{"id":62373,"date":"2026-04-22T04:20:10","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T04:20:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/62373\/"},"modified":"2026-04-22T04:20:10","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T04:20:10","slug":"turecke-nebezpeci-jako-metla-barokni-evropy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/62373\/","title":{"rendered":"Tureck\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed jako metla barokn\u00ed Evropy"},"content":{"rendered":"

Od 15.\u00a0stolet\u00ed Evropu stra\u0161il d\u00e9mon z\u00a0v\u00fdchodu. Tureck\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pronikalo do v\u0161ech spole\u010densk\u00fdch debat na st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch pitk\u00e1ch i\u00a0pozd\u011bji v\u00a0novov\u011bk\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch salonech. Luxusn\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed sice \u0161lechta od nep\u0159\u00e1tel na v\u00fdchod\u011b kupovala, kulturn\u00ed obohacen\u00ed ale neprob\u00edhalo. Turek byl \u201enev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed\u201c, d\u00e9mon, Bo\u017e\u00ed trest. Kdy\u017e propukla n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 reformace, ob\u011b strany, protestanti i\u00a0katol\u00edci, pova\u017eovali Osmanskou invazi za Bo\u017e\u00ed trest\u00a0\u2013 trest za zka\u017eenost \u010di kac\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed t\u00e9 druh\u00e9 strany. Nutno \u0159\u00edct, \u017ee muslim\u0161t\u00ed Turci se na obyvatele na z\u00e1pad od jejich rychle se pohybuj\u00edc\u00edch hranic ned\u00edvali o\u00a0nic p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bji.<\/p>\n

Odkud se tito Turci vlastn\u011b vzali?Foto: By 1314 artist – [1], Public Domain, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=165073705<\/p>\n

Za\u010dalo to v\u00a0Mal\u00e9 Asii. V\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b, kde se po 7.\u00a0stolet\u00ed potk\u00e1vala Byzantsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e se sv\u00fdmi nov\u00fdmi sousedy: umajjovsk\u00fdm a\u00a0abb\u00e1sovsk\u00fdm chal\u00edf\u00e1tem, pozd\u011bji Seld\u017euckou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed. Zde se Byzantinci st\u0159et\u00e1vali s\u00a0velmi dynamicky se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edznivci proroka Mohameda. Tady se rozhodovalo o\u00a0v\u0161em\u00a0\u2013 o\u00a0v\u00ed\u0159e, o\u00a0politice i\u00a0o budoucnosti kontinentu.
Turci do hry vstoupili roku 1071.\u00a0Kmen Seld\u017euk\u016f, ko\u010dovn\u00edk\u016f, n\u00e1jezdn\u00edk\u016f, prost\u011b neusedl\u00fdch obyvatel, obsadil vnitrozem\u00ed poloostrova a\u00a0z\u0159\u00eddili zde sultan\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Tento moment m\u011bl z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na evropsk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny. Pr\u00e1v\u011b Seld\u017eukov\u00e9 toti\u017e rozru\u0161ili k\u0159ehkou rovnov\u00e1hu na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b, co\u017e vy\u00fastilo ve snahy osvobodit Jeruzal\u00e9m z\u00a0rukou \u201enev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch\u201c. Toto obdob\u00ed vstoupilo do d\u011bjin jako K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy, kter\u00e9 ve sv\u00e9m kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku oslabily vliv Byzance v\u00a0oblasti. Nep\u0159\u00edmo tak Evropan\u00e9 napomohli mocensk\u00e9mu vzestupu Osmansk\u00fdch Turk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Na mocenskou \u0161achovnici toti\u017e vstoupili na konci 13.\u00a0stolet\u00ed Osman\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Z p\u016fvodn\u011b drobn\u00e9ho kn\u00ed\u017eectv\u00ed v\u00a0severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Anatolii se kolem roku 1299\u00a0zrodila \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. V\u00a0jej\u00edm \u010dele st\u00e1l Osman I., kter\u00fd dal sv\u00e9mu rodu i\u00a0jm\u00e9no\u00a0\u2013 Osmani. Jeho n\u00e1stupci se s\u00a0vervou pustili do expanze.
Postupovali rychle. Jejich v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 ma\u0161in\u00e9rii neodolala ani Byzantsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, ani asijsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, ani v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropa.<\/p>\n

