Americk\u00e1 a\u00a0izraelsk\u00e1 p\u0159evaha p\u0159i akci proti \u00cdr\u00e1nu byla mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e1. Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed: v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu vietnamsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky bylo vyrobeno 833\u00a0st\u00edhac\u00edch bombard\u00e9r\u016f F-105.\u00a0Severovietnamsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da jich sest\u0159elila 382\u00a0\u2013 tedy pln\u00fdch 47\u00a0procent<\/a>. Celkem Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty ztratily p\u0159es 1700\u00a0letadel. A\u00a0nap\u0159\u00edklad budouc\u00ed prezidentsk\u00fd kandid\u00e1t John McCain byl jen jedn\u00edm z\u00a0n\u011bkolika set letc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed pro\u0161li zajet\u00edm a\u00a0mu\u010den\u00edm.<\/p>\n Operace Epic Fury sk\u00fdt\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fd obr\u00e1zek. Americk\u00e9 letectvo provedlo v\u00edce ne\u017e deset tis\u00edc vzlet\u016f, ale pokud nech\u00e1me stranou bezpilotn\u00ed drony, z\u016fstala tato masivn\u00ed leteck\u00e1 kampa\u0148 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 beze ztr\u00e1t. Sest\u0159el jedin\u00e9ho stroje F-15E a\u00a0po\u0161kozen\u00ed letounu F-35\u00a0prob\u00edrala sv\u011btov\u00e1 m\u00e9dia jako z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vu.<\/p>\n Vedle drtiv\u00e9ho vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed v\u0161ak o\u00a0to v\u00edce vynikaj\u00ed skromn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky v\u00e1lky. \u00cdr\u00e1nsk\u00e9 politick\u00e9 veden\u00ed je i\u00a0podle ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy<\/a> izraelsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy radik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159ed pokusem o \u201ezm\u011bnu re\u017eimu\u201c.<\/p>\n \u201eExistuj\u00ed t\u0159i velk\u00e1 poku\u0161en\u00ed, na kter\u00e1 naraz\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd nov\u00fd prezident a\u00a0jeho vl\u00e1da,\u201c komentoval tuto paradoxn\u00ed situaci pro New York Times<\/a> b\u00fdval\u00fd velitel americk\u00fdch speci\u00e1ln\u00edch sil Stanley A. McChrystal.<\/p>\n Prvn\u00edm jsou podle n\u011bj tajn\u00e9 operace v\u00fdzv\u011bdn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb.<\/p>\n Druh\u00fdm chirurgicky p\u0159esn\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy speci\u00e1ln\u00edch sil.<\/p>\n A\u00a0do t\u0159etice je to \u201el\u00e1ska k\u00a0leteck\u00e9 s\u00edle\u201c.<\/p>\n Ameri\u010dt\u00ed prezidenti p\u0159itom nejsou jedin\u00ed, na kter\u00e9 p\u016fsob\u00ed podmaniv\u00fdm vlivem.<\/p>\n Doba velk\u00e9ho strachu a\u00a0velk\u00fdch nad\u011bj\u00ed<\/p>\n \u201eBudete se b\u00e1t, budete se d\u011bsit. Kdo by se neb\u00e1l! Jen samotn\u00fd pohled na letadlo dok\u00e1\u017ee vyvolat nezvladatelnou paniku. Norm\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017eivot bude pod neust\u00e1lou hrozbou smrti nemo\u017en\u00fd.\u201c<\/p>\n Tato d\u011bsiv\u00e1 vize p\u0159i\u0161la na sv\u011bt jen necel\u00fdch 20\u00a0let pot\u00e9, co brat\u0159\u00ed Wrightov\u00e9 podnikli sv\u016fj prvn\u00ed let s\u00a0letadlem t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e vzduch. Autorem v\u00fdroku byl italsk\u00fd gener\u00e1l a\u00a0budouc\u00ed Mussoliniho prvn\u00ed ministr letectv\u00ed Giulio Douhet.<\/p>\n Mu\u017e, kter\u00fd dok\u00e1zal vyd\u011bsit sv\u011bt. Gener\u00e1l Giulio Douhet.<\/p>\n Jin\u00ed voj\u00e1ci, jako Billy Mitchell v\u00a0USA nebo Jan Smuts ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii, u\u017e p\u0159ed n\u00edm pouk\u00e1zali na potenci\u00e1l letadla p\u0159ekro\u010dit \u00falohu lehk\u00e9ho pr\u016fzkumn\u00e9ho prost\u0159edku a\u00a0st\u00e1t se n\u00e1strojem drtiv\u00fdch \u00fader\u016f v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edtele. Byl to ale pr\u00e1v\u011b Douhet, kdo uchv\u00e1til imaginaci meziv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. <\/p>\n \u201eNen\u00ed t\u0159eba zast\u0159elit v\u0161echny pt\u00e1ky z\u00a0hejna,\u201c popisoval v\u00a0brut\u00e1ln\u00ed metafo\u0159e. \u201eNejefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metodou je zni\u010dit jejich vaj\u00ed\u010dka a\u00a0hn\u00edzda.