{"id":59959,"date":"2026-04-19T20:36:06","date_gmt":"2026-04-19T20:36:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/59959\/"},"modified":"2026-04-19T20:36:06","modified_gmt":"2026-04-19T20:36:06","slug":"zahada-lidskeho-srdce-kterou-leonardo-da-vinci-nacrtl-pred-500-lety-ma-konecne-odpoved-pomohla-umela-inteligence-a-25-000-mri-snimku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/59959\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1hada lidsk\u00e9ho srdce, kterou Leonardo da Vinci na\u010drtl p\u0159ed 500 lety, m\u00e1 kone\u010dn\u011b odpov\u011b\u010f. Pomohla um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence a 25 000 MRI sn\u00edmk\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"

Uvnit\u0159 srdce se skr\u00fdv\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 svalov\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 krajku nebo sn\u011bhov\u00e9 vlo\u010dky. Poprv\u00e9 ji nakreslil Leonardo da Vinci n\u011bkdy kolem roku 1513, po pe\u010dliv\u00e9 pitv\u011b lidsk\u00e9ho srdce. Domn\u00edval se, \u017ee tato vl\u00e1kna zah\u0159\u00edvaj\u00ed proud\u00edc\u00ed krev. Byl to geni\u00e1ln\u00ed odhad, ale nep\u0159esn\u00fd. Co ta struktura doopravdy d\u011bl\u00e1, v\u011bdci nev\u011bd\u011bli cel\u00fdch p\u011bt set let \u2014 dokud jim v roce 2020 nepomohla um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence, genomika a data od \u010dtvrt milionu lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Leonardo da Vinci byl v oblasti anatomie srdce v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd. Ve dvou vln\u00e1ch v\u00fdzkumu, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v letech 1490 a pak mezi lety 1506 a 1513, pitval lidsk\u00e1 t\u011bla v mil\u00e1nsk\u00fdch nemocnic\u00edch a l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch \u2014 celkem odhadem t\u0159icet lidsk\u00fdch t\u011bl a mnohem v\u00edce zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch. V\u00fdsledky zaznamen\u00e1val do se\u0161it\u016f s takov\u00fdm detailem, jak\u00e9ho p\u0159ed n\u00edm nebylo nikdo schopen. Kresby ulo\u017een\u00e9 v Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 knihovn\u011b ve Windsorsk\u00e9m z\u00e1mku<\/a> dodnes p\u0159esnost\u00ed p\u0159edb\u00edhaj\u00ed svou dobu.<\/p>\n

Jedn\u00edm z jeho nejpodivuhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1lez\u016f byl pohled dovnit\u0159 srde\u010dn\u00edch komor. Jejich vnit\u0159n\u00ed povrch nen\u00ed hladk\u00fd, jak by se mohlo zd\u00e1t. Je pokryt hustou s\u00edt\u00ed v\u011btv\u00edc\u00edch se svalov\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken \u2014 tr\u00e1mk\u016f, latinsky trabeculae. Leonardo je pe\u010dliv\u011b zakreslil a jejich vzor ho fascinoval: viditeln\u011b kop\u00edroval matematick\u00e9 principy v\u011btven\u00ed, kter\u00e9 studoval i v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. Nakonec navrhl hypot\u00e9zu, \u017ee trabekuly slou\u017e\u00ed k zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed krve p\u0159i pr\u016ftoku srdcem. Chyb\u011bl mu apar\u00e1t k ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Se\u0161ity le\u017eely po stalet\u00ed nepublikovan\u00e9, a z\u00e1hada o funkci trabekul se p\u0159enesla netknut\u00e1 do 21. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

500 let otev\u0159en\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka<\/p>\n

