{"id":53898,"date":"2026-04-13T17:52:09","date_gmt":"2026-04-13T17:52:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/53898\/"},"modified":"2026-04-13T17:52:09","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T17:52:09","slug":"tri-mista-ve-vesmiru-kde-prestavaji-platit-pravidla-hry-a-realita-ukazuje-chybovou-hlasku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/53898\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u0159i m\u00edsta ve vesm\u00edru, kde p\u0159est\u00e1vaj\u00ed platit pravidla hry a\u00a0realita ukazuje chybovou hl\u00e1\u0161ku"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u017dijeme v\u00a0n\u00e1dhern\u011b p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Pokud upust\u00edte jablko, spadne na zem. D\u00edky spolehliv\u00fdm rovnic\u00edm dok\u00e1\u017eeme poslat sondu na miliardy kilometr\u016f vzd\u00e1lenou kometu, na\u0161e telefony se p\u0159esn\u011b spojuj\u00ed se satelity na ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze a\u00a0letadla se bezpe\u010dn\u011b dr\u017e\u00ed ve vzduchu. Fyzika od Isaaca Newtona<\/a> po Alberta Einsteina<\/a> se zkr\u00e1tka zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt dokonal\u00fdm, neomyln\u00fdm manu\u00e1lem k\u00a0na\u0161emu vesm\u00edru.<\/p>\n

Jen\u017ee tento manu\u00e1l m\u00e1 jednu obrovskou vadu. Nen\u00ed toti\u017e kompletn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na\u0161e p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed z\u00e1kony funguj\u00ed pouze v\u00a0jak\u00e9si bezpe\u010dn\u00e9, \u201epr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9\u201c z\u00f3n\u011b. Na\u0161e pravidla jsou striktn\u011b p\u0159izp\u016fsobena na\u0161\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 velikosti, na\u0161emu vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasu a\u00a0pr\u00e1zdnot\u011b kolem n\u00e1s. Jakmile se ale pokus\u00edte otestovat ty nejzaz\u0161\u00ed hranice tohoto vesm\u00edru, u\u010debnice fyziky se v\u00e1m doslova rozpadnou pod rukama. V\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdch extr\u00e9mn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch zkr\u00e1tka p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 fungovat matematika a\u00a0to, co by za norm\u00e1ln\u00edch okolnost\u00ed m\u011blo d\u00e1vat smysl, najednou vyhazuje fat\u00e1ln\u00ed chybu.<\/p>\n

Co n\u00e1sledovalo po d\u016fkladn\u00e9m teoretick\u00e9m prozkoum\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto fenom\u00e9n\u016f, uk\u00e1zalo v\u011bdc\u016fm, jak moc jsme vlastn\u011b je\u0161t\u011b na za\u010d\u00e1tku. Zde jsou t\u0159i m\u00edsta, kde se zn\u00e1m\u00e9 z\u00e1kony fyziky hrout\u00ed a\u00a0realita zcela p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed o\u00a0sv\u016fj smysl.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed trhlina: Kdy\u017e nabour\u00e1te do absolutn\u00edho rychlostn\u00edho limitu<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstavte si n\u00e1\u0161 vesm\u00edr jako obrovskou videohru. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 slo\u017eit\u00e1 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e1 simulace m\u00e1 sv\u016fj maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdkon, svou pevnou sn\u00edmkovou frekvenci, p\u0159es kterou u\u017e zkr\u00e1tka nem\u016f\u017ee j\u00edt, ani\u017e by se znateln\u011b zasekla. T\u00edmto absolutn\u00edm hardwarov\u00fdm limitem na\u0161eho vesm\u00edru je rychlost sv\u011btla\u00a0\u2013 legend\u00e1rn\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed konstanta c (zhruba 300\u00a0000\u00a0kilometr\u016f za sekundu).<\/p>\n

Podle Einsteinovy speci\u00e1ln\u00ed teorie relativity<\/a> plat\u00ed naprosto ne\u00faprosn\u00e9 pravidlo: nic, co m\u00e1 hmotnost, nem\u016f\u017ee rychlosti sv\u011btla dos\u00e1hnout, nato\u017e ji p\u0159ekro\u010dit. Pro\u010d?<\/p>\n