\u201c Jin\u00fdmi slovy, je t\u0159eba \u00fato\u010dit nejen na nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky, ale i\u00a0na nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e1 m\u011bsta a\u00a0jejich obyvatele: mu\u017ee, \u017eeny i\u00a0d\u011bti.<\/p>\n Douhet vypracoval strategii \u00fatok\u016f ve t\u0159ech vln\u00e1ch. Prvn\u00ed m\u011bla pou\u017e\u00edt t\u0159\u00ed\u0161tiv\u00e9 bomby proti dom\u016fm. Druh\u00e1 zap\u00e1lit trosky pomoc\u00ed fosforov\u00fdch pum. A\u00a0t\u0159et\u00ed vlna letadel m\u011bla bombami s\u00a0jedovat\u00fdmi plyny napadnout z\u00e1chran\u00e1\u0159e a\u00a0hasi\u010de. \u201eNekon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed no\u010dn\u00ed m\u016fra smrti a\u00a0destrukce\u201c podle n\u011bj p\u0159edstavovaly nejjist\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prost\u0159edek, jak p\u0159im\u011bt n\u00e1rod ke kapitulaci.<\/p>\n Douhetovy temn\u00e9 vize m\u011bly dalekos\u00e1hl\u00fd vliv. \u201eB\u011b\u017en\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk by si m\u011bl uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee na zemi nen\u00ed s\u00edly, kter\u00e1 by ho zachr\u00e1nila p\u0159ed bombardov\u00e1n\u00edm. Bombard\u00e9r v\u017edycky pronikne ke sv\u00e9mu c\u00edli,\u201c prohl\u00e1sil ve slavn\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di britsk\u00fd premi\u00e9r Stanley Baldwin v\u00a0roce 1932.\u00a0V\u00a0jeho slovech se odr\u00e1\u017eel v\u0161eobecn\u00fd strach z\u00a0leteck\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kter\u00fd p\u0159isp\u011bl k\u00a0\u00fastupnosti z\u00e1padn\u00edch mocnost\u00ed, politice appeasementu a\u00a0navedl Lond\u00fdn i\u00a0Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e na cestu k\u00a0Mnichovsk\u00e9 dohod\u011b.<\/p>\n RAF proti N\u011bmecku: \u201e\u0160koln\u00ed t\u0159\u00edda up\u00e1len\u00e1 za\u017eiva\u201c<\/p>\n Douhetova doktr\u00edna p\u0159itom m\u011bla z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv i\u00a0na to, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem nakonec vedla v\u00e1lku proti N\u011bmecku i\u00a0samotn\u00e1 Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie. P\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fdch m\u011bst je cestou, jak srazit nacismus na kolena, p\u0159im\u011blo Churchillovu vl\u00e1du investovat obrovsk\u00e9 prost\u0159edky do leteck\u00e9 ofenzivy proti T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i.<\/p>\n Nutno dodat, \u017ee \u201ekobercov\u00e9 bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c bez ohledu na civiln\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty bylo i\u00a0v\u00fdchodiskem z\u00a0nouze: RAF si po po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edch ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161\u00edch a\u00a0vysok\u00fdch ztr\u00e1t\u00e1ch musela p\u0159iznat, \u017ee jej\u00ed bombard\u00e9ry nejsou schopn\u00e9 p\u0159esn\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f proti c\u00edl\u016fm, jako jsou tov\u00e1rny. Historici dodnes vedou spory o\u00a0to, jak v\u00fdrazn\u011b bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fdch m\u011bst p\u0159isp\u011blo k\u00a0por\u00e1\u017ece T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a\u00a0zda by nebylo \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed investovat obrovsk\u00e9 prost\u0159edky do jin\u00e9 sf\u00e9ry v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho \u00fasil\u00ed.<\/p>\n Taktika RAF v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zhroucen\u00ed nacistick\u00e9ho N\u011bmecka nep\u0159inesla. Nav\u00edc si vy\u017e\u00e1dala ze strany britsk\u00e9ho veden\u00ed obrovsk\u00e9 mor\u00e1ln\u00ed kompromisy. Jen p\u0159i n\u00e1letu na Hamburk v\u00a0roce 1943\u00a0zahynulo 46\u00a0tis\u00edc lid\u00ed a\u00a0bylo zni\u010deno 277\u00a0\u0161kol, 24\u00a0nemocnic a\u00a058\u00a0kostel\u016f.