Anatomov\u00e9 a kardiologov\u00e9 o trabekul\u00e1ch v\u011bd\u011bli samoz\u0159ejm\u011b celou dobu. Jsou jedn\u00edm z prvn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f, kter\u00e9 se v embryon\u00e1ln\u00edm srdci formuj\u00ed \u2014 b\u011bhem prvn\u00edch t\u00fddn\u016f po po\u010det\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed strukturu, kter\u00e1 pom\u00e1h\u00e1 okysli\u010dovat rychle rostouc\u00ed srde\u010dn\u00ed st\u011bnu, ne\u017e se do n\u00ed dorostou c\u00e9vy. Jen\u017ee v dosp\u011bl\u00e9m srdci? P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo se, \u017ee jde o v\u00fdvojov\u00fd poz\u016fstatek, jak\u00e9si embryon\u00e1ln\u00ed \u201ele\u0161en\u00ed“, kter\u00e9 ztratilo sv\u016fj \u00fa\u010del. Nikdo to ale dokazateln\u011b nev\u011bd\u011bl.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ot\u00e1zka z\u016fst\u00e1vala otev\u0159en\u00e1: maj\u00ed trabekuly v dosp\u011bl\u00e9m srdci n\u011bjakou aktivn\u00ed funkci? A pokud ano, jakou? Jen\u017ee kvantifikovat tak jemn\u00e9 v\u011btv\u00edc\u00ed struktury a srovn\u00e1vat je mezi tis\u00edci jedinci bylo technicky mimo dosah. A\u017e do doby velk\u00fdch dat a hlubok\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jak to AI a genomika vy\u0159e\u0161ily<\/p>\n

V roce 2020 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed t\u00fdm v\u011bdc\u016f z MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, EMBL-EBI a dal\u0161\u00edch instituc\u00ed publikoval v \u010dasopise Nature<\/a> studii, kter\u00e1 z\u00e1hadu trabekul podstatn\u011b posunula. T\u00fdm pou\u017eil um\u011blou inteligenci k anal\u00fdze 25 000 MRI sn\u00edmk\u016f srdce z britsk\u00e9ho UK Biobank. Algoritmus automaticky m\u011b\u0159il tvar a slo\u017eitost trabekul\u00e1rn\u00edho vzoru pomoc\u00ed frakt\u00e1ln\u00ed dimenze \u2014 matematick\u00e9 m\u00edry toho, jak v\u011btvit\u00e1 a prostorov\u011b bohat\u00e1 je dan\u00e1 struktura. \u010c\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed frakt\u00e1ln\u00ed dimenze, t\u00edm slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a \u201ekrajkovit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed“ vnit\u0159n\u00ed povrch komory.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky byly p\u0159esn\u00e9 a replikovateln\u00e9, a umo\u017enily v\u011bdc\u016fm propojit morfologii trabekul s genetick\u00fdmi daty, klinick\u00fdmi ukazately a v\u00fdsledky zdrav\u00ed. Celkem 18 096 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f vstoupilo do genomov\u00e9 asocia\u010dn\u00ed studie<\/a>, v n\u00ed\u017e v\u011bdci hledali genetick\u00e9 varianty spojen\u00e9 s m\u00edrou trabekulace. Identifikovali 16 statisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch genetick\u00fdch lokus\u016f \u2014 oblast\u00ed DNA \u2014 asociovan\u00fdch s frakt\u00e1ln\u00ed dimenz\u00ed trabekul\u00e1rn\u00edho vzoru. \u0160est z t\u011bchto oblast\u00ed ovliv\u0148ovalo, jak p\u0159esn\u011b se fractal pattern ve svalov\u00fdch vl\u00e1knech vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Dv\u011b z t\u011bchto genetick\u00fdch oblast\u00ed z\u00e1rove\u0148 reguluj\u00ed v\u011btven\u00ed nervov\u00fdch bun\u011bk \u2014 co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee podobn\u00fd biologick\u00fd mechanismus mohl b\u00fdt v evoluci recyklov\u00e1n pro stavbu struktur\u00e1ln\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed, a\u0165 u\u017e v mozku nebo v srdci.<\/p>\n

Dimple efekt: trabekuly jako golfov\u00e9 m\u00ed\u010dky<\/p>\n

Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 funk\u010dn\u00ed zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bylo ne\u010dekan\u00e9. V\u011bdci pou\u017eili biomechanick\u00e9 simulace i observa\u010dn\u00ed data od lidsk\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f a prok\u00e1zali, \u017ee morfologie trabekul\u00e1rn\u00edho vzoru je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm determinantem v\u00fdkonu srdce. Drsn\u00fd vnit\u0159n\u00ed povrch komory \u2014 tvo\u0159en\u00fd pr\u00e1v\u011b t\u011bmi v\u011btv\u00edc\u00edmi se tr\u00e1mky \u2014 zlep\u0161uje efektivitu pr\u016ftoku krve p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m srde\u010dn\u00edm stahu. Funguje to podobn\u011b jako d\u016flky na golfov\u00e9m m\u00ed\u010dku: hladk\u00fd povrch by zp\u016fsoboval v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vzdornost p\u0159i pohybu tekutiny, zat\u00edmco strukturovan\u00fd povrch vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed tenkou vrstvu statick\u00e9 krve pod\u00e9l st\u011bny, kter\u00e1 sni\u017euje turbulenci a zlep\u0161uje celkov\u00fd pr\u016ftok.<\/p>\n