Z Anatolie na Balk\u00e1n: jak se Turek usadil v\u00a0Evrop\u011b<\/p>\n

Roku 1352\u00a0se Osman\u00e9 poprv\u00e9 zachytili na evropsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, kdy\u017e obsadili pevnost Cimpe, a\u00a0o dva roky pozd\u011bji z\u00edskali i\u00a0strategicky d\u016fle\u017eitou Gallipoli. Byl to moment, kter\u00fd rozhodl o\u00a0osudu Balk\u00e1nu.
Z\u00a0Gallipole se stala br\u00e1na, j\u00ed\u017e za\u010dal proudit nekone\u010dn\u00fd proud voj\u00e1k\u016f, kon\u00ed a\u00a0nov\u00fdch osadn\u00edk\u016f z\u00a0Asie. Mnoz\u00ed upozor\u0148ovali, \u017ee Turci se nezastav\u00ed a\u00a0\u017ee jsou pro Evropu hrozbou. Dokonce byli i\u00a0tac\u00ed odv\u00e1\u017elivci, kte\u0159\u00ed navrhovali spojit k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 s\u00edly a\u00a0Turky zatla\u010dit zp\u011bt. Ale v\u00a0druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 14.\u00a0stolet\u00ed sv\u00edrala Evropu morov\u00e1 epidemie, politicky se zem\u011b rozd\u011blily na p\u0159\u00edznivce Anglie \u010di Francie ve stolet\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, vzdoroc\u00edsa\u0159 st\u0159\u00eddal vzdoropape\u017ee a\u00a0na za\u010d\u00e1tku 15.\u00a0stolet\u00ed m\u011blo k\u0159es\u0165anstvo dokonce 3\u00a0hlavy. O\u00a0spojov\u00e1n\u00ed nemohla b\u00fdt ani \u0159e\u010d.<\/p>\n

A v\u016fbec, kdo \u0159\u00edkal, \u017ee Turci p\u0159ijdou k\u00a0n\u00e1m? Pro\u010d to v\u016fbec \u0159\u00edk\u00e1? Co t\u00edm sleduje?<\/p>\n

Evropa st\u00e1la tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0tv\u00e1\u0159 podobn\u00e9mu dilematu n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t a\u00a0momenty, kde se dok\u00e1zala spojit proti spole\u010dn\u00e9mu nep\u0159\u00edteli, se po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed na prstech jedn\u00e9 ruky. Mo\u017en\u00e1 jich p\u00e1r p\u0159id\u00e1me, ale ve 14.\u00a0stolet\u00ed bylo brzo. Je\u0161t\u011b se Evropan\u00e9 b\u00e1li m\u00e1lo.<\/p>\n

Na Balk\u00e1n\u011b se tehdy rozkl\u00e1dala mozaika st\u00e1t\u016f\u00a0\u2013 Byzanc, Srbsko, Bulharsko, ka\u017ed\u00fd se sv\u00fdmi ambicemi a\u00a0spory. A\u00a0pr\u00e1v\u011b tyto rozpory Osman\u016fm nahr\u00e1ly. Zat\u00edmco byzant\u0161t\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159i a\u00a0bulhar\u0161t\u00ed carov\u00e9 se h\u00e1dali o\u00a0\u010dernomo\u0159sk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstavy, Turci postupovali d\u00e1l.<\/p>\n

Foto: By Painting: Unknown artistPhotograph, Public Domain, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=5919961<\/p>\n

Sult\u00e1n Murad I.<\/p>\n

Sult\u00e1n Murad I. (1359\u20131389) zm\u011bnil charakter v\u00e1lky. Z\u00a0d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ko\u0159istnick\u00fdch n\u00e1jezd\u016f ud\u011blal systematick\u00e9 dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0osidlov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nav\u00edc se v\u00a0dobyt\u00fdch m\u00edstech nechoval v\u016fbec zle. Osmani se \u0159\u00eddili velmi p\u0159\u00edsnou vojenskou mor\u00e1lkou, kter\u00e1 t\u0159eba zakazovala plen\u011bn\u00ed, pokud se m\u011bsto samo vzdalo v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00e9 lh\u016ft\u011b (nebo naopak p\u0159ikazovala p\u0159esn\u00fd po\u010det dn\u016f plen\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0opa\u010dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b).<\/p>\n

