Chru\u0161\u010dov\u016fv tajn\u00fd projev, ofici\u00e1ln\u011b nazvan\u00fd \u201eO kultu osobnosti a\u00a0jeho d\u016fsledc\u00edch\u201c, byl p\u0159ednesen Nikitou Sergejevi\u010dem Chru\u0161\u010dovem 25.\u00a0\u00fanora 1956\u00a0na z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9m uzav\u0159en\u00e9m zased\u00e1n\u00ed XX. sjezdu Komunistick\u00e9 strany Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu. Tento \u010dty\u0159hodinov\u00fd projev p\u0159edstavoval prvn\u00ed otev\u0159enou kritiku Josifa Stalina ze strany nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho veden\u00ed od jeho smrti v\u00a0roce 1953\u00a0a\u00a0stal se jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch mezn\u00edk\u016f sov\u011btsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin 20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Projev byl p\u0159ednesen v\u00a0noci z\u00a024.\u00a0na 25.\u00a0\u00fanora 1956\u00a0ve Velk\u00e9m s\u00e1le Kremlu p\u0159ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1\u00a0500\u00a0deleg\u00e1ty strany. Zahrani\u010dn\u00ed delegace a\u00a0novin\u00e1\u0159i byli z\u00a0jedn\u00e1n\u00ed vylou\u010deni. Ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st XX. sjezdu Komunistick\u00e9 strany Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu skon\u010dila ji\u017e 24.\u00a0\u00fanora 1956, kdy byl ofici\u00e1ln\u011b ukon\u010den program sjezdu v\u010detn\u011b hlavn\u00edch refer\u00e1t\u016f a\u00a0diskus\u00ed. Teprve pot\u00e9, po form\u00e1ln\u00edm z\u00e1v\u011bru ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch zased\u00e1n\u00ed, byli deleg\u00e1ti vyzv\u00e1ni, aby se vr\u00e1tili do s\u00e1lu na dodate\u010dn\u00e9 uzav\u0159en\u00e9 zased\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo svol\u00e1no na posledn\u00ed chv\u00edli. P\u0159edsednictvo sch\u016fze p\u0159edal p\u0159edseda Rady ministr\u016f Nikolaj Bulganin, spojenec Nikity Chru\u0161\u010dova, p\u0159\u00edmo jemu, co\u017e umo\u017enilo Chru\u0161\u010dovovi p\u0159edn\u00e9st projev bez p\u0159edchoz\u00edho ohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed v\u00a0programu.<\/p>\n
Atmosf\u00e9ra b\u011bhem projevu byla extr\u00e9mn\u011b napjat\u00e1 a\u00a0\u0161okuj\u00edc\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 mnoz\u00ed pam\u011btn\u00edci a\u00a0historick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy ji popisuj\u00ed jako t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 hrobov\u00e9 ticho, p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e9 jen ob\u010dasn\u00fdmi p\u0159idu\u0161en\u00fdmi v\u00fdk\u0159iky, vzlyky nebo zoufal\u00fdmi povzdechy. S\u00e1l Velk\u00e9ho kremelsk\u00e9ho pal\u00e1ce byl pono\u0159en do absolutn\u00edho ticha; deleg\u00e1ti sed\u011bli jako zkamen\u011bl\u00ed, bled\u00ed, s\u00a0pohledy up\u0159en\u00fdmi na p\u00f3dium, mnoz\u00ed se neodva\u017eovali ani na sebe pohl\u00e9dnout. Chru\u0161\u010dov p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161el sv\u00fdm charakteristick\u00fdm energick\u00fdm, emotivn\u00edm stylem, s\u00a0\u010dast\u00fdmi improvizovan\u00fdmi odbo\u010dkami od p\u0159ipraven\u00e9ho textu, s\u00a0ironick\u00fdmi pozn\u00e1mkami a\u00a0obvi\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edmi stylem, co\u017e siln\u011b kontrastovalo s\u00a0mrtv\u00fdm klidem v\u00a0s\u00e1le. Neozval se \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd potlesk, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 diskuse. Po \u010dty\u0159ech hodin\u00e1ch skon\u010dil projev a\u00a0deleg\u00e1ti odch\u00e1zeli v\u00a0hlubok\u00e9 dezorientaci a\u00a0\u0161oku, s\u00a0hlavami sklon\u011bn\u00fdmi, mnoz\u00ed v\u00a0slz\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n
