Megakonstelace SpaceX m\u00e1 b\u00fdt kompletn\u00ed, a\u017e dos\u00e1hne 42\u00a0tis\u00edc kus\u016f. Spole\u010dnost Elona Muska p\u0159itom nen\u00ed v\u00a0tomto byznyse jedin\u00e1. Moment\u00e1ln\u011b na ni p\u0159ipadaj\u00ed asi dv\u011b t\u0159etiny ve\u0161ker\u00fdch komer\u010dn\u00edch satelit\u016f a\u00a0konkuren\u010dn\u00edch firem p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1.<\/p>\n
ESA loni odhadovala<\/a>, \u017ee do roku 2030\u00a0bude na orbit\u011b 100\u00a0tis\u00edc satelit\u016f. Odhad z\u00a0roku 2023,\u00a0s\u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00e9 ozn\u00e1men\u00e9 projekty, zmi\u0148uje<\/a> a\u017e 400\u00a0tis\u00edc n\u011bkdy ve\u00a030.\u00a0letech tohoto stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed sou\u010det v\u0161ech ozn\u00e1men\u00fdch projekt\u016f by byl je\u0161t\u011b mnohem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Je to jasn\u00e9 i\u00a0bez detailn\u00ed re\u0161er\u0161e a\u00a0jako d\u016fkaz sta\u010d\u00ed jedin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad\u00a0\u2013 letos v\u00a0lednu Muskova spole\u010dnost ozn\u00e1mila<\/a>, \u017ee podala \u017e\u00e1dost o\u00a0vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jednoho milionu satelit\u016f pro separ\u00e1tn\u00ed projekt vesm\u00edrn\u00fdch datov\u00fdch center.<\/p>\n Astronomov\u00e9 trend sleduj\u00ed s\u00a0velk\u00fdmi obavami a\u00a0bij\u00ed na poplach.<\/p>\n Jak satelity odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed sv\u011btlo ze Slunce na Zem.<\/p>\n Limity na ochranu no\u010dn\u00ed oblohy nedbaj\u00ed<\/p>\n Zat\u00edm sice nen\u00ed v\u016fbec jist\u00e9, jestli je Musk\u016fv nov\u011b ozn\u00e1men\u00fd projekt v\u016fbec my\u0161len\u00fd v\u00e1\u017en\u011b, nebo jde jen o\u00a0v\u00fdk\u0159ik adresovan\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm investor\u016fm. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed naru\u0161en\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vesm\u00edru kv\u016fli komer\u010dn\u00edm satelit\u016fm nicm\u00e9n\u011b astronomov\u00e9 o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed i\u00a0bez tohoto dodate\u010dn\u00e9ho milionu.<\/p>\n Musk\u016fv pl\u00e1n\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0to i\u00a0kdyby ve skute\u010dnosti byl jen um\u011blou senzac\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 nav\u00edc dob\u0159e poukazuje na j\u00e1dro cel\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu. Je j\u00edm toti\u017e pr\u00e1v\u011b to, \u017ee soukrom\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti od zahlcen\u00ed ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy zdr\u017euj\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u011b technick\u00e9 a\u00a0ekonomick\u00e9 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky a\u00a0nikoliv regulace, kter\u00e9 by braly v\u00a0potaz \u201esv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed\u201c a\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my.<\/p>\n S vyhl\u00eddkou na pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed ceny v\u00fdnosu materi\u00e1lu na ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hu a\u00a0technologick\u00e9ho pokroku obecn\u011b je pro astronomy tento stav velmi skli\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n Jak daleko to m\u016f\u017ee zaj\u00edt?<\/p>\n K odpov\u011bdi se m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit zm\u00ednkou o\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm ned\u00e1vno ozn\u00e1men\u00e9m projektu. Firma Reflect Orbital chce<\/a> do roku 2035\u00a0poslat do vesm\u00edru 50\u00a0tis\u00edc satelit\u016f s\u00a0velk\u00fdmi zrcadly a\u00a0za pen\u00edze pos\u00edlat sv\u011btlo ze Slunce, kam jen bude pot\u0159eba (po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 se se sol\u00e1rn\u00edmi elektr\u00e1rnami b\u011bhem noci).<\/p>\n N\u011bco takov\u00e9ho by ohro\u017een\u00ed pro astronomii mohlo pozvednout na \u00fapln\u011b novou \u00farove\u0148.