P\u0159ed 40 lety dorazil Anatolij \u010eatlov, z\u00e1stupce hlavn\u00edho in\u017een\u00fdra \u010dernobylsk\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny, do kontroln\u00ed m\u00edstnosti \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho reaktoru. Obvykle se do pr\u00e1ce vyd\u00e1val p\u011b\u0161ky ze sv\u00e9ho bytu v nedalek\u00e9 Pripjati, kam se p\u0159est\u011bhoval t\u0159in\u00e1ct let p\u0159ed hav\u00e1ri\u00ed. V noci na 26. dubna dohl\u00ed\u017eel na t\u00fdm, kter\u00fd m\u011bl prov\u00e9st test pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho odstaven\u00ed reaktoru. Kv\u016fli pot\u0159eb\u011b zajistit dod\u00e1vky elekt\u0159iny pro Kyjev bylo sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdkonu odlo\u017eeno, a test tak za\u010dal kr\u00e1tce po p\u016flnoci.<\/p>\n
Kolem p\u016fl druh\u00e9 r\u00e1no zaznamenal \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed syst\u00e9m prudk\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst rychlosti \u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed. V \u010dase 1:22 po\u010d\u00edta\u010d uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee rychlost \u0161t\u011bpn\u00e9 reakce se zvy\u0161uje. Technici vypnuli p\u0159\u00edvod elekt\u0159iny do vodn\u00edch pump, a jeliko\u017e je poh\u00e1n\u011bl turb\u00ednov\u00fd gener\u00e1tor jen setrva\u010dnost\u00ed, vodn\u00ed tok se sn\u00ed\u017eil. Turb\u00edna byla odpojena od reaktoru a tlak p\u00e1ry v j\u00e1dru se zvy\u0161oval.<\/p>\n
Reaktor m\u011bl b\u00fdt \u201eprakticky nezni\u010diteln\u00fd\u201c<\/p>\n
Jedin\u00fdm mo\u017en\u00fdm postupem v danou chv\u00edli bylo reaktor vypnout. To sm\u011bna tak\u00e9 ud\u011blala: odstranila kryt z knofl\u00edku zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jako AZ5 a stiskla ho. Do reaktoru se za\u010daly zasouvat regula\u010dn\u00ed ty\u010de. Tento typ, zn\u00e1m\u00fd pod zkratkou RMBK (kan\u00e1lov\u00fd reaktor velk\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu), m\u011bl ale jeden probl\u00e9m: hroty ty\u010d\u00ed byly vyroben\u00e9 z grafitu. M\u00edsto zpomalen\u00ed reakce, kter\u00e9 technici o\u010dek\u00e1vali, nastalo je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zrychlen\u00ed. \u010eatlov ani ostatn\u00ed o tom nev\u011bd\u011bli.<\/p>\n
Tepeln\u00fd v\u00fdkon reaktoru narostl b\u011bhem okam\u017eiku z n\u011bkolika stovek megawatt\u016f na des\u00edtky tis\u00edc. Do\u0161lo k s\u00e9rii exploz\u00ed: nejprve tlakov\u00e1 vlna vytrhla horn\u00ed kryt reaktoru, o dv\u011b sekundy pozd\u011bji n\u00e1sledoval druh\u00fd, ni\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdbuch, kter\u00fd rozmetal reaktor i jeho okol\u00ed. Bylo 1:24:46.<\/p>\n
P\u0159itom pr\u00e1v\u011b k v\u00fdbuchu nikdy doj\u00edt nem\u011blo. Sov\u011bt\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci i veden\u00ed elektr\u00e1rny dlouho v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee reaktor typu RBMK je \u201eprakticky nezni\u010diteln\u00fd\u201c. Akademik Anatolij Alexandrovi\u010d Alexandrov, jeden z otc\u016f sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho jadern\u00e9ho programu, dokonce tvrdil, \u017ee je bezpe\u010dn\u00fd jako samovar \u2013\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060 a \u017ee by klidn\u011b mohl st\u00e1t uprost\u0159ed Rud\u00e9ho n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed. Nikdo z nich si nep\u0159ipou\u0161t\u011bl, \u017ee by tento typ reaktoru mohl explodovat. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tahle fale\u0161n\u00e1 jistota se nakonec stala jednou z p\u0159\u00ed\u010din katastrofy.<\/p>\n
Ze st\u0159echy to uvid\u011bl<\/p>\n
\u010eatlov a jeho kolegov\u00e9 si nejd\u0159\u00edve necht\u011bli p\u0159ipustit, co se stalo. Mysleli si, \u017ee \u0161lo o prasknut\u00ed parn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Pokusili se pokra\u010dovat v chlazen\u00ed a zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed ty\u010d\u00ed, netu\u0161\u00edce, \u017ee reaktor u\u017e neexistuje. M\u00edsto n\u011bj z\u016fstal na m\u00edst\u011b roz\u017ehaven\u00fd kr\u00e1ter pln\u00fd unikaj\u00edc\u00ed radiace.<\/p>\n