\u0160ok z\u00a0odhalen\u00ed byl tak siln\u00fd, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed deleg\u00e1ti b\u011bhem projevu nebo bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po n\u011bm utrp\u011bli v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed probl\u00e9my. Podle sv\u011bdectv\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zpr\u00e1v n\u011bkolik lid\u00ed dostalo srde\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1chvat p\u0159\u00edmo v\u00a0s\u00e1le a\u00a0museli b\u00fdt vyn\u00e1\u0161eni na nos\u00edtk\u00e1ch nebo o\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1ni na m\u00edst\u011b. Jin\u00ed upadali do mdlob, propadali panice nebo se jim zhor\u0161ily chronick\u00e9 srde\u010dn\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0161\u00e9fredaktor den\u00edku Komsomolskaja pravda Dmitrij Gorjunov musel b\u011bhem projevu u\u017e\u00edt n\u011bkolik nitroglycerinov\u00fdch tablet, aby v\u016fbec zvl\u00e1dl tep a\u00a0zabr\u00e1nil sv\u00e9mu kolapsu. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed deleg\u00e1ti plakali otev\u0159en\u011b, dr\u017eeli si hlavu v\u00a0zoufalstv\u00ed nebo sed\u011bli v\u00a0hlubok\u00e9 depresi, celkov\u00fd dojem byl, \u017ee se hrout\u00ed cel\u00fd sv\u011btov\u00fd n\u00e1zor, kter\u00fd desetilet\u00ed formoval jejich \u017eivoty a\u00a0kari\u00e9ry.<\/p>\n
Chru\u0161\u010dov v\u00a0projevu odsoudil tzv. kult osobnosti kolem Stalina, ozna\u010dil ho za poru\u0161en\u00ed leninsk\u00fdch princip\u016f kolektivn\u00edho veden\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edmo obvinil Stalina z\u00a0rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch repres\u00ed, zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed moci a\u00a0z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch chyb, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1sledky. Rozhodnut\u00ed o\u00a0p\u0159ednesen\u00ed projevu padlo ji\u017e 13.\u00a0\u00fanora 1956, kdy byl ofici\u00e1ln\u011b schv\u00e1len Prez\u00eddiem (d\u0159\u00edve Politbyro) \u00daV KSSS. Chru\u0161\u010dovovi spojenci v\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm veden\u00ed mu pomohli uvolnit cestu t\u00edm, \u017ee v\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch postupn\u011b oslabovali vliv stalinistick\u00fdch konzervativc\u016f v\u00a0Prez\u00eddiu jako byli Molotov, Kaganovi\u010d nebo Voro\u0161ilov, kte\u0159\u00ed se stav\u011bli proti hlub\u0161\u00ed kritice Stalina.<\/p>\n
Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm podkladem pro obsah projevu se stala zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed komise \u00daV KSSS, z\u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 31.\u00a0prosince 1955\u00a0na Chru\u0161\u010dov\u016fv podn\u011bt. T\u00e9to komisi, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako Pospelovova komise (podle p\u0159edsedy Pjotra Pospelova), bylo ulo\u017eeno pro\u0161et\u0159it masov\u00e9 represe proti deleg\u00e1t\u016fm a\u00a0\u010dlen\u016fm \u00daV zvolen\u00fdm na XVII. sjezdu strany v\u00a0roce 1934.\u00a0Komise prozkoumala archivn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly NKVD, statistiky a\u00a0sv\u011bdectv\u00ed, shrom\u00e1\u017edila d\u016fkazy o\u00a0rozsahu teroru a\u00a0v \u00fanoru 1956\u00a0p\u0159edlo\u017eila Prez\u00eddiu zpr\u00e1vu, kter\u00e1 \u0161okovala i\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 stalinisty.<\/p>\n
