"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46850\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/46851"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46850"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=46850"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=46850"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}