K\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 sice museli platit speci\u00e1ln\u00ed da\u0148, ale nebyli nijak perzekuov\u00e1ni a\u00a0mohli to klidn\u011b dot\u00e1hnout a\u017e do tureck\u00fdch slu\u017eeb. Na \u0161achovnici vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se utla\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f leckdo zatou\u017eil po mocn\u00e9m spojenci, a\u00a0to Turk\u016fm hr\u00e1lo do karet.
Roku 1361\u00a0dobyl Murad I. Adrianopol (Edirne) a\u00a0p\u0159enesl tam svou rezidenci\u00a0\u2013 poprv\u00e9 s\u00eddlil sult\u00e1n na evropsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b. Byzantsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e u\u017e byla v\u00a0posledn\u00edm ta\u017een\u00ed. Platila Turk\u016fm tribut, dod\u00e1vala voj\u00e1ky a\u00a0c\u00edsa\u0159e Osman\u00e9 museli schvalovat. Tak se sice postupn\u011b zmen\u0161ovalo jej\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, ale Byzanc \u017eila. Zbytek Evropy se hroutil.<\/p>\n

Bitva na Kosov\u011b poli (1389) se pak stala symbolem srbsk\u00e9 st\u00e1tnosti (ona to toti\u017e taky nebyla jedin\u00e1 \u201ezlomov\u00e1\u201c bitva na stejn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b). Padl zde sult\u00e1n Murad I., padl i\u00a0srbsk\u00fd kn\u00ed\u017ee Lazar a\u00a0na tr\u016fn nastoupil jeho syn B\u00e1jez\u00edd I., zvan\u00fd Hrom.<\/p>\n

Foto: Autor: Adam Stefanovi\u0107, Voln\u00e9 d\u00edlo, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=248947<\/p>\n

Adam Stefanovic, Bitva na Kosov\u011b poli<\/p>\n

Osman\u00e9 postupovali d\u00e1l a\u00a0prvn\u00ed, komu se poda\u0159ilo p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit Evropany, aby se spojili, byl c\u00edsa\u0159.<\/p>\n

Zikmund Lucembursk\u00fd se pokusil zorganizovat k\u0159\u00ed\u017eovou v\u00fdpravu. Cht\u011bl se zapsat do d\u011bjin, sjednotit v\u00fdchodn\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00e1padn\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165anstvo, ale to nejd\u0159\u00edv musel to v\u00fdchodn\u00ed osvobodit. Bitva u\u00a0Nikopole (1396) byla katastrofa a\u00a0ostuda. Zikmund s\u00e1m jako uhersk\u00fd kr\u00e1l znal Turky, v\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee se nejedn\u00e1 o\u00a0n\u011bjak\u00e9 barbary s\u00a0kop\u00edm, ale o\u00a0organizovan\u00e9 a\u00a0siln\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1tele. Zbytek v\u00fdkv\u011btu ryt\u00ed\u0159stva v\u00a0jeho vojsku si to ale nemyslel, ryt\u00ed\u0159i byli \u0161patn\u011b organizovan\u00ed a\u00a0podle toho to dopadlo. Legenda \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee Zikmund prchal s\u00a0ostudou zp\u011bt na z\u00e1pad v\u00a0p\u0159evle\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Sice tedy bylo u\u017e pozd\u011b, ale roku 1396\u00a0si Evropa uv\u011bdomila, \u017ee m\u00e1 probl\u00e9m a\u00a0\u017ee \u201etureck\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka\u201c by se m\u011bla \u0159e\u0161it. K\u00a0tomu aby se od \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed Evropa pohnula k\u00a0\u010din\u016fm, ale musela schytat je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edc ran.<\/p>\n

Roku 1453\u00a0Turci dobyli Konstantinopol a\u00a0p\u0159ejmenovali ji na Istanbul. T\u00edm se zhroutila Byzantsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a\u00a0Evropa ztratila posledn\u00ed \u0161t\u00edt na v\u00fdchod\u011b. Pro Evropu to byl naprost\u00fd \u0161ok. Byzanc byla posledn\u00edm \u010dist\u011b antick\u00fdm m\u011bstem, d\u011bdi\u010dka \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, pojmenovan\u00e1 po prvn\u00edm k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9m c\u00edsa\u0159i. A\u00a0te\u010f nad n\u00ed zavl\u00e1dl p\u016flm\u011bs\u00edc. Zat\u00edmco k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 Evropa smutnila, Mehmed II. si nechal \u0159\u00edkat Dobyvatel\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0pr\u00e1vem. Proto\u017ee Turci se nehodlali zastavit.<\/p>\n

Na evropsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b: kdy\u017e se Turek rozhl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed po Balk\u00e1n\u011bFoto: Autor: Johann Schreier, Voln\u00e9 d\u00edlo, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=123401282<\/p>\n