Chru\u0161\u010dov p\u0159e\u010detl pas\u00e1\u017ee z\u00a0Leninovy politick\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bti nadiktovan\u00e9 p\u0159ed jeho smrt\u00ed na p\u0159elomu let 1922\u00a0a\u00a01923, ve kter\u00e9 Lenin varoval p\u0159ed Stalinovou hrubost\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edli\u0161nou koncentrac\u00ed moci v\u00a0jeho rukou a\u00a0navrhoval jeho odvol\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0funkce gener\u00e1ln\u00edho tajemn\u00edka strany. Sou\u010dasn\u011b tak\u00e9 Chru\u0161\u010dov zd\u016fraz\u0148oval, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina zlo\u010din\u016f byla d\u00edlem samotn\u00e9ho Stalina a\u00a0jeho nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edho okol\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na Lavrentije Beriji, Nikolaje Je\u017eova a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch), zat\u00edmco komunistick\u00e1 strana jako takov\u00e1 z\u016fst\u00e1vala podle n\u011bj leninsk\u00e1 a\u00a0\u010dist\u00e1.<\/p>\n
Chru\u0161\u010dov svalil ve\u0161kerou vinu na Stalina a\u00a0jeho \u201ekliku\u201c, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e systematicky vynech\u00e1val jakoukoli zm\u00ednku o\u00a0odpov\u011bdnosti sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho veden\u00ed strany, v\u010detn\u011b sebe sama. Nep\u0159iznal, \u017ee on s\u00e1m jako prvn\u00ed tajemn\u00edk Ukrajinsk\u00e9 SSR v\u00a0letech 1938\u20131949\u00a0aktivn\u011b participoval na repres\u00edch, ani \u017ee mnoz\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed prominentn\u00ed l\u00edd\u0159i (jako Vja\u010deslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovi\u010d, Kliment Voro\u0161ilov \u010di Anastas Mikojan) podepisovali seznamy popravovan\u00fdch nebo se na repres\u00edch p\u0159\u00edmo pod\u00edleli. Projev se zam\u011b\u0159il p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na represe proti komunist\u016fm a\u00a0stranick\u00fdm k\u00e1dr\u016fm\u00a0\u2013 zejm\u00e9na na Velk\u00fd teror 1937\u20131938.\u00a0Mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch brut\u00e1ln\u00edch kampan\u00ed a\u00a0zlo\u010din\u016f v\u0161ak zcela nebo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zcela opomenul. Nezmi\u0148oval nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u00e1silnou kolektivizaci a\u00a0dekulakizaci, hladomor na Ukrajin\u011b (Holodomor) v\u00a0letech 1932\u20131933, masov\u00e9 represe proti nekomunistick\u00e9mu obyvatelstvu, Katy\u0148sk\u00fd masakr nebo deportace z\u00a0pobaltsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f po roce 1939.<\/p>\n
Text projevu nebyl zve\u0159ejn\u011bn v\u00a0sov\u011btsk\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00edch a\u00a0ofici\u00e1ln\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1val utajen\u00fd\u00a0\u2013 nebyl publikov\u00e1n v\u00a0tisku ani v\u00a0ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch sborn\u00edc\u00edch sjezdu. \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed v\u00fdbor KSSS v\u0161ak ji\u017e kr\u00e1tce po jeho p\u0159ednesen\u00ed nechal vyhotovit desetitis\u00edce kopi\u00ed textu, ozna\u010den\u00fdch stupn\u011bm utajen\u00ed \u201etajn\u00e9\u201c, a\u00a0na\u0159\u00eddil jejich \u010dten\u00ed na uzav\u0159en\u00fdch stranick\u00fdch sch\u016fz\u00edch po cel\u00e9m Sov\u011btsk\u00e9m svazu. B\u011bhem n\u011bkolika m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f ho sly\u0161elo p\u0159es 25\u00a0milion\u016f