V posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika dnech p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed ze z\u00e1padoafrick\u00e9ho Mali zpr\u00e1vy o\u00a0\u00fatoc\u00edch po cel\u00e9 zemi a\u00a0rychl\u00e9m postupu separatist\u016f. Vl\u00e1da \u010del\u00ed tlaku Tuareg\u016f, islamistick\u00fdch skupin a\u00a0krimin\u00e1ln\u00edch organizac\u00ed. Vl\u00e1dn\u00ed vojska bojuj\u00ed s\u00a0podporou rusk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f a\u00a0instruktor\u016f z\u00a0tzv. Africk\u00e9ho korpusu. Na prvn\u00ed dobrou by se tak mohla por\u00e1\u017eka prorusk\u00e9ho re\u017eimu jevit jako prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd pro Evropu a\u00a0obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b Francii, kterou rusk\u00e9 aktivity ze zem\u011b vytla\u010dily. Opak je bohu\u017eel pravdou a\u00a0jakkoliv se situace vyvine, Evropa na n\u00ed sotva z\u00edsk\u00e1.<\/p>\n
Mali\u00a0\u2013 zem\u011b na roztrh\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n
Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 situace nep\u0159i\u0161la z\u00a0ni\u010deho nic. Mali se dlouhodob\u011b pot\u00fdk\u00e1 s\u00a0nestabilitou, \u0161patnou bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed, mezietnick\u00fdmi a\u00a0n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi konflikty, r\u016fstem organizovan\u00e9ho zlo\u010dinu a\u00a0\u0159adou dal\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f spole\u010dn\u00fdch dal\u0161\u00edm subsaharsk\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm okam\u017eikem, kter\u00fd nasm\u011b\u0159oval zemi na sou\u010dasn\u00fd kurz v\u0161ak byl bezesporu pu\u010d v\u00a0b\u0159eznu 2012 (pozn\u00e1mka: dal\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dky jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b obrovsk\u00fdm zjednodu\u0161en\u00edm cel\u00e9 situace, ale detailn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed popis pozad\u00ed situace, motivac\u00ed, akt\u00e9r\u016f konfliktu a\u00a0jejich p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edch vztah\u016f by vydal p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm na men\u0161\u00ed knihu).<\/p>\n
Tehdej\u0161\u00ed demokraticky zvolen\u00fd prezident Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9 \u010delil na severu zem\u011b povst\u00e1n\u00ed Tuareg\u016f tou\u017e\u00edc\u00edch po samostatnosti. \u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b se tak na jih p\u0159el\u00e9vala ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka v\u00a0Libyi, ve kter\u00e9 n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z\u00a0povstalc\u016f proti malijsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b nasb\u00edrali bojov\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti. \u010c\u00e1sti arm\u00e1dy nespokojen\u00e9 se zp\u016fsobem, jak\u00fdm krizi zvl\u00e1dal provedly p\u0159evrat a\u00a0sesadily jej. Paradoxn\u011b to v\u0161ak byl impulz pro povstalce, proto\u017ee jednotky rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00a0ohro\u017een\u00fdch oblastech se de facto rozpadly, povstalci b\u011bhem pouh\u00fdch dn\u016f ovl\u00e1dli \u0159adu m\u011bst na severu a\u00a0vyhl\u00e1sili mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b neuznan\u00fd st\u00e1t Azawad.<\/p>\n
Jenom\u017ee ani povstalci se nem\u011bli radovat dlouho. Prvn\u00edm d\u016fvodem byly vnit\u0159n\u00ed spory mezi povstalci samotn\u00fdmi. Jejich bl\u00edzc\u00ed spojenci, isl\u00e1mist\u00e9 z\u00a0m\u00edstn\u00ed odno\u017ee Al-K\u00e1jdy m\u011bli o\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011b jin\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy ne\u017e p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm etnick\u00e9 hnut\u00ed za nez\u00e1vislost MNLA. N\u011bkdej\u0161\u00ed spojenci si tak z\u00e1hy za\u010dali j\u00edt po krku. Ani islamistick\u00fd t\u00e1bor nebyl pr\u00e1v\u011b jednotn\u00fd. Stejn\u011b jako v\u00a0S\u00fdrii, Ir\u00e1ku, Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu a\u00a0leckde jinde v\u00a0muslimsk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, i\u00a0zde se r\u016fzn\u00e9 odno\u017ee Al-K\u00e1jdy, Isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch obdobn\u00fdch organizac\u00ed nedok\u00e1zaly shodnout na v\u011brou\u010dn\u00fdch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n
