\u010cesko vstoupilo do jara s\u00a0alarmuj\u00edc\u00edm deficitem vody. Po zim\u011b, kter\u00e1 p\u0159inesla o\u00a040\u00a0procent m\u00e9n\u011b sn\u011bhu ne\u017e obvykle a\u00a0z\u016fstala chud\u00e1 i\u00a0na d\u00e9\u0161\u0165, p\u0159\u00edrodu zas\u00e1hlo sucho neobvykl\u00e9 v\u00a0tomto ro\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovina \u00fazem\u00ed ji\u017e trp\u00ed t\u0159emi nejhor\u0161\u00edmi stupni p\u016fdn\u00edho sucha, 13\u00a0procent zas\u00e1hlo sucho extr\u00e9mn\u00ed. Suchem p\u0159itom netrp\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad jen pole, ale i\u00a0lesy\u00a0\u2013 60\u00a0procent \u010desk\u00fdch lesn\u00edch porost\u016f \u010del\u00ed vysok\u00e9mu a\u017e extr\u00e9mn\u00edmu stresu z\u00a0nedostatku vody, co\u017e p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed hrozbu opakov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u016frovcov\u00e9 kalamity z\u00a0minul\u00e9ho desetilet\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Za rozvojem sucha stoj\u00ed kombinace n\u011bkolika nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch faktor\u016f. Leto\u0161n\u00ed zima byla v\u00fdrazn\u011b chud\u0161\u00ed na d\u00e9\u0161\u0165 i\u00a0sn\u00edh, ne\u017e b\u00fdv\u00e1 obvykl\u00e9. Oproti pr\u016fm\u011bru let 1961\u00a0a\u017e 2000\u00a0napadlo o\u00a040\u00a0procent m\u00e9n\u011b sn\u011bhu. \u201eRelativn\u011b nejv\u00edce ho napadlo na Tachovsku, ov\u0161em jen 88\u00a0procent pr\u016fm\u011bru. Hor\u0161\u00ed situace byla na Morav\u011b, kde to bylo m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 60\u00a0procent,\u201c popsal pro \u010ceskou tiskovou kancel\u00e1\u0159 klimatolog Pavel Zahradn\u00ed\u010dek z\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9ho hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu a\u00a0CzechGlobe. Nedostatek sn\u011bhu byl citeln\u00fd i\u00a0ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch\u00a0\u2013 nad 800\u00a0metr\u016f nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky meteorologov\u00e9 zaznamenali jen 56\u00a0procent pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Deficit sn\u011bhu nepokryl ani d\u00e9\u0161\u0165. \u201eV \u0159ad\u011b okres\u016f to nebylo ani 60\u00a0procent pr\u016fm\u011bru, za celou republiku \u010dinil pr\u016fm\u011br 72\u00a0procent proti pr\u016fm\u011bru let 1961\u00a0a\u017e 2000,\u201c doplnil Zahradn\u00ed\u010dek. V\u00fdjimkou bylo nap\u0159\u00edklad Znojemsko a\u00a0T\u0159eb\u00ed\u010dsko, kde sr\u00e1\u017eky dos\u00e1hly pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch hodnot.<\/p>\n
Situaci d\u00e1le zhor\u0161ilo nadpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 teplo. Prosinec a\u00a0\u00fanor byly v\u00fdrazn\u011b teplej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e obvykle, zat\u00edmco leden z\u016fstal chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Celkov\u00e1 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 teplotn\u00ed odchylka za republiku dos\u00e1hla 1,4\u00a0stupn\u011b Celsia, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed odchylky byly zaznamen\u00e1ny na \u010ceskomoravsk\u00e9 vrchovin\u011b, v\u00a0severn\u00edch hor\u00e1ch a\u00a0poho\u0159\u00edch na hranici se Slovenskem.<\/p>\n