Bitva u\u00a0Moh\u00e1\u010de, Johann Schreier<\/p>\n

Turci vedli Expanzi dv\u011bma sm\u011bry. Po sou\u0161i \u00fato\u010dili na zbytky Balk\u00e1nu a\u00a0pozd\u011bji na uhersk\u00e9 hranice, kde neust\u00e1le vy\u010derp\u00e1vali uhersk\u00e9 kr\u00e1le. Po mo\u0159i \u00fato\u010dili ve St\u0159edozemn\u00edm mo\u0159i, zab\u00edrali ostrovy a\u00a0kazili obchod. Rok 1526\u00a0je v\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch u\u010debnic\u00edch zaps\u00e1n jako bitva u\u00a0Moh\u00e1\u010de, moment, kdy padl posledn\u00ed Jagellonec a\u00a0nastoupili Habsburkov\u00e9. Ale Moh\u00e1\u010d byl mnohem v\u00edc. Spolu s\u00a0mlad\u00fdm Ludv\u00edkem zahynul v\u00fdkv\u011bt evropsk\u00e9ho ryt\u00ed\u0159stva. Byla to pr\u00e1v\u011b ta chv\u00edle, kdy se Evropa s\u00a0po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00edm pape\u017ee v\u00a0zoufal\u00e9 situaci spojila. Jen aby zjistila, \u017ee to nesta\u010dilo.<\/p>\n

Uhersk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed se po bitv\u011b u\u00a0Moh\u00e1\u010de rozpadlo. St\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st zabrali Osman\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo, Habsburk\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed usedli na uhersk\u00fd tr\u016fn, z\u016fstala jen severn\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st a\u00a0v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Sedmihradsko se stalo osmansk\u00fdm vazalem. Od t\u00e9 chv\u00edle byl \u201eTurek\u201c doslova za humny. A\u00a0z\u016fstal tam dal\u0161\u00edch 200\u00a0let.
Ne nadarmo se v\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch \u0159\u00edkalo, \u017ee \u201eTurci jsou na Dunaji\u201c.
Od t\u00e9to chv\u00edle se v\u00e1l\u010dilo neust\u00e1le. Evropa m\u011bla klid, kdy\u017e Osmany zam\u011bstn\u00e1val n\u011bkdo na v\u00fdchod\u011b, t\u0159eba Per\u0161an\u00e9. Nebo kdy\u017e se v\u00a0Istanbulu bojovalo o\u00a0tr\u016fn. Jinak byla ale Evropa pod neust\u00e1l\u00fdm n\u00e1porem a\u00a0\u00fasp\u011bch byl, pokud se poda\u0159ilo vyjednat n\u011bjak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednky p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed. \u201eJ\u00edt na Turka\u201c se stalo b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm v\u00fdrazem pro vojenskou slu\u017ebu. Uher\u0161t\u00ed magn\u00e1ti v\u011bd\u011bli, jakou maj\u00ed pro Evropu cenu, a\u00a0to se odr\u00e1\u017eelo v\u00a0jejich neust\u00e1l\u00fdch povst\u00e1n\u00edch, kter\u00e1 si Habsburkov\u00e9 nemohli dovolit trestat tak p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b jako t\u0159eba ta \u010desk\u00e1. Ve St\u0159edozemn\u00edm mo\u0159i si nejprve Ben\u00e1t\u010dan\u00e9 vytvo\u0159ili skv\u011bl\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed vazby a\u00a0italsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstavy dov\u00e1\u017eely od Turk\u016f luxusn\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed (o to cenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee od \u201enep\u0159\u00edtele\u201c), ale nakonec se i\u00a0zde Evropa spojila.<\/p>\n

Na rozd\u00edl od pozemn\u00edch bitev, z\u00a0bitvy u\u00a0Lepanta vy\u0161lo k\u0159es\u0165anstvo v\u00edt\u011bzn\u011b a\u00a0St\u0159edozem\u00ed m\u011blo klid. O\u00a0to hor\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1va to byla pro Habsburky, proto\u017ee te\u010f Turci dusili jen je, a\u00a0jejich politi\u010dt\u00ed konkurenti nem\u011bli sebemen\u0161\u00ed chu\u0165 jim z\u00a0t\u00e9 \u0161lamastyky pom\u00e1hat.<\/p>\n

V\u00edde\u0148\u00a0\u2013 br\u00e1na do EvropyFoto: Autor: Radierung von Romeyn de Hooghe, Voln\u00e9 d\u00edlo, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=1198406<\/p>\n