Tyto p\u016ftky umo\u017enily vl\u00e1d\u011b v\u00a0Bamako v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm roce znovu ovl\u00e1dnout v\u0161echna d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 m\u011bsta a\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161inu d\u0159\u00edve ztracen\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. Nebylo to v\u0161ak vlastn\u00ed silou malijsk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky z\u00e1sahu ciz\u00edch arm\u00e1d. Zprvu to byla b\u00fdval\u00e1 koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed velmoc Francie, ale pozd\u011bji se p\u0159id\u00e1valy dal\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0zemi \u010di Africe m\u011bly sv\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy. V\u00a0zemi tak p\u016fsobili voj\u00e1ci \u010di instrukto\u0159i mimo jin\u00e9 z\u00a0Turecka, \u010c\u00edny, evropsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, zem\u00ed Africk\u00e9 unie, mise OSN v\u00a0Mali MINUSMA. V\u00a0letech 2013-2023\u00a0v\u00a0zemi p\u016fsobili t\u00e9\u017e \u010de\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci.<\/a><\/p>\n \u00dasp\u011bch mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch a\u00a0vl\u00e1dn\u00edch sil se odrazil v\u00a0ochot\u011b povstalc\u016f vyjedn\u00e1vat. D\u00edky politick\u00fdm \u00fastupk\u016fm a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslib\u016fm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed autonomie se poda\u0159ilo p\u0159iv\u00e9st povstalce k\u00a0jednac\u00edmu stolu. Jenom\u017ee rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bnost protivl\u00e1dn\u00edch sil, kter\u00e1 tak oslabovala povst\u00e1n\u00ed, se rychle st\u00e1vala no\u010dn\u00ed m\u016frou vyjedn\u00e1va\u010d\u016f. Nebylo toti\u017e mo\u017en\u00e9 naj\u00edt kompromis, kter\u00fd by vyhovoval v\u0161em. Nav\u00edc isl\u00e1misty se ke slo\u017een\u00ed zbran\u00ed nepoda\u0159ilo p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit nikdy.<\/p>\n Velmi nestabiln\u00ed (prezident Ibrahim Boubacar Ke\u00efta m\u011bnil premi\u00e9ry p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b co dva roky) a\u00a0i na africk\u00e9 pom\u011bry neb\u00fdvale neschopn\u00e1 a\u00a0zkorumpovan\u00e1 vl\u00e1da byla svr\u017eena dal\u0161\u00edm pu\u010dem v\u00a0srpnu 2020\u00a0a\u00a0v \u010dele zem\u011b stanul prozat\u00edmn\u00ed prezident Bah Ndaw. Prozat\u00edmn\u00ed nebyl jen t\u00edm, \u017ee m\u011bl ve funkci z\u016fstat pouze kr\u00e1tce, do po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch prezidentsk\u00fdch voleb, ale tak\u00e9 t\u00edm, \u017ee jej z\u00e1hy sesadil Assimi Go\u00efta, d\u016fstojn\u00edk speci\u00e1ln\u00edch jednotek malijsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy a\u00a0v\u016fdce junty, kter\u00e1 ho do funkce dosadila v\u00a0prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b.<\/p>\n Go\u00efta se s\u00e1m ujal prezidentsk\u00e9 funkce a\u00a0s odvol\u00e1n\u00edm na \u0161patn\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed podm\u00ednky zru\u0161il prezidentsk\u00e9 volby pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 na rok 2022.\u00a0Do zem\u011b si nav\u00edc pozval na pomoc rusk\u00e9 s\u00edly v\u00a0podob\u011b wagnerovc\u016f<\/a>. Proti tomu protestovaly nejen evropsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty v\u00a0\u010dele s\u00a0Franci\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 st\u00e1ty ECOWAS (Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed z\u00e1padoafrick\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f), kter\u00e9 pozastavilo Mali \u010dlenstv\u00ed a\u00a0uzav\u0159elo mu sv\u00e9 hranice.