Da Vinci, fascinovan\u00fd matematick\u00fdmi z\u00e1konitostmi p\u0159\u00edrody, by pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ocenil, \u017ee frakt\u00e1ln\u00ed geometrie, kter\u00e1 ho tolik zaj\u00edmala, m\u00e1 v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd fyziologick\u00fd smysl.<\/p>\n

Trabekuly a riziko srde\u010dn\u00edho selh\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n

Nejz\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm klinick\u00fdm zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm bylo propojen\u00ed trabekul\u00e1rn\u00edho vzoru s chorobou. V\u011bdci analyzovali genetick\u00e1 data od 50 000 pacient\u016f se srde\u010dn\u00edm selh\u00e1n\u00edm a prok\u00e1zali, \u017ee r\u016fzn\u00e9 frakt\u00e1ln\u00ed vzory trabekul ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed riziko rozvoje srde\u010dn\u00edho selh\u00e1n\u00ed. Mendelova randomizace \u2014 statistick\u00e1 metoda slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k identifikaci kauz\u00e1ln\u00edch vztah\u016f \u2014 uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e1 komplexita trabekul\u00e1rn\u00edho vzoru je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinn\u011b asociov\u00e1na s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm rizikem srde\u010dn\u00edho selh\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jin\u00fdmi slovy: tvar svalov\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken uvnit\u0159 srdce, geneticky podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd, m\u00e1 re\u00e1ln\u00fd vliv na to, jak dob\u0159e a jak dlouho srdce funguje. Slo\u017eitost trabekul\u00e1rn\u00edho vzoru nen\u00ed nahodil\u00e1 \u2014 je to biologicky smyslupln\u00e1 vlastnost s m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdm dopadem na kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00ed zdrav\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Za\u010d\u00e1tek, nikoli konec<\/p>\n

T\u00fdm byl explicitn\u00ed v tom, \u017ee jejich pr\u00e1ce nen\u00ed odpov\u011bd\u00ed na v\u0161e, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e otev\u0159en\u00edm nov\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 oblasti. Declan O’Regan z MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences to popsal jednodu\u0161e: Leonardo da Vinci nakreslil tyto z\u00e1hadn\u00e9 svaly uvnit\u0159 srdce p\u0159ed 500 lety, a teprve nyn\u00ed za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1me rozum\u011bt tomu, jak jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkumnice Hannah Meyer z Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory dodala, \u017ee v\u00fdsledku by nebylo bez skute\u010dn\u011b mezioborov\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce \u2014 teprve kombinace genetiky, klinick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu a bioin\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed umo\u017enila odhalit dosud nezn\u00e1mou roli myokardi\u00e1ln\u00edch trabekul ve funkci dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho srdce.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1hada, kterou da Vinci identifikoval svou p\u00e9\u010d\u00ed a zv\u011bdavost\u00ed v 16. stolet\u00ed, \u010dekala na technologie 21. v\u011bku, aby kone\u010dn\u011b dostala odpov\u011b\u010f. A stoj\u00ed za to si uv\u011bdomit, co to \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 o hodnot\u011b pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed: pe\u010dliv\u00fd pohled \u010dlov\u011bka bez modern\u00edho vybaven\u00ed dok\u00e1zal identifikovat strukturu, jej\u00ed\u017e funkci jsme s ve\u0161kerou na\u0161\u00ed technologi\u00ed pochopili teprve o p\u011bt set let pozd\u011bji.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Uvnit\u0159 srdce se skr\u00fdv\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 svalov\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 krajku nebo sn\u011bhov\u00e9 vlo\u010dky. Poprv\u00e9 ji nakreslil Leonardo da…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":59960,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[2038,3546,2037,74,73,2999,78,75,77,76],"class_list":{"0":"post-59959","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-veda-a-technika","8":"tag-clanek","9":"tag-leonardo-dicaprio","10":"tag-nedd","11":"tag-science","12":"tag-science-technology","13":"tag-srdce","14":"tag-technika","15":"tag-technology","16":"tag-veda","17":"tag-veda-a-technika"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116433294813665405","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59959","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59959"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59959\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/59960"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59959"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59959"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59959"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}