<\/p>\n Op\u011bt nen\u00ed jist\u00e9, jestli to v\u016fbec m\u016f\u017ee technicky fungovat. \u017d\u00e1dost o\u00a0povolen\u00ed startu prototypu, pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho na p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edc, nicm\u00e9n\u011b le\u017e\u00ed na stole americk\u00e9 Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed komise pro komunikace (FCC), kter\u00e1 n\u00e1mitky v\u011bdc\u016f m\u016f\u017ee (ale\u00a0nemus\u00ed) vz\u00edt v\u00a0potaz.<\/p>\n Dodejme, \u017ee v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b krom\u011b astronom\u016f protestuj\u00ed i\u00a0v\u011bdci z\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch obor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed mluv\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad o\u00a0zdravotn\u00edch rizic\u00edch pro lidi kv\u016fli naru\u0161en\u00ed sp\u00e1nku nebo \u0161kodliv\u00e9m dopadu na zv\u00ed\u0159ata. Jde tedy o\u00a0pon\u011bkud extr\u00e9mn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad, kter\u00fd nicm\u00e9n\u011b dob\u0159e p\u0159ibli\u017euje, jak dynamick\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee rozvoj komer\u010dn\u00edch vesm\u00edrn\u00fdch aktivit b\u00fdt.<\/p>\n N\u00e1rodn\u00ed agentury sice maj\u00ed stanovenou \u0159adu p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdch regulac\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se bezpe\u010dnosti start\u016f raket, technick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed satelit\u016f a\u00a0environment\u00e1ln\u00edch hrozeb dole na Zemi (i tady jsou mezery, ale o\u00a0tom a\u017e pozd\u011bji), ale nikoliv sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n Nap\u0159\u00edklad EU to pl\u00e1nuje zm\u011bnit p\u0159ipravovan\u00fdm Evropsk\u00fdm vesm\u00edrn\u00fdm z\u00e1konem<\/a>, ale funk\u010dn\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed regulace neexistuje. Kdyby tedy nap\u0159\u00edklad americk\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad nakonec povolil vysl\u00e1n\u00ed des\u00edtek tis\u00edc zrcadel, kter\u00e1 pak budou ru\u0161it no\u010dn\u00ed tmu v\u0161ude mo\u017en\u011b po sv\u011bt\u011b, nikdo s\u00a0t\u00edm z\u00a0leg\u00e1ln\u00edho hlediska nic neud\u011bl\u00e1.<\/p>\n Pro\u010d ale satelity vlastn\u011b tak p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vesm\u00edru?<\/p>\n M\u00e1 to t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed d\u016fvody. Prvn\u00edm je zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno \u201elezen\u00ed satelit\u016f do z\u00e1b\u011bru\u201c teleskop\u016f. Druh\u00fdm je kumulativn\u00ed osv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9 no\u010dn\u00ed oblohy kv\u016fli odraz\u016fm sv\u011btla od satelit\u016f a\u00a0jejich trosek. T\u0159et\u00edm d\u016fvodem je ru\u0161en\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed radiov\u00fdch teleskop\u016f.<\/p>\n Prvn\u00ed probl\u00e9m lze p\u0159edstavit i\u00a0n\u00e1zorn\u011b na p\u0159\u00edkladu dot\u010den\u00e9ho sn\u00edmku z\u00a0teleskopu:<\/p>\n Sn\u00edmek z\u00a0333sekundov\u00e9 expozice observato\u0159e Cerro Tololo v\u00a0Chile (kredit:NSF\u2019s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory\/CTIO\/AURA\/DELVE). <\/p>\n Jak m\u016f\u017eete vid\u011bt, jsou-li satelity zrovna osv\u00edcen\u00e9 Sluncem (z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na v\u00fd\u0161ce, ale v\u011bt\u0161inou to b\u00fdv\u00e1 dv\u011b hodiny po soumraku a\u00a0dv\u011b hodiny p\u0159ed rozb\u0159eskem), m\u016f\u017eou na sn\u00edmc\u00edch ud\u011blat ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00e9 pruhy (v\u00edce re\u00e1ln\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f t\u0159eba tady<\/a>). Nejde p\u0159itom jen o\u00a0estetickou vadu, kter\u00e1 by se dala opravit ve Photoshopu. Sn\u00edmek je pro v\u011bdce p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zdrojem dat, a\u00a0ta z\u00a0po\u0161kozen\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sn\u00edmk\u016f u\u017e nelze dostat. Sv\u011bteln\u00fd \u0161um zp\u016fsoben\u00fd satelitem nepr\u016fhledn\u011b p\u0159ekryje v\u0161echno, co je za n\u00edm.