<\/p>\n Kr\u00e1tce po p\u0159evratu po\u017e\u00e1dala malijsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da s\u00edly OSN o\u00a0sta\u017een\u00ed ze zem\u011b. Na protest proti p\u016fsoben\u00ed rusk\u00fdch \u017eoldn\u00e9\u0159\u016f se rozhodla svou misi ukon\u010dit tak\u00e9 Francie. Tento krok, stejn\u011b jako p\u0159edchoz\u00ed pu\u010d, byl p\u0159iv\u00edt\u00e1n velkou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edch, kte\u0159\u00ed nefandili n\u00e1vratu voj\u00e1k\u016f b\u00fdval\u00e9 koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed velmoci a\u00a0obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ne tehdy, kdy\u017e vlastn\u011b ani nedok\u00e1zala zajistit slibovanou bezpe\u010dnost. Opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny pro Francouz\u00edch \u010di voj\u00e1c\u00edch OSN rychle zabrala malijsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da a\u00a0wagnerovci.<\/p>\n Ti p\u0159i\u0161li s\u00a0celkov\u00fdm \u201erebrandingem.\u201c Po vzpou\u0159e Jevgenije Prigo\u017eina byli p\u0159ejmenov\u00e1ni na Africk\u00fd korpus a\u00a0p\u0159evedeni pod ministerstvo obrany, do zem\u011b p\u0159i\u0161li s\u00a0aureolou bojovn\u00edk\u016f proti kolonialismu, a\u00a0dokonce dok\u00e1zali zpo\u010d\u00e1tku dosahovat ur\u010dit\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f. Jejich p\u0159\u00edchod p\u0159ipom\u00ednal obdobn\u00e9 d\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch africk\u00fdch zem\u00edch, kter\u00e9 ve stejn\u00fd \u010das za\u010daly navazovat u\u017e\u0161\u00ed vztahy s\u00a0Ruskem a\u00a0vzdalovat se sv\u00fdm p\u0159edchoz\u00edm spojenc\u016fm z\u00a0Evropy.<\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edchod Rus\u016f do Afriky znamenal p\u0159elit\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b jednoho konfliktu na \u00fazem\u00ed Mali a\u00a0to rusko-ukrajinsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. A\u010dkoliv se Ukrajina nach\u00e1z\u00ed tis\u00edce kilometr\u016f daleko, pro jej\u00ed rozv\u011bdku p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed ru\u0161t\u00ed bojovn\u00edci l\u00e1kav\u00fd c\u00edl. Ukrajinci se p\u0159ihl\u00e1sili k\u00a0\u00fa\u010dasti na d\u0159\u00edve nejkrvav\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u00fatoku proti rusk\u00fdm sil\u00e1m v\u00a0zemi, kter\u00fd si vy\u017e\u00e1dal des\u00edtky mrtv\u00fdch \u017eold\u00e1k\u016f a\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed ztracen\u00e9 techniky. Ukrajinci se tak v\u0161ak postavili tak\u00e9 po boku n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch fanatik\u016f p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edch v\u00a0zemi.<\/p>\n Z rychl\u00e9ho, agresivn\u00edho a\u00a0zpo\u010d\u00e1tku zd\u00e1nliv\u011b \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9ho n\u00e1stupu rusk\u00fdch sil v\u00a0t\u011bchto dnech mnoho nezb\u00fdv\u00e1. Jak se p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dili mnoz\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed ru\u0161t\u00ed spojenci nejen v\u00a0Africe, Rusko je p\u0159\u00edtel do dobr\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed, ale jakmile se za\u010dne situace zhor\u0161ovat, nejsou \u010dasto schopn\u00ed dost\u00e1t sv\u00fdm slib\u016fm a\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinn\u011b sv\u00e9 partnery podpo\u0159it. V\u00a0posledn\u00edch dnech dok\u00e1zali Rusov\u00e9 vyjednat sta\u017een\u00ed sv\u00fdch lid\u00ed, ale za nep\u0159\u00e1telskou lini\u00ed ponechali malijsk\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky, po jejich\u017e boku d\u0159\u00edve bojovali. P\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 Mali ji\u017e rusk\u00e9 s\u00edly obvinili ze zrady.<\/p>\n Ne\u0161\u0165astnou zemi trhanou na kusy vnit\u0159n\u00edmi rozbroji a\u00a0z\u00e1jmy velmoc\u00ed v\u00a0jejich geopolitick\u00e9m soupe\u0159en\u00ed ne\u010dekaj\u00ed dobr\u00e9 \u010dasy. Mohlo by se zd\u00e1t, \u017ee ztr\u00e1ta \u010di z\u00e1sadn\u00ed oslaben\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho rusk\u00e9ho spojence bude v\u00fdhodn\u00e1 pro Evropu. Bohu\u017eel opak je pravdou, tak jako se probl\u00e9my za hranicemi Mali p\u0159el\u00e9vaj\u00ed do zem\u011b, tak i\u00a0vnit\u0159n\u00ed probl\u00e9my zem\u011b budou m\u00edt p\u0159esah do dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Afriky a\u00a0bohu\u017eel tak\u00e9 do Evropy.