Oble\u017een\u00ed V\u00eddn\u011b<\/p>\n

Osmansk\u00e1 vojska st\u00e1la dvakr\u00e1t p\u0159ed V\u00eddn\u00ed. Poprv\u00e9 roku 1529, pod velen\u00edm samotn\u00e9ho Sulejmana I. N\u00e1dhern\u00e9ho. V\u00edde\u0148 se dr\u017eela, po\u010das\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1lo, a\u00a0tak se Osman\u00e9 st\u00e1hli.
Ale strach z\u016fstal. A\u00a0z propagandy se stal n\u00e1stroj\u00a0\u2013 Evropa si pot\u0159ebovala ujasnit, kdo je \u201emy\u201c a\u00a0kdo \u201eoni\u201c.<\/p>\n

Druh\u00e9 obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed V\u00eddn\u011b v\u00a0roce 1683\u00a0bylo u\u017e posledn\u00edm velk\u00fdm osmansk\u00fdm pokusem dob\u00fdt st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropu. Veden\u00e9 velkovez\u00edrem Karou Mustafou, skon\u010dilo katastrofou\u00a0\u2013 k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 koalice v\u00a0\u010dele s\u00a0Janem III. Sobiesk\u00fdm rozdrtila Turky v\u00a0bitv\u011b na Kahlenbergu. Nen\u00ed bez zaj\u00edmavosti, \u017ee hrdinnou obranu V\u00eddn\u011b vedl rodil\u00fd \u010cech\u00a0\u2013 Zden\u011bk Ka\u0161par Kapl\u00ed\u0159 ze Sulevic. Pr\u00e1vem na n\u011bj byli jeho krajan\u00e9 hrdi, jeliko\u017e pr\u00e1v\u011b tento moment, kdy se Turci u\u00a0V\u00eddn\u011b obr\u00e1tili zp\u011bt, byl po\u010d\u00e1tkem konce d\u011bsiv\u00e9 expanze.<\/p>\n

Sulejman, n\u00e1dhera a\u00a0p\u00e1dFoto: Autor: Nezn\u00e1m\u00fd \u2013 Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Voln\u00e9 d\u00edlo, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=2646041<\/p>\n

Tizian: sult\u00e1n Sulejman I.<\/p>\n

Za vl\u00e1dy Sulejmana I. N\u00e1dhern\u00e9ho (1520\u20131566) dos\u00e1hla \u0159\u00ed\u0161e sv\u00e9ho vrcholu. Byl to mu\u017e, kter\u00fd stav\u011bl me\u0161ity, psal b\u00e1sn\u011b, a\u00a0p\u0159itom dok\u00e1zal zorganizovat arm\u00e1du, kter\u00e1 mohla ohrozit p\u016fl sv\u011bta. Ale po n\u011bm p\u0159i\u0161la \u00fanava. \u0158\u00ed\u0161e se za\u010dala zad\u00fdch\u00e1vat. Habsburkov\u00e9 i\u00a0Rusov\u00e9 s\u00edlili, technologie se m\u011bnila a\u00a0star\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed u\u017e nesta\u010dily.<\/p>\n

Po Velk\u00e9 tureck\u00e9 v\u00e1lce (1683\u20131699) a\u00a0Karlovick\u00e9m m\u00edru ztr\u00e1c\u00ed Osman\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161inu Uher. Turek u\u017e nen\u00ed hrozbou. Je sp\u00ed\u0161 vzpom\u00ednkou, exotickou postavou z\u00a0p\u00edsn\u00ed a\u00a0kronik a\u00a0stra\u0161idlem ve vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed babi\u010dek na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Jak se z\u00a0hr\u016fzy st\u00e1v\u00e1 folkl\u00f3r<\/p>\n

\u201eTurek\u201c p\u0159e\u017eil v\u00a0na\u0161em jazyce i\u00a0p\u0159edstav\u00e1ch. Z\u00a0postrachu Evropy se stal folkl\u00f3rn\u00ed figurou.
V\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch kronik\u00e1ch z\u016fstala jeho stopa: \u201eTurci t\u00e1hli, p\u00e1lili, brali.\u201c
Kdy\u017e si dnes d\u00e1v\u00e1me tureckou k\u00e1vu, m\u00e1lokdo si uv\u011bdom\u00ed, \u017ee pit\u00ed k\u00e1vy se do Evropy roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u00edky Osman\u016fm.<\/p>\n