\u201eKdy\u017e se tato situace spoj\u00ed s\u00a0podpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami a\u00a0hlavn\u011b men\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00edm sn\u011bhu, jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0zna\u010dn\u00e9 riziko pro rychl\u00fd rozvoj p\u016fdn\u00edho sucha na ja\u0159e, jak to vid\u00edme letos. Hezkou uk\u00e1zkou je \u010ceskomoravsk\u00e1 vrchovina, kde nyn\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b chyb\u00ed nejv\u00edce p\u016fdn\u00ed vl\u00e1hy proti obvykl\u00fdm hodnot\u00e1m,\u201c upozornil Zahradn\u00ed\u010dek.<\/p>\n
P\u016fdn\u00ed sucho do hloubky jednoho metru se za\u010dalo postupn\u011b rozv\u00edjet v\u00a0b\u0159eznu a\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u011b se prohloubilo v\u00a0dubnu, kdy se oteplilo a\u00a0probouzej\u00edc\u00ed se vegetace za\u010dala aktivn\u011b spot\u0159ebov\u00e1vat vodu. Obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b kritick\u00e1 je situace v\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 vrstv\u011b p\u016fdy do 40\u00a0centimetr\u016f, a\u00a0to pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy poln\u00ed plodiny za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed teprve r\u016fst. Bez jak\u00fdchkoliv projev\u016f sucha p\u0159itom z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pouh\u00fdch 14\u00a0procent \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Relativn\u011b standardn\u00ed z\u00e1soby vody v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b se udr\u017euj\u00ed jen na jihu a\u00a0jihoz\u00e1pad\u011b Moravy, severn\u011b a\u00a0severoz\u00e1padn\u011b od Prahy a\u00a0zhruba v\u00a0oblasti mezi Ostravou a\u00a0Opavou. Paradoxn\u011b jde o\u00a0tradi\u010dn\u011b su\u0161\u0161\u00ed oblasti, kde b\u00fdvaj\u00ed z\u00e1soby vody n\u00edzk\u00e9 i\u00a0v norm\u00e1ln\u00edch letech.<\/p>\n
Obdobn\u011b nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e1 situace byla v\u00a0tomto ro\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed i\u00a0p\u0159ed \u010dty\u0159mi lety. Rok 2022\u00a0byl poznamen\u00e1n extr\u00e9mn\u00edmi vedry, suchem a\u00a0po\u017e\u00e1ry. Podle zpr\u00e1vy<\/a> Ministerstva \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed za\u017eila Evropa v\u00a0roce 2022\u00a0nejteplej\u0161\u00ed l\u00e9to a\u00a0druh\u00fd nejteplej\u0161\u00ed rok v\u00a0historii, a\u00a0tud\u00ed\u017e i\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed celkovou plochu zasa\u017eenou suchem – v\u00edce ne\u017e 630\u00a0tis\u00edc \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch kilometr\u016f oproti pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed plo\u0161e zasa\u017een\u00e9 suchem v\u00a0letech 2000\u00a0a\u017e 2022, kter\u00e1 \u010dinila 167\u00a0tis\u00edc kilometr\u016f \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch.<\/p>\n V \u010cesku tehdy vedly vysok\u00e9 teploty a\u00a0plo\u0161n\u011b nevyrovnan\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky k\u00a0rozvoji klimatick\u00e9ho, p\u016fdn\u00edho a\u00a0hydrologick\u00e9ho sucha na zna\u010dn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti \u00fazem\u00ed. V\u00a0\u010dervenci 2022\u00a0zas\u00e1hl n\u00e1rodn\u00ed park \u010cesk\u00e9 \u0160v\u00fdcarsko nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed lesn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1r v\u00a0historii \u010ceska. Za jeho vznikem sice st\u00e1l \u017eh\u00e1\u0159, \u0161patn\u00e1 kondice les\u016f a\u00a0sucho ale k\u00a0\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed plamen\u016f v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bly. P\u0159ed \u010dty\u0159mi lety toti\u017e bylo v\u00a0oblasti nejintenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed za posledn\u00edch 60\u00a0let<\/a>.