Ani veden\u00ed elektr\u00e1rny, ani \u00fa\u0159ady zpo\u010d\u00e1tku necht\u011bly p\u0159ipustit z\u00e1va\u017enost situace. Gener\u00e1ln\u00ed tajemn\u00edk Komunistick\u00e9 strany Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu Michail Gorba\u010dov byl informov\u00e1n a\u017e v p\u011bt r\u00e1no \u2013\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060 a i tehdy mu bylo \u0159e\u010deno, \u017ee se situaci da\u0159\u00ed zvl\u00e1dat. Mezi prvn\u00edmi si skute\u010dn\u00fd rozsah katastrofy uv\u011bdomil in\u017een\u00fdr Anatolij Sitnikov. Ten vystoupal na st\u0159echu, aby se na reaktor pod\u00edval. Uvid\u011bl plameny a otev\u0159en\u00e9 j\u00e1dro. V tu chv\u00edli bylo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee do\u0161lo k nejhor\u0161\u00ed jadern\u00e9 hav\u00e1rii v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n
Sov\u011btsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady p\u0159itom d\u00e1l ml\u010dely. M\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 sledovali po\u017e\u00e1r ze st\u0159ech, d\u011bti \u0161ly druh\u00fd den norm\u00e1ln\u011b do \u0161koly. Do okoln\u00edch m\u011bst nep\u0159i\u0161lo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 varov\u00e1n\u00ed. A\u017e 28. dubna zaznamenali ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku zv\u00fd\u0161enou radiaci, co\u017e Moskvu p\u0159im\u011blo p\u0159iznat, \u017ee se v \u010cernobylu n\u011bco stalo. O skute\u010dn\u00fdch rozm\u011brech katastrofy se ale d\u00e1l mluvilo jen za zav\u0159en\u00fdmi dve\u0159mi. Hasi\u010di, kte\u0159\u00ed dorazili k po\u017e\u00e1ru, nem\u011bli \u017e\u00e1dnou ochranu. V\u011bd\u011bli jen, \u017ee ho\u0159\u00ed. \u0158ada z nich b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika dn\u016f zem\u0159ela.<\/p>\n
Proti ohlu\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edmu tichu, kter\u00e9 veden\u00ed Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu po hav\u00e1rii nastolilo, se nakonec postavil Valerij Legasov \u2013\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060 jeden z hlavn\u00edch v\u011bdc\u016f vy\u0161et\u0159ovac\u00ed komise. Na konferenci ve V\u00eddni jako prvn\u00ed otev\u0159en\u011b popsal, co se stalo \u2013\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060 a pro\u010d. V Sov\u011btsk\u00e9m svazu za to zaplatil vysokou cenu. Jeho kolegov\u00e9 ho zcela izolovali, j\u00edm navrhovan\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed ignorovali. Dva roky po v\u00fdbuchu, 27. dubna 1988, sp\u00e1chal Legasov sebevra\u017edu. Den\u00edk, kter\u00fd po n\u011bm z\u016fstal, odhalil v\u0161echno, co nebylo \u0159e\u010deno ve\u0159ejn\u011b.<\/p>\n
Kolik lid\u00ed \u010cernobyl skute\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ipravil o \u017eivot?<\/p>\n
Na p\u0159esn\u00e9m po\u010dtu ob\u011bt\u00ed \u010dernobylsk\u00e9 hav\u00e1rie se odborn\u00edci dodnes neshoduj\u00ed. Zpr\u00e1va \u010cernobylsk\u00e9ho f\u00f3ra z roku 2000 odhaduje, \u017ee v d\u016fsledku oz\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed mohly zem\u0159\u00edt p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b \u010dty\u0159i tis\u00edce lid\u00ed. Bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po hav\u00e1rii byl syndrom akutn\u00edho oz\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed potvrzen u 134 pracovn\u00edk\u016f elektr\u00e1rny a hasi\u010d\u016f. Zhruba 32 z nich zem\u0159elo b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika t\u00fddn\u016f, dal\u0161\u00edch 19 podlehlo n\u00e1sledk\u016fm oz\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch letech. <\/p>\n
P\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159i explozi zahynuli dva lid\u00e9. Dev\u011bt d\u011bt\u00ed pozd\u011bji zem\u0159elo na rakovinu \u0161t\u00edtn\u00e9 \u017el\u00e1zy. V\u011bt\u0161ina odhadovan\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed souvis\u00ed s dlouhodob\u00fdmi n\u00e1sledky, zejm\u00e9na s rakovinou. Tato \u010d\u00edsla ale vyvolala kritiku, proto\u017ee jsou v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odhady \u2013 ukrajinsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady nap\u0159\u00edklad hovo\u0159ily a\u017e o 125 tis\u00edc\u00edch ob\u011btech. Je\u0161t\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00edslo uvedla v roce 2016 agentura Unian, podle n\u00ed\u017e mohlo v d\u016fsledku katastrofy zem\u0159\u00edt a\u017e 167 653 lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n