<\/p>\n \u0160ance, \u017ee \u0161um p\u0159ekryje n\u011bco d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho, nen\u00ed velk\u00e1, ale to nic nem\u011bn\u00ed na tom, \u017ee dot\u010den\u00fd sn\u00edmek je \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b znehodnocen\u00fd. Plat\u00ed tak\u00e9, \u017ee uprost\u0159ed noci satelity osv\u00edcen\u00e9 nejsou, tak\u017ee tam jsou pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed nedot\u010dena. Ka\u017ed\u00fd po\u0161kozen\u00fd sn\u00edmek a\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9 zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed mo\u017enosti pozorovat v\u0161ak pro astronomy p\u0159edstavuje ztr\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n \u201e\u0160kody, kter\u00e9 satelit nap\u00e1ch\u00e1, se r\u016fzn\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 od zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u0161umu v\u00a0obr\u00e1zku p\u0159es fale\u0161n\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly a\u017e po \u00fapln\u00e9 zni\u010den\u00ed sn\u00edmku,\u201c \u0159ekla Seznam Zpr\u00e1v\u00e1m So\u0148a Ehlerov\u00e1 z\u00a0Astronomick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 zku\u0161enosti z\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9 ji\u017en\u00ed observato\u0159e<\/a> (ESO) v\u00a0Chile.<\/p>\n Pro dalekohledy Evropsk\u00e9 ji\u017en\u00ed observato\u0159e existuje odhad, \u017ee p\u0159i 80\u00a0tis\u00edc\u00edch satelit\u016f na ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze bude dot\u010deno asi 1\u00a0% sn\u00edmk\u016f, s\u00a0\u010d\u00edm\u017e se podle Ehlerov\u00e9 \u201ed\u00e1 sm\u00ed\u0159it\u201c, by\u0165 i\u00a0to znamen\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed provozn\u00edch n\u00e1klad\u016f. \u201ePro desetkr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det satelit\u016f, co\u017e bohu\u017eel nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 utopie, u\u017e je to ale hodn\u011b \u0161patn\u00e9,\u201c dodala astronomka.<\/p>\n Tamn\u00ed teleskop VLT (Very Large Telescope) nav\u00edc zdaleka nepat\u0159\u00ed mezi ty nejposti\u017een\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. T\u011bmi jsou tzv. p\u0159ehl\u00eddkov\u00e9 dalekohledy s\u00a0velk\u00fdm zorn\u00fdm polem. Nap\u0159\u00edklad nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z\u00a0nich, Observato\u0159 Very C. Rubinov\u00e9, kter\u00e1 za\u010dala fungovat teprve loni, m\u00e1 podle odhad\u016f<\/a> v\u00a0okrajov\u00fdch hodin\u00e1ch u\u017e v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti po\u0161kozen\u00fdch 30\u00a0a\u017e 40\u00a0% sn\u00edmk\u016f.<\/p>\n Z hlediska p\u0159edm\u011btu z\u00e1jmu mezi nejposti\u017een\u011bj\u0161\u00ed oblasti astronomie paradoxn\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed pro lidi nesporn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed komet a\u00a0asteroid\u016f bl\u00edzk\u00fdch na\u0161\u00ed planet\u011b. \u201eVzhledem ke geometrii Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy se tyto objekty obvykle pozoruj\u00ed bl\u00edzko obzoru ve sm\u011bru Slunce, co\u017e je z\u00a0hlediska satelit\u016f zdaleka nejhor\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsto. Pak jsou tu ale v\u0161echny ty ostatn\u00ed obory astronomie, kter\u00e9 sice nespadaj\u00ed do kategorie nejohro\u017een\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, ale po\u0159\u00e1d budou p\u0159ich\u00e1zet o\u00a0data,\u201c \u0159ekl Seznam Zpr\u00e1v\u00e1m astronom z\u00a0ESO Olivier Hainaut<\/a>, kter\u00fd se mimo jin\u00e9 zab\u00fdv\u00e1 i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edmo studiem dopadu satelit\u016f na astronomick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n V bezpe\u010d\u00ed p\u0159ed dopady satelit\u016f nejsou ani dalekohledy na orbit\u011b.