A kdo by neznal \u0160vejkovu p\u00edse\u0148 z\u00a0dob, kdy u\u017e Habsburkov\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ili sv\u016fj vliv opa\u010dn\u00fdm sm\u011brem a\u00a0spolu s\u00a0Rusy zah\u00e1jili takovou malou rekonquistu Balk\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n

A jak to v\u0161echno skon\u010dilo<\/p>\n

Po prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce u\u017e bylo d\u00e1vno po v\u0161em. V\u00a0roce 1922\u00a0byl zru\u0161en sultan\u00e1t, o\u00a0rok pozd\u011bji vznikla Tureck\u00e1 republika pod veden\u00edm Mustafy Kemala Atat\u00fcrka. U\u017e p\u0159ed v\u00e1lkou se ale o\u00a0Tureck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i mluvilo jako o \u201enemocn\u00e9m mu\u017ei na Bosporu\u201c. Vliv Turecka upadal, velmoci si bezosty\u0161n\u011b rozeb\u00edraly jeho \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0Osman\u00e9 se stali zcela z\u00e1visl\u00ed na c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9m N\u011bmecku, jeho\u017e vojen\u0161t\u00ed experti m\u011bli zreorganizovat arm\u00e1du. Kdy\u017e pak byly v\u00a0prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce centr\u00e1ln\u00ed mocnosti pora\u017eeny, Turecko bylo potrest\u00e1no spolu s\u00a0nimi. M\u00edrov\u00e1 smlouva ze Sevres podepsan\u00e1 roku 1920\u00a0byla natolik drsn\u00e1, \u017ee ji Turecko odm\u00edtlo p\u0159ijmout. Redukovala \u00fazem\u00ed Turecka na Istanbul a\u00a0okol\u00ed Marmarsk\u00e9ho mo\u0159e a\u00a0p\u0159id\u00e1vala velmi tvrd\u00e9 diplomatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. Smlouva skon\u010dila tam, kde ostatn\u00ed smlouvy Versaillsk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, v\u00a0propadli\u0161ti d\u011bjin. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b k\u00a0b\u00fdval\u00e9 sl\u00e1v\u011b se Tureck\u00e1 republika do konce 20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed nevr\u00e1tila.
Z\u00a0imp\u00e9ria, kter\u00e9 kdysi d\u011bsilo cel\u00fd kontinent, se stala modern\u00ed republika slo\u017eit\u011b hledaj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto mezi V\u00fdchodem a\u00a0Z\u00e1padem.<\/p>\n

Ale r\u010den\u00ed \u201ejde na Turka\u201c p\u0159e\u017eilo. Tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee ho tak p\u011bkn\u011b \u0159\u00edkal Rudolf Hru\u0161\u00ednsk\u00fd v\u00a0roli \u0160vejka.<\/p>\n

A nejen s\u00a0Turky se setk\u00e1te v\u00a0m\u00e9 nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed knize Upgrade d\u011bjepisu, kter\u00e1 je cele v\u011bnovan\u00e1 obdob\u00ed renesance a\u00a0baroka u\u00a0n\u00e1s i\u00a0ve sv\u011bt\u011b. Zami\u0159te na m\u016fj web.<\/p>\n

Zdroje:<\/p>\n

HITZEL, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric. Osmansk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e: 15.\u201318.\u00a0stolet\u00ed. P\u0159eklad Margarita \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nkov\u00e1 Tro\u0161eva, Petr \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nek. Praha: Nakladatelstv\u00ed Lidov\u00e9 noviny, 2005.<\/p>\n

PALMER, Alan Warwick. \u00dapadek a\u00a0p\u00e1d Osmansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. P\u0159eklad Olga Kov\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1, Martin Kov\u00e1\u0159. Praha: Panevropa, 1996.<\/p>\n

KALISTA, Zden\u011bk. \u010cechov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed tvo\u0159ili d\u011bjiny sv\u011bta. Garamond, 2009.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Od 15.\u00a0stolet\u00ed Evropu stra\u0161il d\u00e9mon z\u00a0v\u00fdchodu. Tureck\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pronikalo do v\u0161ech spole\u010densk\u00fdch debat na st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch pitk\u00e1ch i\u00a0pozd\u011bji v\u00a0novov\u011bk\u00fdch…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":62374,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[15439,1720,109,108,106,441,4771],"class_list":{"0":"post-62373","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-evropa","8":"tag-dejepis","9":"tag-dejiny","10":"tag-europa","11":"tag-europe","12":"tag-evropa","13":"tag-historie","14":"tag-turecko"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116446443819817598","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62373","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62373"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62373\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62374"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62373"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=62373"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=62373"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}