\u010cernobyl zas\u00e1hl cel\u00fd kontinent. Radioaktivn\u00ed mrak se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il p\u0159es Evropu \u2013\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060 postihl B\u011blorusko, Ukrajinu, Rusko, ale i Skandin\u00e1vii, N\u011bmecko, Rakousko a dal\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b. Lesn\u00ed plody, ml\u00e9ko, maso \u2013\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060 v\u0161echno se muselo testovat. Cesium-137 z\u016fstalo v p\u016fd\u011b i des\u00edtky let. Statis\u00edce lid\u00ed se musely vyst\u011bhovat. Lid\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0161li o domovy, o zdrav\u00ed, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed i o \u017eivot. Sv\u011bt p\u0159ehodnotil vztah k jadern\u00e9 energetice. \u010cernobyl se stal synonymem selh\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060\u2060 technick\u00e9ho i lidsk\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n
A \u010eatlov? A\u010dkoliv byl vystaven vysok\u00fdm d\u00e1vk\u00e1m radiace, nemoc z oz\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eil. Str\u00e1vil p\u011bt let ve v\u011bzen\u00ed za \u201ez\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s mo\u017enost\u00ed v\u00fdbuchu\u201c. Po p\u011bti letech byl z v\u011bzen\u00ed propu\u0161t\u011bn kv\u016fli zhor\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed jeho zdravotn\u00edho stavu. V roce 1995 zem\u0159el na infarkt. A\u017e do smrti svoje pochyben\u00ed nep\u0159ipou\u0161t\u011bl, podle jeho verze vina pad\u00e1 na \u0161patnou konstrukci elektr\u00e1rny.<\/p>\n
Kdo za to nesl odpov\u011bdnost?<\/p>\n
V \u010dervenci 1987 byla odsouzena necel\u00e1 des\u00edtka vedouc\u00edch pracovn\u00edk\u016f elektr\u00e1rny. \u0158editel Viktor Brjuchanov dostal deset let za poru\u0161en\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch pravidel na provozech s mo\u017enost\u00ed v\u00fdbuchu a za zneu\u017eit\u00ed pravomoci. Desetilet\u00fd trest dostali spolu s Brjuchanovem je\u0161t\u011b hlavn\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdr Nikolaj Fomin a jeho z\u00e1stupce Anatolij St\u011bpanovi\u010d \u010eatlov. Brjuchanov byl propu\u0161t\u011bn v roce 1990 a ostatn\u00ed odsouzen\u00ed si odpykali polovinu trest\u016f.<\/p>\n
VIDEO: Pravdu o \u010cernobylu se budeme dozv\u00eddat je\u0161t\u011b sto let, seri\u00e1l je mistrovsk\u00e9 d\u00edlo<\/p>\n
Zdroj: Text vych\u00e1z\u00ed ze dvou hlavn\u00edch zdroj\u016f: knih \u010cernobyl – Historie jedn\u00e9 katastrofy (autor Sergej Plochij) a Ukrajinsk\u00e9 20. stolet\u00ed: Utajovan\u00e9 d\u011bjiny (autor Volodymyr Vjatrovy\u010d).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"P\u0159ed 40 lety dorazil Anatolij \u010eatlov, z\u00e1stupce hlavn\u00edho in\u017een\u00fdra \u010dernobylsk\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny, do kontroln\u00ed m\u00edstnosti \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho reaktoru. Obvykle se…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":65743,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[10291,17,21,6553,1009,167,16,22314,61,9258,18,19,22,110,20],"class_list":{"0":"post-65742","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-zpravy","8":"tag-cernobyl","9":"tag-headlines","10":"tag-hlavni-udalosti","11":"tag-jaderna-elektrarna","12":"tag-jadro","13":"tag-michail-gorbacov","14":"tag-news","15":"tag-pripjat","16":"tag-rusko","17":"tag-sssr","18":"tag-top-news","19":"tag-top-stories","20":"tag-udalosti-dne","21":"tag-ukrajina","22":"tag-zpravy"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116464063808903362","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65742","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=65742"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65742\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/65743"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=65742"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=65742"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=65742"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}