<\/p>\n Jak \u0159ekl autorovi \u010dl\u00e1nku Eberhard Renner, architekt, kter\u00fd jako chlapec p\u0159e\u017eil dal\u0161\u00ed ni\u010div\u00fd n\u00e1let, tentokr\u00e1t na Dr\u00e1\u017e\u010fany: \u201eMo\u017en\u00e1 d\u00edky tomu v\u00e1lka skon\u010dila o\u00a0p\u00e1r dn\u00ed d\u0159\u00edv. Ale skute\u010dn\u011b to st\u00e1lo za to, \u017ee skoro v\u0161ichni spolu\u017e\u00e1ci z\u00a0moj\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy uho\u0159eli za\u017eiva?\u201c<\/p>\n Zni\u010den\u00e9 Dr\u00e1\u017e\u010fany.<\/p>\n Vietnam: bombami do doby kamenn\u00e9<\/p>\n P\u0159esto\u017ee n\u011bkolikalet\u00e9 masivn\u00ed bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed nezlomilo mor\u00e1lku nacistick\u00e9ho N\u011bmecka, pokusila se americk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da stejn\u00fd recept zopakovat o\u00a0zhruba dv\u011b desetilet\u00ed pozd\u011bji. V\u00a0roce 1965\u00a0leteck\u00e9 jednotky USA zah\u00e1jily operaci Val\u00edc\u00ed se hrom. \u201eNe\u017e abychom s\u00a0nimi jednali, zabombardujeme Vietnam do doby kamenn\u00e9,\u201c pou\u017eil gener\u00e1l Curtis LeMay obrat, ke kter\u00e9mu se aktu\u00e1ln\u011b vr\u00e1tila i\u00a0Trumpova vl\u00e1da.<\/p>\n C\u00edle t\u0159i a\u00a0p\u016fl roku trvaj\u00edc\u00edch masivn\u00edch n\u00e1let\u016f se v\u00a0mnoh\u00e9m podobaly tomu, \u010d\u00edm hrozil v\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u201ezni\u010den\u00ed civilizace\u201c \u00cdr\u00e1nu i\u00a0Donald Trump: vedle vojensk\u00fdch kapacit to byly tak\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny, silnice a\u00a0mosty. Tlak, kter\u00fd m\u011bl podle pl\u00e1n\u016f velitelstv\u00ed americk\u00e9ho letectva dostat chudou zemi na kolena.<\/p>\n \u201eM\u011bli p\u0159edstavu, \u017ee leteck\u00e1 s\u00edla je rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed. A\u00a0cht\u011bli jej\u00ed mo\u017enosti prok\u00e1zat,\u201c hodnot\u00ed<\/a> iluze leteck\u00fdch gener\u00e1l\u016f b\u00fdval\u00fd voj\u00e1k a\u00a0diplomat Jack A. Sulser. Severn\u00ed Vietnam ale odolal, p\u0159esto\u017ee na oprav\u011b \u0161kod po n\u00e1letech pracovalo \u010dasto a\u017e p\u016fl milionu lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n Sliby leteck\u00fdch mar\u0161\u00e1l\u016f se nenaplnily ani\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tzv. Ho \u010ci Minovy stezky, kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 z\u00e1sobovac\u00ed linie, p\u0159es kterou arm\u00e1da komunistick\u00e9ho severu z\u00e1sobovala jednotky v\u00a0Ji\u017en\u00edm Vietnamu. Americk\u00e9 letectvo tvrdilo, \u017ee ji dok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159etnout, a\u00a0to i\u00a0za pomoci \u0159ady senzor\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly leteck\u00e9 svazy informovat o\u00a0jak\u00e9mkoliv pohybu v\u00a0jej\u00edm okol\u00ed. Do\u0161lo i\u00a0na \u010didla amoniaku, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla reagovat na lidskou mo\u010d.<\/p>\n Severovietnamsk\u00e9 jednotky si ale dok\u00e1zaly s\u00a0americkou vzdu\u0161nou p\u0159evahou poradit a\u00a0mimo jin\u00e9 obelst\u00edt \u010didla amoniaku pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1dob se zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed mo\u010d\u00ed. Ho \u010ci Minova stezka fungovat nep\u0159estala. \u201eByla to z\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed strany myln\u00e1 kalkulace. Podcenili jsme jejich odhodl\u00e1n\u00ed. Prost\u011b bojovali d\u00e1l bez ohledu na ztr\u00e1ty,\u201c dod\u00e1v\u00e1 Sulser.<\/p>\n Srbsko, 1999: sporn\u00e9 v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed<\/p>\n Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed i\u00a0o epizod\u011b, kter\u00e1 se n\u011bkdy myln\u011b ozna\u010duje za d\u016fkaz, \u017ee i\u00a0\u010dist\u011b leteck\u00e1 kampa\u0148 m\u016f\u017ee vynutit kapitulaci nep\u0159\u00edtele. V\u00a0roce 1999\u00a0leteck\u00e9 jednotky NATO dva a\u00a0p\u016fl m\u011bs\u00edce bombardovaly srbsk\u00e9 c\u00edle, aby vl\u00e1du Slobodana Milo\u0161evi\u010de p\u0159im\u011bly ustoupit ohledn\u011b Kosova a\u00a0zlo\u010din\u016f proti lidskosti p\u00e1chan\u00fdch v\u00a0t\u00e9to od\u0161t\u011bpeneck\u00e9 provincii.