<\/p>\n \u201eKontaminace se nebude t\u00fdkat pouze teleskop\u016f na ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze Slunce, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad James Webb. Ty jsou p\u0159itom extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 a\u00a0samy o\u00a0sob\u011b nem\u016f\u017eou poskytovat dost dat na to, aby mohl pokra\u010dovat pokrok v\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00edch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch v\u011bdy, jako je objevov\u00e1n\u00ed podstaty temn\u00e9 hmoty, temn\u00e9 energie, hled\u00e1n\u00ed mimozemsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota nebo p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed po asteroidech, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1s potenci\u00e1ln\u011b mohou ohrozit,\u201c \u0159ekl SZ Alejandro Serrano Borlaff<\/a>, astronom NASA a\u00a0autor loni publikovan\u00e9 studie<\/a> hodnot\u00edc\u00ed dopad na vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 teleskopy.<\/p>\n Pr\u00e1ce do\u0161la k\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee pokud bude pokra\u010dovat tempo r\u016fstu po\u010dtu satelit\u016f a\u00a0n\u011bkdy po roce 2040\u00a0dos\u00e1hne p\u016fl milionu, budou satelity naru\u0161ovat 40\u00a0% sn\u00edmk\u016f Hubbleova teleskopu a\u00a0t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny sn\u00edmky vesm\u00edrn\u00fdch pozorovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jako je SPHEREx, ARRAKIHS a\u00a0Xuntian.<\/p>\n Mechanismus je tady znovu jednoduch\u00fd\u00a0\u2013 \u010d\u00e1st komer\u010dn\u00edch satelit\u016f se pohybuje<\/a> ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ce ne\u017e teleskopy, tak\u017ee jim \u201eleze do z\u00e1b\u011bru\u201c podobn\u011b jako pozemsk\u00fdm satelit\u016fm.<\/p>\n Probl\u00e9m \u010d. 2: Rozjas\u0148uje se i\u00a0cel\u00e1 no\u010dn\u00ed obloha<\/p>\n Druh\u00fd probl\u00e9m je tak trochu skryt\u00fd, a\u00a0mo\u017en\u00e1 proto se o\u00a0n\u011bm ani tolik nemluv\u00ed. V\u011bdeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce ale ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt velk\u00fd vliv.<\/p>\n \u201eSatelity a\u00a0vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 smet\u00ed funguj\u00ed jako dif\u00fazn\u00ed zrcadlo rozptyluj\u00edc\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed sv\u011btlo. V\u00fdsledkem toho nen\u00ed jasn\u011b viditeln\u00fd sv\u011bteln\u00fd pruh jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b satelitu, ale vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed jasnost cel\u00e9ho pozad\u00ed no\u010dn\u00ed oblohy,\u201c popsal fenom\u00e9n Miroslav Kocifaj<\/a> ze Slovensk\u00e9 akademie v\u011bd a\u00a0Univerzity Komensk\u00e9ho, kter\u00fd vedl u\u017e dv\u011b mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed studie v\u011bnovan\u00e9 tomuto probl\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n Prvn\u00ed z\u00a0nich<\/a> v\u00a0roce 2021\u00a0do\u0161la k\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee ve\u0161ker\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty na ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze, tedy v\u0161echny funk\u010dn\u00ed i\u00a0vy\u0159azen\u00e9 satelity, zbytky nosn\u00fdch raket a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 smet\u00ed, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b produkuj\u00ed tolik jasu, \u017ee no\u010dn\u00ed obloha je asi o\u00a010\u00a0% sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed (20\u00a0\u03bccd\/m\u00b2) ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e1 kritick\u00e1 hranice stanoven\u00e1 pro pozemn\u00ed observato\u0159e Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed astronomickou uni\u00ed (IAU).<\/p>\n Druh\u00e1 studie<\/a> publikovan\u00e1 loni se zam\u011b\u0159ila \u010dist\u011b na LEO a\u00a0modelovala v\u00fdvoj do roku 2035.\u00a0U\u017e v\u00a0roce 2024\u00a0podle n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek um\u011bl\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f na LEO (tedy v\u011bt\u0161inov\u011b komer\u010dn\u00edch satelit\u016f) k\u00a0sv\u011bteln\u00e9mu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed byl n\u011bkde mezi 3\u00a0a\u017e 8\u00a0\u03bccd\/m\u00b2. Do roku 2035\u00a0m\u00e1 pak sv\u011bteln\u00e1 kontaminace kv\u016fli tis\u00edc\u016fm nov\u00fdch satelit\u016f nar\u016fst na 19\u00a0\u03bccd\/m\u00b2, tak\u017ee u\u017e i\u00a0samotn\u00e1 LEO bez zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy bude na hranici limitu IAU.