<\/p>\n Dopady sucha jsou patrn\u00e9 i\u00a0v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Podle hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f na webu InterSucho<\/a> jsou ozimy zat\u00edm v\u00a0solidn\u00ed kondici, av\u0161ak ja\u0159iny, kuku\u0159ice \u010di cukrovka vzch\u00e1zej\u00ed ve vysu\u0161en\u00e9 svrchn\u00ed vrstv\u011b p\u016fdy a\u00a0str\u00e1daj\u00ed. Nedostatek vl\u00e1hy nav\u00edc br\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0159en\u016fm obilnin vst\u0159eb\u00e1vat \u017eiviny, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee negativn\u011b ovlivnit v\u00fdnosy.<\/p>\n Sucho nezasahuje jen zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu\u00a0\u2013 siln\u011b poci\u0165uj\u00ed jeho dopady i\u00a0\u010desk\u00e9 lesy. V\u00edce ne\u017e polovina lesn\u00edch porost\u016f, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b 54\u00a0procent, se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve stavu vysok\u00e9ho stresu a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch p\u011bt procent dokonce ve stavu extr\u00e9mn\u011b vysok\u00e9ho stresu. Relativn\u011b v\u00a0po\u0159\u00e1dku je pouze desetina \u010desk\u00fdch les\u016f.<\/p>\n \u201e\u0160edes\u00e1t procent les\u016f nyn\u00ed \u010del\u00ed velmi nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 mohou z\u00e1sadn\u011b ovlivnit jejich vitalitu a\u00a0stabilitu. To jasn\u011b ukazuje na rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd vodn\u00ed deficit v\u00a0lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech,\u201c uvedl p\u0159ed t\u00fddnem na z\u00e1klad\u011b s\u00edt\u011b DendroNetwork<\/a> \u00dastav v\u00fdzkumu glob\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny Akademie v\u011bd CzechGlobe. Informaci p\u0159inesla \u010cTK.<\/p>\n Nejv\u00edce posti\u017een\u00e9 lesy se t\u00e1hnou ji\u017en\u00ed polovinou \u010cech a\u017e na Vyso\u010dinu, kritick\u00e1 je situace tak\u00e9 v\u00a0z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Kru\u0161n\u00fdch hor, ve Fr\u00fddlantsk\u00e9m a\u00a0\u0160luknovsk\u00e9m v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eku, v\u00a0Jesen\u00edk\u00e1ch, v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Beskyd a\u00a0v moravsk\u00fdch poho\u0159\u00edch\u00a0\u2013 Host\u00fdnsk\u00fdch vr\u0161\u00edch, Javorn\u00edk\u00e1ch a\u00a0Ch\u0159ibech.<\/p>\n Co dok\u00e1\u017ee dlouhodob\u00fd nedostatek vody les\u016fm zp\u016fsobit, bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 sledovat zhruba p\u0159ed deseti lety, kdy za\u010daly plo\u0161n\u011b hynout smrkov\u00e9 lesy. \u201eStromy jsou n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k\u00a0napaden\u00ed \u0161k\u016fdci, zejm\u00e9na k\u016frovcem, ale i\u00a0k chorob\u00e1m,\u201c varuj\u00ed odborn\u00edci. Sucho nav\u00edc komplikuje obnovu les\u016f, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm um\u011blou v\u00fdsadbu. Velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed sazenic se neuchyt\u00ed a\u00a0vlastn\u00edci les\u016f musej\u00ed s\u00e1zet znovu, co\u017e cel\u00fd proces prodlu\u017euje a\u00a0prodra\u017euje. Dosp\u011bl\u00e9 stromy vstupuj\u00ed do vegeta\u010dn\u00ed sezony oslaben\u00e9, s\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstky a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017eenou schopnost\u00ed regenerace.<\/p>\n