<\/p>\n P\u0159esah do Afriky a\u00a0Evropy<\/p>\n St\u00e1ty Sahelu, p\u00e1su t\u00e1hnouc\u00edho se pod\u00e9l ji\u017en\u00edho okraje Sahary od Maurit\u00e1nie a\u00a0Senegalu na z\u00e1pad\u011b po S\u00fad\u00e1n a\u00a0Eritreu na v\u00fdchod\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed dlouhodob\u011b k\u00a0nejm\u00e9n\u011b stabiln\u00edm region\u016fm sv\u011bta a\u00a0jeho probl\u00e9my maj\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159esah. V\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch st\u00e1tech se ji\u017e od nabyt\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti neust\u00e1le st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00ed slab\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy vze\u0161l\u00e9 z\u00a0\u010dasto pochybn\u00fdch voleb s\u00a0t\u011bmi vojensk\u00fdmi vze\u0161l\u00fdmi v\u00a0d\u016fsledku vojensk\u00e9ho pu\u010de. To samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tehdy, pokud se zem\u011b nepropad\u00e1 do ob\u010dansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek.<\/p>\n I bez nich v\u0161ak je v\u011bt\u0161inou situace tristn\u00ed. Slab\u00e9 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy nejsou schopn\u00e9 vykon\u00e1vat moc na sv\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0\u010dasto ani ve velk\u00fdch m\u011bstech. To vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro p\u016fsoben\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se prol\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edch organizovan\u00fdch skupin. Mohou to b\u00fdt pa\u0161er\u00e1ci a\u00a0p\u0159evad\u011b\u010di lid\u00ed, proto\u017ee oblast\u00ed vedou nes\u010detn\u00e9 pa\u0161er\u00e1ck\u00e9 trasy na sever a\u00a0t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ichni migranti ze subsaharsk\u00e9 Afriky mus\u00ed zvolit trasy vedouc\u00ed t\u011bmito st\u00e1ty. Mohou to v\u0161ak b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 skupiny otev\u0159en\u011b bojuj\u00edc\u00ed pro \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed vl\u00e1d\u011b \u010di vl\u00e1d\u00e1m v\u00edcero st\u00e1t\u016f. Nikdo si toti\u017e nel\u00e1me hlavu s\u00a0hranicemi kreslen\u00fdmi na map\u00e1ch b\u00fdval\u00fdch koloniz\u00e1tor\u016f kdysi p\u0159ed des\u00edtkami let.<\/p>\n V oblasti z\u00e1padn\u00edho Sahelu do kter\u00e9ho spad\u00e1 tak\u00e9 Mali p\u016fsob\u00ed Al-K\u00e1jda v\u00a0isl\u00e1msk\u00e9m Maghrebu, Nusrat al-Isl\u00e1m, Isl\u00e1msk\u00fd st\u00e1t, Boko Haram a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159idru\u017een\u00e9 organizace. Jak u\u017e bylo d\u0159\u00edve pops\u00e1no, ty si na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed \u010dasto jdou navz\u00e1jem po krku a\u00a0oslabuj\u00ed se tak. Bohu\u017eel se ob\u011b\u0165mi jejich st\u0159et\u016f st\u00e1vaj\u00ed ve velk\u00e9m tak\u00e9 civilist\u00e9. Pro sv\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed v\u0161ak z\u00e1konit\u011b pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed pen\u00edze a\u00a0jejich zdrojem se st\u00e1v\u00e1 organizovan\u00fd zlo\u010din. Isl\u00e1mist\u00e9 tak vyb\u00edraj\u00ed pen\u00edze za pr\u016fchod p\u0159es jimi kontrolovan\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0nevad\u00ed jim za spr\u00e1vnou cenu p\u0159imhou\u0159it o\u010di nad v\u00a0isl\u00e1mu zapov\u011bzen\u00e9m zbo\u017e\u00edm.