Jakmile jak\u00fdkoli objekt zrychluje, pot\u0159ebuje k\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmu zrychlen\u00ed v\u00edce a\u00a0v\u00edce energie. Kdyby se p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eil rychlosti sv\u011btla, jeho hmotnost by za\u010dala stoupat do nekone\u010dna. K\u00a0jeho dal\u0161\u00edmu pohybu by tak bylo zapot\u0159eb\u00ed doslova nekone\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie, co\u017e je naprosto nemo\u017en\u00e9. Nekone\u010dno toti\u017e ve fyzice prakticky v\u017edy znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je n\u011bco \u0161patn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Pokud by se ale p\u0159eci jen stalo, \u017ee by n\u011bjak\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice \u010di lo\u010f tuto nep\u0159ekonatelnou bari\u00e9ru prolomila, na\u0161e sou\u010dasn\u00e9 rovnice by okam\u017eit\u011b p\u0159estaly fungovat. P\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed rychlosti sv\u011btla by toti\u017e podle rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch anal\u00fdz kauz\u00e1ln\u00ed struktury v\u00a0relativistick\u00e9 fyzice<\/a> zni\u010dilo to v\u016fbec nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pravidlo cel\u00e9ho vesm\u00edru: kauzalitu, tedy vztah mezi p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou a\u00a0n\u00e1sledkem.<\/p>\n

Pokud byste cestovali rychleji ne\u017e sv\u011btlo, pro vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho pozorovatele byste se za\u010dali pohybovat zp\u011bt v\u00a0\u010dase. Rozbili byste sklenici a\u00a0ona by se z\u00a0ni\u010deho nic za\u010dala skl\u00e1dat dohromady a\u00a0sk\u00e1kat ze zem\u011b zp\u011bt na st\u016fl. \u0160\u00edp \u010dasu by se zkr\u00e1tka zlomil. Na\u0161e fyzika na tento paradox nem\u00e1 v\u016fbec \u017e\u00e1dnou odpov\u011b\u010f; za hranic\u00ed rychlosti sv\u011btla na\u0161e matematika jednodu\u0161e kon\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Druh\u00e1 trhlina: D\u011blen\u00ed nulou ve st\u0159edu monstra<\/p>\n

Druh\u00fd bod, kde se vesm\u00edr nekompromisn\u011b l\u00e1me, je mnohem temn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0existuje p\u0159\u00edmo v\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed vlastn\u00ed galaxii. Skr\u00fdv\u00e1 se v\u00a0centrech \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e vyho\u0159\u00ed masivn\u00ed hv\u011bzda, jej\u00ed vlastn\u00ed obrovsk\u00e1 gravitace ji ne\u00faprosn\u011b rozdrt\u00ed. Obecn\u00e1 teorie relativity<\/a> Alberta Einsteina zvl\u00e1d\u00e1 velmi dob\u0159e popsat to, co se d\u011bje v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm okol\u00ed takov\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry. Dok\u00e1\u017ee spo\u010d\u00edtat zak\u0159iven\u00ed prostoru i\u00a0to, jak se zde vlivem gigantick\u00e9 gravitace zpomaluje \u010das. Ale jakmile v\u011bdci nam\u00ed\u0159\u00ed sv\u00e9 slo\u017eit\u00e9 rovnice p\u0159\u00edmo do samotn\u00e9ho geometrick\u00e9ho st\u0159edu tohoto temn\u00e9ho monstra, naraz\u00ed tvrd\u011b do zdi.<\/p>\n

Tento extr\u00e9mn\u00ed centr\u00e1ln\u00ed bod se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 singularita.<\/p>\n