lid\u00ed. A\u010dkoli byl projev p\u016fvodn\u011b ozna\u010den jako tajn\u00fd, utajen\u00ed bylo v\u00a0praxi postupn\u011b zm\u00edr\u0148ov\u00e1no\u00a0\u2013 ji\u017e v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b a\u00a0na podzim 1956\u00a0za\u010daly n\u011bkter\u00e9 region\u00e1ln\u00ed organizace text \u0161\u00ed\u0159it \u0161ir\u0161\u00edmu okruhu lid\u00ed, a\u00a0do roku 1957\u20131958\u00a0se stal b\u011b\u017enou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed stranick\u00e9 v\u00fdchovy. Ofici\u00e1ln\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1val utajen\u00fd a\u017e do konce 80.\u00a0let (pln\u011b zve\u0159ejn\u011bn v\u00a0SSSR a\u017e v\u00a0roce 1989), ale v\u00a0praxi o\u00a0n\u011bm v\u011bd\u011bla prakticky cel\u00e1 vzd\u011blan\u00e1 a\u00a0politicky aktivn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st spole\u010dnosti. Na Z\u00e1pad\u011b se text dostal ven mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b rychle\u00a0\u2013 ji\u017e v\u00a0b\u0159eznu 1956\u00a0kolovaly kopie v\u00a0Polsku, odkud byl p\u0159es izraelskou rozv\u011bdku a\u00a0CIA p\u0159ed\u00e1n do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Kompletn\u00ed verze vy\u0161la 5.\u00a0\u010dervna 1956\u00a0na tituln\u00ed stran\u011b den\u00edku The New York Times.<\/p>\n
Projev zah\u00e1jil proces destalinizace a\u00a0tzv. Chru\u0161\u010dovovo t\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch letech byly propu\u0161t\u011bny miliony politick\u00fdch v\u011bz\u0148\u016f z\u00a0gulag\u016f, zah\u00e1jena masov\u00e1 rehabilitace ob\u011bt\u00ed repres\u00ed, odstran\u011bny tis\u00edce Stalinov\u00fdch soch a\u00a0portr\u00e9t\u016f, p\u0159ejmenov\u00e1ny stovky m\u011bst a\u00a0ulic a\u00a0v \u0159\u00edjnu 1961\u00a0bylo Stalinovo t\u011blo vyneseno z\u00a0Leninova mauzolea a\u00a0poh\u0159beno u\u00a0kremelsk\u00e9 zdi. U\u017e v\u0161ak n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f po projevu za\u010dala kritika Stalina postupn\u011b zm\u011bk\u010dovat\u00a0\u2013 kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli sehr\u00e1l Michail Andrejevi\u010d Suslov, kter\u00fd prosazoval \u201evyv\u00e1\u017een\u00fd\u201c p\u0159\u00edstup: odsouzen\u00ed exces\u016f, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 uzn\u00e1n\u00ed Stalinov\u00fdch z\u00e1sluh v\u00a0industrializaci a\u00a0v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed ve v\u00e1lce. Tento kompromis byl formulov\u00e1n v\u00a0rezoluci \u00daV KSSS z\u00a0\u010dervna 1956 \u201eO p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed kultu osobnosti a\u00a0jeho d\u016fsledk\u016f\u201c.<\/p>\n
Ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm bloku vyvolal projev siln\u00e9 ot\u0159esy. V\u00a0Polsku se stal jedn\u00edm z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch impuls\u016f k\u00a0tzv. polsk\u00e9mu \u0159\u00edjnu 1956\u00a0a\u00a0n\u00e1stupu W\u0142adys\u0142awa Gomu\u0142ky k\u00a0moci. Projev m\u011bl tragick\u00fd dopad i\u00a0na polsk\u00e9 veden\u00ed: tehdej\u0161\u00ed prvn\u00ed tajemn\u00edk PZPR Boles\u0142aw Bierut, dlouhodob\u011b nemocn\u00fd, utrp\u011bl po p\u0159e\u010dten\u00ed projevu srde\u010dn\u00ed infarkt a\u00a0zem\u0159el 12.\u00a0b\u0159ezna 1956\u00a0v\u00a0Moskv\u011b. Mnoz\u00ed jeho smrt pova\u017euj\u00ed za p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd d\u016fsledek \u0161oku z\u00a0projevu.<\/p>\n