<\/p>\n Pr\u00e1ce z\u00e1rove\u0148 vyzdvihla roli vesm\u00edrn\u00e9ho smet\u00ed. \u201eJedin\u00fd deseticentimetrov\u00fd objekt se m\u016f\u017ee rozpadnout na submilimetrov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dky, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee ston\u00e1sobn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it mno\u017estv\u00ed foton\u016f putuj\u00edc\u00edch k\u00a0pozorovateli. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed je, \u017ee toto se nezastav\u00ed, ani kdyby z\u00edtra p\u0159estaly v\u0161echny starty nov\u00fdch satelit\u016f. Smet\u00ed, kter\u00e9 u\u017e na ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze je, se m\u016f\u017ee z\u00a0d\u016fvodu vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch koliz\u00ed d\u00e1l rozpadat na st\u00e1le men\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dky,\u201c vysv\u011btlil Kocifaj.<\/p>\n Sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed no\u010dn\u00ed obloha pro astronomy znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pro zachycen\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b jasn\u00fdch vesm\u00edrn\u00fdch objekt\u016f pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed del\u0161\u00ed expozice, co\u017e zvy\u0161uje cenu pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0prodlu\u017euje dlouh\u00e9 \u201efronty\u201c, ve\u00a0kter\u00fdch mus\u00ed v\u011bdci a\u00a0v\u011bdkyn\u011b \u010dekat, ne\u017e se teleskop dostane k\u00a0jejich p\u0159edm\u011btu z\u00e1jmu.<\/p>\n R\u00e1diov\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed lze \u201evypnout\u201c, ale to nesta\u010d\u00ed<\/p>\n Krom\u011b sv\u011btla v\u0161echny satelity vyza\u0159uj\u00ed sm\u011brem k\u00a0Zemi i\u00a0radiov\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 radiov\u00fdm teleskop\u016fm p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed stejn\u011b jako sv\u011btlo t\u011bm optick\u00fdm.<\/p>\n Doba vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu na rozd\u00edl od odrazu sv\u011btla nen\u00ed z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na Slunci a\u00a0d\u00e1 se operativn\u011b ovl\u00e1dat. Spole\u010dnosti sv\u00e9 satelity c\u00edlen\u011b vyp\u00ednaj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad nad americkou N\u00e1rodn\u00ed radiovou klidovou z\u00f3nou nebo konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi observato\u0159emi. Na \u00faplnou eliminaci zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pro teleskopy to ale nesta\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n Kontaminaci pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed toti\u017e zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed<\/a> i\u00a0zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno zbytky rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9ho radiov\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 do klidov\u00fdch z\u00f3n putuj\u00ed z\u00a0m\u00edst, kde satelity je\u0161t\u011b byly aktivn\u00ed. I\u00a0tady samoz\u0159ejm\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm v\u00edc satelit\u016f bude, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed to bude probl\u00e9m.<\/p>\n N\u011bjak\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby mitigace se nab\u00edzej\u00ed i\u00a0pro sv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad SpaceX u\u017e zkou\u0161ela probl\u00e9m korigovat tmav\u00fdmi n\u00e1t\u011bry nebo \u201est\u00ednidly\u201c pro sv\u00e9 satelity. Vyv\u00edjej\u00ed<\/a> se tak\u00e9 nov\u00e9 barvy, kter\u00e9 by mohly odrazivost sn\u00ed\u017eit je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edc, a\u00a0\u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee pomoci i\u00a0sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky, ve\u00a0kter\u00e9 se satelity pohybuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n Satelity st\u00edn\u00ed i\u00a0samy o\u00a0sob\u011b, ale je to margin\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/p>\n Mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u00e1s napadla ot\u00e1zka, jestli astronomick\u00e9mu pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vad\u00ed i\u00a0satelity samy o\u00a0sob\u011b, tedy i\u00a0bez odrazu sv\u011btla a\u00a0bez radiov\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f. Technicky vzato zn\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f ur\u010dit\u011b ano. Teleskopy p\u0159es satelity samoz\u0159ejm\u011b \u201enevid\u00ed\u201c, ani kdy\u017e jsou vypnut\u00e9 a\u00a0neodr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 sv\u011btlo. <\/p>\n Praktick\u00e9 dopady jsou nicm\u00e9n\u011b zat\u00edm minim\u00e1ln\u00ed. Satelity samy o\u00a0sob\u011b bez dodate\u010dn\u00e9ho sv\u011btla toti\u017e na sn\u00edmc\u00edch laicky \u0159e\u010deno zab\u00edraj\u00ed minimum m\u00edsta, tak\u017ee pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee zast\u00edn\u00ed n\u011bco d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho, je tit\u011brn\u00e1. V\u00a0budoucnu by to podle osloven\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f u\u017e probl\u00e9m b\u00fdt mohl, ale po\u0159\u00e1d ne takov\u00fd jako sv\u011bteln\u00e9 a\u00a0radiov\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. <\/p>\n Mitigace ale maj\u00ed dva probl\u00e9my. Jednak zat\u00edm nepom\u00e1haj\u00ed dost, a\u00a0co je mo\u017en\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b hor\u0161\u00ed, d\u011bj\u00ed se jen z\u00a0dobr\u00e9 v\u016fle spole\u010dnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 si jejich implementaci m\u016f\u017eou kdykoliv rozmyslet. P\u0159ipome\u0148me, \u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad americk\u00e1 firma AST SpaceMobile nem\u011bla probl\u00e9m v\u00a0roce 2022\u00a0poslat do vesm\u00edru prototyp satelitu BlueWalker 3, kter\u00fd se stal<\/a> jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nejjasn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch objekt\u016f na cel\u00e9 no\u010dn\u00ed obloze a\u00a0dos\u00e1hl jasnosti p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed doporu\u010den\u00ed v\u00edce jak 400kr\u00e1t.<\/p>\n \u201eZa\u010d\u00e1tek konce no\u010dn\u00ed oblohy, jak ji zn\u00e1me\u201c<\/p>\n Dodejme, \u017ee astronomii samoz\u0159ejm\u011b ohro\u017euje i\u00a0pozemsk\u00e9 sv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 i\u00a0satelity maj\u00ed sv\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed rizika nad r\u00e1mec odr\u00e1\u017een\u00ed sv\u011btla.<\/p>\n Obrovsk\u00fdm t\u00e9matem je i\u00a0zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se riziko sr\u00e1\u017eek satelit\u016f. Rychlost tohoto procesu dob\u0159e ilustruje projekt \u201eCRASH clock<\/a>\u201c, kter\u00fd kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1, za jak dlouho by s\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed do\u0161lo na LEO ke sr\u00e1\u017ece, kdyby se jim satelity aktivn\u011b nevyh\u00fdbaly. Zat\u00edmco v\u00a0roce 2018\u00a0odhad \u010dinil 164\u00a0dn\u00ed, te\u010f u\u017e je to jen 3,8\u00a0dne. Nen\u00ed to p\u0159itom d\u00e1no jen vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtem satelit\u016f, ale i\u00a0hromad\u011bn\u00edm vesm\u00edrn\u00e9ho smet\u00ed, co\u017e je samo o\u00a0sob\u011b dal\u0161\u00edm velk\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem nejen pro bezpe\u010dnost vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 infrastruktury.<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/satelity.png\")
Foto: Seznam Zpr\u00e1vy, Seznam Zpr\u00e1vy<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/orbita.png\")
<\/a>Probl\u00e9m \u010d. 1: Kdy\u017e satelit \u201evleze do z\u00e1b\u011bru\u201c<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/satelit.webp.jpeg\")
Foto: NSF\u2019s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory\/CTIO\/AURA\/DELVE<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1775552710_87_spacex-doprava-do-vesmiru-rakety.jpeg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/new-glenn.jpeg\")
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