<\/p>\n B\u011blehrad sice nakonec skute\u010dn\u011b couvl. Historici<\/a> ale poukazuj\u00ed na to, \u017ee k\u00a0jeho kapitulaci krom\u011b samotn\u00fdch n\u00e1let\u016f v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bla i\u00a0hrozba invaze pozemn\u00edch sil.<\/p>\n Obavy ze srbsk\u00e9 protileteck\u00e9 obrany nav\u00edc nutily piloty NATO operovat ve v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch minim\u00e1ln\u011b 4500\u00a0metr\u016f. To podle kritik\u016f vedlo k\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esnosti z\u00e1sah\u016f a\u00a0tedy i\u00a0ke ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m mezi civiln\u00edm obyvatelstvem.<\/p>\n Podle investigace listu Guardian<\/a> se navzdory tis\u00edcovk\u00e1m vzlet\u016f poda\u0159ilo zni\u010dit nebo po\u0161kodit jen t\u0159in\u00e1ct ze t\u0159\u00ed set srbsk\u00fdch tank\u016f v\u00a0Kosovu.<\/p>\n Zes\u00edlen\u00e9 poku\u0161en\u00ed<\/p>\n \u201ePokud m\u00e1te v\u00a0ruce kladivo, v\u0161echny probl\u00e9my za\u010dnou vypadat jako h\u0159eb\u00edky,\u201c \u0159ekl slavn\u00fd americk\u00fd psycholog Abraham Maslow. V\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech dodal technologick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj americk\u00fdm prezident\u016fm p\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u201ekladiva\u201c v\u00a0podob\u011b nov\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed leteck\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. A\u00a0spolu s\u00a0nimi i\u00a0nutk\u00e1n\u00ed je pou\u017e\u00edt.<\/p>\n Technologie stealth, kter\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u011b sni\u017euje riziko odhalen\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdmi radary a\u00a0d\u0159\u00edve byla vyhrazen\u00e1 hrstce speci\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f, se stala sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdbavy bojov\u00fdch letoun\u016f p\u00e1t\u00e9 generace.<\/p>\n Prudce narostl pod\u00edl pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 tzv. \u201ep\u0159esn\u00e9 munice\u201c. B\u011bhem operace Pou\u0161tn\u00ed bou\u0159e tvo\u0159ily p\u0159esn\u011b nav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 st\u0159ely a\u00a0bomby jen asi 7-9\u00a0% pou\u017eit\u00fdch zbran\u00ed<\/a>. V\u00a0operaci Ir\u00e1ck\u00e1 svoboda<\/a> v\u00a0roce 2003\u00a0u\u017e to bylo okolo 60\u00a0%. B\u011bhem kampan\u011b Epic Fury tento pod\u00edl z\u0159ejm\u011b je\u0161t\u011b narostl.<\/p>\n Leteck\u00e1 v\u00e1lka nyn\u00ed v\u00a0o\u010d\u00edch americk\u00fdch prezident\u016f op\u011bt slibuje to, co u\u017e n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t v\u00a0minulosti: drtiv\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek s\u00a0minim\u00e1ln\u00edmi vlastn\u00edmi ztr\u00e1tami. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u00cdr\u00e1nu to jasn\u011b uk\u00e1zal izraelsk\u00fd \u00fader proti tamn\u00ed protileteck\u00e9 obran\u011b v\u00a0\u0159\u00edjnu 2024, kter\u00fd odhalil jej\u00ed bezmoc v\u016f\u010di americko-izraelsk\u00e9 koalici. Drtivou p\u0159evahu protivn\u00edk\u016f teher\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho re\u017eimu jasn\u011b prok\u00e1zala i\u00a0tzv. dvan\u00e1ctidenn\u00ed v\u00e1lka v\u00a0\u010dervnu lo\u0148sk\u00e9ho roku.<\/p>\n Navzdory tomu v\u0161ak ani operace Epic Fury dosud nep\u0159inesla \u00faplnou por\u00e1\u017eku \u00cdr\u00e1nu \u010dist\u011b za pomoci leteck\u00fdch \u00fader\u016f, nato\u017e aby zp\u016fsobila p\u00e1d tamn\u00edho re\u017eimu.<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/douhet.jpeg\")
Foto: Getty Images<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/drazdany-nalet.jpeg\")
Foto: Getty Images<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1776250213_138_minab.jpeg\")
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