V Ma\u010farsku se projev stal jedn\u00edm z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch impuls\u016f k\u00a0protisov\u011btsk\u00e9 revoluci v\u00a0\u0159\u00edjnu a\u00a0listopadu 1956, kter\u00e1 byla krvav\u011b potla\u010dena sov\u011btsk\u00fdmi vojsky. V\u00a0\u010c\u00edn\u011b Mao Ce-tung Chru\u0161\u010dovovi nikdy pln\u011b neodpustil a\u00a0pova\u017eoval projev za revizionistick\u00fd akt, kter\u00fd podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 autoritu v\u016fdce a\u00a0oslabuje bojovnost komunistick\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed. Mao ve\u0159ejn\u011b kritizoval Chru\u0161\u010dova za \u201eodhalen\u00ed Stalinov\u00fdch chyb\u201c a\u00a0za p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9 zd\u016fraz\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edrov\u00e9ho sou\u017eit\u00ed se Z\u00e1padem. Rozkol se prohluboval v\u00a0letech 1958\u20131960: v\u00a0roce 1960\u00a0Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz n\u00e1hle st\u00e1hl v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 technick\u00e9 poradce z\u00a0\u010c\u00edny, p\u0159eru\u0161il dod\u00e1vky technologi\u00ed a\u00a0vojensk\u00e9 pomoci. Ideologick\u00fd spor vy\u00fastil v\u00a0otev\u0159enou polemiku\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0letech 1963\u20131964\u00a0vydala \u010c\u00edna dev\u011bt \u201ekoment\u00e1\u0159\u016f\u201c k\u00a0sov\u011btsk\u00e9 politice, kde Chru\u0161\u010dova ozna\u010dila za \u201emodern\u00edho revizionistu\u201c. Rozkol vedl k\u00a0\u00fapln\u00e9mu p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed stranick\u00fdch kontakt\u016f, k\u00a0hrani\u010dn\u00edm konflikt\u016fm (nap\u0159. na Ussuri v\u00a0roce 1969) a\u00a0k tomu, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna za\u010dala hledat vlastn\u00ed cestu k\u00a0socialismu, co\u017e kulminovalo v\u00a0Kulturn\u00ed revoluci.<\/p>\n
V z\u00e1padn\u00edch komunistick\u00fdch stran\u00e1ch projev zp\u016fsobil masov\u00fd odliv \u010dlen\u016f\u00a0\u2013 mnoz\u00ed intelektu\u00e1lov\u00e9, spisovatel\u00e9 a\u00a0aktivist\u00e9 opustili stranu v\u00a0pocitu zrady a\u00a0desetilet\u00ed trvaj\u00edc\u00edho klamu, co\u017e v\u00fdrazn\u011b oslabilo vliv komunistick\u00fdch stran na Z\u00e1pad\u011b.<\/p>\n
Chru\u0161\u010dov\u016fv tajn\u00fd projev tak p\u0159edstavoval prvn\u00ed velk\u00e9 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00ed zlo\u010din\u016f stalinismu zevnit\u0159 sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho veden\u00ed. I\u00a0p\u0159es sv\u00e1 omezen\u00ed znamenal z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zlom v\u00a0d\u011bjin\u00e1ch SSSR a\u00a0cel\u00e9ho komunistick\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed. Tento proces v\u0161ak m\u011bl jasn\u00e9 hranice: komunistick\u00e1 strana a\u00a0sov\u011btsk\u00e9 veden\u00ed nikdy nehodlaly tolerovat zpochybn\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00e9 monopoln\u00ed moci, socialismu jako syst\u00e9mu ani nadvl\u00e1dy nad satelity. Jak se rychle uk\u00e1zalo v\u00a0Ma\u010farsku a\u00a0v men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e i\u00a0v Polsku, jak\u00e9koli pokusy o\u00a0hlub\u0161\u00ed reformy, svobodn\u00e9 volby, neutralitu nebo vystoupen\u00ed z\u00a0Var\u0161avsk\u00e9 smlouvy byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za kontrarevoluci a\u00a0hrozbu pro cel\u00fd blok.<\/p>\n