<\/p>\n A do toho v\u0161eho zde samoz\u0159ejm\u011b existuj\u00ed vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed a\u00a0tak\u00e9 p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed hnut\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch etnik, kter\u00e1 nesouhlas\u00ed se sou\u010dasnou podobou africk\u00e9ho kontinentu. A\u010dkoliv hranice \u010dasto existuj\u00ed pouze na map\u00e1ch, sna\u017e\u00ed se o\u00a0kontrolu nad \u00fazem\u00edm a\u00a0vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edm vlastn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Mali tou jsou Tuaregov\u00e9 a\u00a0jejich neuznan\u00fd st\u00e1t Azawad. Tyto skupiny se \u010dasto tak\u00e9 spojuj\u00ed s\u00a0organizovan\u00fdm zlo\u010dinem \u010di islamistick\u00fdmi militanty. Neust\u00e1le tak vznikaj\u00ed a\u00a0zanikaj\u00ed nov\u00e1, lok\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0nestabiln\u00ed spojenectv\u00ed. Jejich vznik a\u00a0z\u00e1nik b\u00fdv\u00e1 spojen s\u00a0eskalac\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm zhor\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n Ot\u00e1zkou v\u00a0tuto chv\u00edli nen\u00ed zda, ale do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry a\u00a0jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem se sou\u010dasn\u00e1 situace v\u00a0Mali p\u0159enese do dal\u0161\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f. \u0158ada dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed, mezi nimi p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm St\u0159edoafrick\u00e1 republika, Burkina Faso \u010di Niger vsadily v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech na spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0Ruskem. Jenom\u017ee jak u\u017e se v\u00edcekr\u00e1t uk\u00e1zalo, Rusko vy\u010derp\u00e1van\u00e9 v\u00a0boj\u00edch na Ukrajin\u011b nen\u00ed s\u00a0to dostat sv\u00fdm z\u00e1vazk\u016fm jinde. P\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dily se o\u00a0tom v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed (a\u0165 ji\u017e v\u00a0doslovn\u00e9m \u010di obrazn\u00e9m smyslu) spojenci, ne\u017e jsou africk\u00e9 zem\u011b.<\/p>\n Zhroucen\u00ed jedn\u00e9 zem\u011b neznamen\u00e1 automaticky, \u017ee se ihned za\u010dnou hroutit tak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed, lze s\u00a0jistotou p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat pos\u00edlen\u00ed povstaleck\u00fdch a\u00a0islamistick\u00fdch skupin a\u00a0zintenzivn\u011bn\u00ed boj\u016f tak\u00e9 v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch st\u00e1tech. A\u00a0a\u010dkoliv Rusko p\u0159i\u0161lo zpo\u010d\u00e1tku s\u00a0image antikolonialismu, rozhodn\u011b nep\u0159inesli osvobozen\u00ed, ale jen dal\u0161\u00ed formu vyko\u0159is\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0boj o\u00a0kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 africk\u00e9 zdroje. Co h\u016f\u0159e, na rozd\u00edl od evropsk\u00fdch arm\u00e1d, kter\u00e9 jsou pod dohledem ve\u0159ejnosti, kterou sice nemus\u00ed d\u011bn\u00ed kdesi v\u00a0Africe p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 zaj\u00edmat, ale p\u0159esto m\u00e1lokdy sv\u00fdm politik\u016fm odpust\u00ed masakry \u010di \u0161patn\u00e9 zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s\u00a0civilisty, rusk\u00fdm \u017eoldn\u00e9\u0159\u016fm tato kontrola zcela chyb\u00ed. Ve v\u0161ech st\u00e1tech, ve kter\u00fdch rusk\u00e9 sbory p\u016fsob\u00ed se tak mno\u017e\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady masakr\u016f, mu\u010den\u00ed, zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0vyko\u0159is\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed civilist\u016f<\/a>. Po akc\u00edch \u017eold\u00e1k\u016f z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed vyp\u00e1len\u00e9 vesnice a\u00a0des\u00edtky \u010di stovky mrtv\u00fdch<\/a>, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se neli\u0161\u00ed od n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch fanatik\u016f \u010di nacionalist\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch stejn\u00e9 prost\u0159edky proti sv\u00fdm protivn\u00edk\u016fm. Jeden z\u00a0d\u016fsledk\u016f t\u011bchto zv\u011brstev je \u00fat\u011bk ze zasa\u017een\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a\u00a0migrace do bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f. V\u011bt\u0161ina jich z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00a0severn\u00ed