V singularit\u011b se ve\u0161ker\u00e1 hmota d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hv\u011bzdy stla\u010duje do nekone\u010dn\u011b mal\u00e9ho bodu, kde gravitace a\u00a0hustota dosahuj\u00ed nekone\u010dn\u00fdch hodnot. A\u00a0tady znovu nar\u00e1\u017e\u00edme na ono proklet\u00e9 slovo. A\u010dkoliv slavn\u00e1 Penroseova v\u011bta o\u00a0singularit\u00e1ch matematicky dokazuje<\/a>, \u017ee zhroucen\u00ed do tohoto bodu je v\u00a0obecn\u00e9 teorii relativity za ur\u010dit\u00fdch podm\u00ednek nevyhnuteln\u00e9, samotn\u00fd v\u00fdsledek je pro fyziky doslova d\u011bsiv\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Ve fyzice a\u00a0matematice znamen\u00e1 objev nekone\u010dna v\u00a0rovnic\u00edch jedin\u00e9: va\u0161e teorie pr\u00e1v\u011b narazila na sv\u016fj strop. Je to \u00fapln\u011b stejn\u00e9, jako kdy\u017e se na oby\u010dejn\u00e9 kalkula\u010dce pokus\u00edte d\u011blit nulou. P\u0159\u00edstroj v\u00e1m zkr\u00e1tka ned\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd v\u00fdsledek, vyhod\u00ed v\u00e1m jen chybovou hl\u00e1\u0161ku. Singularita je chybovou hl\u00e1\u0161kou na\u0161\u00ed fyziky.<\/p>\n

V centru \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 existovat prostor a\u00a0\u010das tak, jak je zn\u00e1me. Pravidla extr\u00e9mn\u00ed gravitace se zde mus\u00ed nutn\u011b st\u0159et\u00e1vat s\u00a0pravidly element\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic (tedy s\u00a0kvantovou mechanikou<\/a>), ale tyto dv\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed teorie sou\u010dasnosti spolu zkr\u00e1tka nedok\u00e1\u017eou komunikovat. V\u00a0singularit\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e1 v\u011bda doslova oslepne.<\/p>\n

T\u0159et\u00ed trhlina: Pixely samotn\u00e9 reality a\u00a0kvantov\u00e1 p\u011bna<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco prvn\u00ed dva limity se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed obrovsk\u00fdch rychlost\u00ed a\u00a0vesm\u00edrn\u00fdch mas, t\u0159et\u00ed hranice je naopak naprosto mikroskopick\u00e1. A\u017e tak mikroskopick\u00e1, \u017ee zpochyb\u0148uje samotnou existenci voln\u00e9ho prostoru.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se zbl\u00edzka pod\u00edv\u00e1te na hladk\u00fd list pap\u00edru, zd\u00e1 se b\u00fdt dokonale celistv\u00fd. Kdy\u017e ho ale d\u00e1te pod mikroskop, uvid\u00edte chaotick\u00e1, rozt\u0159epen\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna. Dlouho jsme si mysleli, \u017ee s\u00a0prostorem ve vesm\u00edru je to jin\u00e9\u00a0\u2013 \u017ee a\u0165 u\u017e budete \u201ezoomovat\u201c jakkoliv hluboko, prostor bude v\u017edy naprosto hladk\u00fd, spojit\u00fd a\u00a0nekone\u010dn\u011b d\u011bliteln\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Modern\u00ed fyzika ale zjistila, \u017ee to s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed nen\u00ed v\u016fbec pravda. Existuje fundament\u00e1ln\u00ed hranice, za kterou u\u017e vzd\u00e1lenost jednodu\u0161e nejde zmen\u0161it. Naz\u00fdv\u00e1 se Planckova d\u00e9lka<\/a> (zhruba 1,6\u00d710\u221235\u00a0metru). Je to rozm\u011br tak absurdn\u011b mal\u00fd, \u017ee kdybyste zv\u011bt\u0161ili oby\u010dejn\u00fd atom na velikost cel\u00e9ho viditeln\u00e9ho vesm\u00edru, Planckova d\u00e9lka by odpov\u00eddala v\u00fd\u0161ce b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho stromu.<\/p>\n

Co se tedy stane, kdy\u017e se pokus\u00edte analyzovat rozm\u011br, kter\u00fd je men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e tato magick\u00e1 d\u00e9lka?<\/p>\n

Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy zkoumaj\u00edc\u00ed takzvanou holografickou kvantovou p\u011bnu<\/a> p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee na t\u00e9to \u00farovni n\u00e1\u0161 zn\u00e1m\u00fd hladk\u00fd prostor jednodu\u0161e neexistuje. Spojit\u00e1 l\u00e1tka vesm\u00edru se zde m\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0divokou, vrouc\u00ed pol\u00e9vku kvantov\u00e9 p\u011bny, kde prostorov\u00e9 a\u00a0\u010dasov\u00e9 rozm\u011bry naprosto chaoticky vznikaj\u00ed a\u00a0zanikaj\u00ed. P\u0159edstavte si to, jako kdy\u017e na monitoru po\u010d\u00edta\u010de zv\u011bt\u0161ujete dokonalou digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fotografii tak dlouho, dokud nenaraz\u00edte na ostr\u00e9 hrany jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dtvere\u010dk\u016f\u00a0\u2013 pixel\u016f. Pod Planckovou d\u00e9lkou u\u017e nevid\u00edme ucelen\u00fd obraz na\u0161\u00ed fyziky, ale nar\u00e1\u017e\u00edme na surov\u00e9 \u201epixely\u201c reality, pro jejich\u017e popis n\u00e1m zat\u00edm chyb\u00ed jak\u00e9koliv matematick\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje.<\/p>\n

Tyto t\u0159i limity rozhodn\u011b neznamenaj\u00ed, \u017ee by fyzika, kterou se u\u010d\u00edme ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch, byla l\u017eiv\u00e1. Ukazuj\u00ed n\u00e1m v\u0161ak jeden zcela jasn\u00fd fakt: n\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o\u00a0ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed vesm\u00edru je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed ani zdaleka dops\u00e1n. Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1kony dne\u0161ka je nutn\u00e9 sjednotit do takzvan\u00e9 Teorie v\u0161eho<\/a>, kter\u00e1 by propast mezi makroskopick\u00fdm a\u00a0mikroskopick\u00fdm sv\u011btem jednou prov\u017edy p\u0159eklenula. Do t\u00e9 doby z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed rychlost sv\u011btla, singularita a\u00a0Planckova d\u00e9lka m\u00edsty, kde se n\u00e1\u0161 vesm\u00edr hal\u00ed do naprost\u00e9ho tajemstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

D\u00edky, \u017ee jste se se mnou vydali a\u017e na okraj samotn\u00e9 reality! Pokud v\u00e1s fascinuje, \u017ee vesm\u00edr m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed \u201ehardwarov\u00e9 limity\u201c a\u00a0\u017ee matematika kon\u010d\u00ed tam, kde za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 ta prav\u00e1 magie, budu moc r\u00e1d za va\u0161i podporu. I\u00a0symbolick\u00fd finan\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek mi pom\u016f\u017ee d\u00e1l sledovat ty nejodv\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed teorie a\u00a0p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et v\u00e1m p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy o\u00a0m\u00edstech, kde \u010das a\u00a0prostor ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed smysl.<\/p>\n

Do\u010detli jste a\u017e sem? Podpo\u0159te autora libovolnou \u010d\u00e1stkou.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u017dijeme v\u00a0n\u00e1dhern\u011b p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Pokud upust\u00edte jablko, spadne na zem. D\u00edky spolehliv\u00fdm rovnic\u00edm dok\u00e1\u017eeme poslat sondu na miliardy…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":53899,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[12470,12469,6100,6069,19393,19392,12473,74,73,78,75,19394,77,76,1540],"class_list":{"0":"post-53898","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-veda-a-technika","8":"tag-albert-einstein","9":"tag-astrofyzika","10":"tag-cerna-dira","11":"tag-fyzika","12":"tag-isaac-newton","13":"tag-kvantova-fyzika","14":"tag-poznani","15":"tag-science","16":"tag-science-technology","17":"tag-technika","18":"tag-technology","19":"tag-teorie-relativity","20":"tag-veda","21":"tag-veda-a-technika","22":"tag-vesmir"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116398675961633352","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53898","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=53898"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53898\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/53899"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=53898"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=53898"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=53898"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}