Kdy\u017e ma\u010farsk\u00fd l\u00eddr Imre Nagy vyhl\u00e1sil neutralitu Ma\u010farska a\u00a0vystoupen\u00ed z\u00a0Var\u0161avsk\u00e9 smlouvy, Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz odpov\u011bd\u011bl masivn\u00ed vojenskou intervenc\u00ed. Do zem\u011b vtrhly tis\u00edce tank\u016f a\u00a0desetitis\u00edce voj\u00e1k\u016f. Povst\u00e1n\u00ed bylo krvav\u011b potla\u010deno, tis\u00edce byly zat\u010deny, mu\u010deny nebo popraveny (v\u010detn\u011b Nagye v\u00a0roce 1958), a\u00a0stovky tis\u00edc uprchly do exilu. Tento z\u00e1sah uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee destalinizace neznamenala konec n\u00e1sil\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 tanky, popravy a\u00a0represe z\u016fstaly n\u00e1strojem udr\u017een\u00ed moci, pokud kdokoli cht\u011bl sej\u00edt z\u00a0cesty sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho modelu socialismu.<\/p>\n
Bohu\u017eel v\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edm modern\u00edm Rusku 21.\u00a0stolet\u00ed postupn\u011b ustupuje odkaz destalinizace a\u00a0Chru\u0161\u010dovova t\u00e1n\u00ed do pozad\u00ed, zat\u00edmco na pop\u0159ed\u00ed se vrac\u00ed oslava Josifa Stalina, jeho z\u00e1sluh a\u00a0obrazu siln\u00e9ho v\u016fdce. Stalinova postava st\u00e1v\u00e1 symbolem siln\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu, n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hrdosti a\u00a0odolnosti v\u016f\u010di vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm hrozb\u00e1m. St\u00e1tn\u00ed propaganda a\u00a0\u0161koln\u00ed u\u010debnice bagatelizuj\u00ed jeho teror, zat\u00edmco pam\u00e1tn\u00edky ob\u011btem repres\u00ed jsou likvidov\u00e1ny. Vznikaj\u00ed nov\u00e9 sochy a\u00a0pam\u00e1tn\u00edky Stalina Komunistick\u00e1 strana Ruska prosazuje jeho plnou rehabilitaci a\u00a0Putin s\u00e1m opakovan\u011b vol\u00e1 po \u201evyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9m\u201c pohledu na jeho \u00e9ru, kde se chyby minimalizuj\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed glorifikuj\u00ed. T\u00edm se kruh uzav\u00edr\u00e1: Rusko se vrac\u00ed k\u00a0modelu, kde autorita v\u016fdce a\u00a0st\u00e1tn\u00ed moc p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00ed nad pam\u011bt\u00ed ob\u011bt\u00ed a\u00a0demokratiza\u010dn\u00edmi impulsy\u00a0\u2013 trag\u00e9die, kter\u00e1 se v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch podob\u00e1ch opakuje, kdy\u017e se spole\u010dnost vrac\u00ed k\u00a0idolizaci tyrana v\u00a0dob\u00e1ch krize a\u00a0strachu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Chru\u0161\u010dov\u016fv tajn\u00fd projev, ofici\u00e1ln\u011b nazvan\u00fd \u201eO kultu osobnosti a\u00a0jeho d\u016fsledc\u00edch\u201c, byl p\u0159ednesen Nikitou Sergejevi\u010dem Chru\u0161\u010dovem 25.\u00a0\u00fanora 1956\u00a0na z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9m…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7871,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[1720,441,2214,5189,2213,5192,54,53,52,5190,5191],"class_list":{"0":"post-7870","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-svet","8":"tag-dejiny","9":"tag-historie","10":"tag-josif-vissarionovic-stalin","11":"tag-nikita-chruscov","12":"tag-sovetsky-svaz","13":"tag-studena-valka","14":"tag-svet","15":"tag-world","16":"tag-world-news","17":"tag-zlocin","18":"tag-zlociny-komunismu"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7870","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7870"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7870\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7871"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7870"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7870"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7870"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}