Africe, kone\u010dnou destinac\u00ed v\u0161ak b\u00fdv\u00e1 tak\u00e9 Evropa<\/p>\n Migrace na sever<\/p>\n Vzhledem k\u00a0probl\u00e9m\u016fm st\u00e1t\u016f v\u00a0p\u00e1smu Sahelu a\u00a0zdej\u0161\u00ed vysok\u00e9 porodnosti, nen\u00ed p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm, \u017ee z\u00a0nich ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b migruje obrovsk\u00fd po\u010det lid\u00ed. Velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st z\u00a0nich se vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u00e1le na sever po n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0migra\u010dn\u00edch tras a\u00a0zhor\u0161en\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed situace pak logicky vede k\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu po\u010dtu migrant\u016f na t\u011bchto tras\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n Dlouhodob\u011b zat\u00edm plat\u00ed, \u017ee Sahel nepat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0hlavn\u00edm zdrojov\u00fdm zem\u00edm migrace do Evropy. Podle Frontexu se tyto zem\u011b v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nach\u00e1zej\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0Asii\u00a0\u2013 jede p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o\u00a0arabsk\u00e9 zem\u011b, ale tak\u00e9 Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n, Banglad\u00e9\u0161 a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina Afri\u010dan\u016f migruj\u00edc\u00edch ze Sahelu z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 na kontinentu, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b pak ve st\u00e1tech na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e. I\u00a0tak v\u0161ak ro\u010dn\u011b minim\u00e1ln\u011b des\u00edtky tis\u00edc migrant\u016f na mal\u00fdch lo\u010fk\u00e1ch p\u0159eplouvaj\u00ed mo\u0159e a\u00a0p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed do Evropy.<\/p>\n Jejich p\u0159\u00edchod je nav\u00edc siln\u011b koncentrov\u00e1n do n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo oblast\u00ed. Logicky to jsou severn\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed It\u00e1lie a\u00a0\u0160pan\u011blska a\u00a0pon\u011bkud p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b v\u00a0\u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l rostouc\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e tak\u00e9 dosti vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 Kan\u00e1rsk\u00e9 ostrovy. Mezi nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tranzitn\u00ed zem\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed sahelsk\u00fd Niger a\u00a0Mali pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zdrojov\u00e9 zem\u011b v\u00a0oblasti. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b i\u00a0pokud z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed migranti na kontinentu, Evropa stejn\u011b v\u00a0takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mus\u00ed platit.<\/p>\n M\u00e1lokdo dnes toti\u017e je\u0161t\u011b v\u011b\u0159\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edchod doktor\u016f a\u00a0in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f z\u00a0rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00ed a\u00a0evropsk\u00e9 zem\u011b se tak sna\u017e\u00ed neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed migraci omezovat. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0n\u00e1stroj\u016f je podpora africk\u00fdm zem\u00edm. M\u016f\u017ee j\u00edt jak o\u00a0rozvojovou podporu, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 napom\u00e1hat stabilizovat africk\u00e9 zem\u011b, ale tak\u00e9 platby, poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdcviku a\u00a0technick\u00e9 podpory t\u011bm st\u00e1t\u016fm le\u017e\u00edc\u00edm na migra\u010dn\u00edch tras\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 jsou je\u0161t\u011b schopn\u00e9 a\u00a0ochotn\u00e9 chr\u00e1nit sv\u00e9 hranice a\u00a0blokovat jejich p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n