P\u0159edstavuje jeden ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch stavebn\u00edch kamen\u016f na\u0161eho vesm\u00edru. Pohybuje se rychlost\u00ed bezm\u00e1la 300\u00a0000\u00a0kilometr\u016f za sekundu, proklouz\u00e1v\u00e1 mezi prsty, nelze jej zav\u0159\u00edt do krabi\u010dky a\u00a0u\u017e v\u016fbec ne zv\u00e1\u017eit na v\u00e1ze. Sv\u011btlo. Po cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed p\u0159edstavovalo pro v\u011bdce fenom\u00e9n, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017eeme pozorovat, odr\u00e1\u017eet nebo l\u00e1mat, ale nikdy ne uchopit jako fyzick\u00fd objekt. Zkrotit sv\u011btlo se zd\u00e1lo b\u00fdt \u00fakolem vyhrazen\u00fdm pouze boh\u016fm \u010di autor\u016fm science fiction.<\/p>\n
V\u011bdci si dlouho kladli ot\u00e1zku, zda je v\u016fbec mo\u017en\u00e9 zm\u011bnit samotnou podstatu sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho paprsku. Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1kony hovo\u0159ily jasn\u011b: fotony<\/a>, tedy \u010d\u00e1stice sv\u011btla, se navz\u00e1jem ignoruj\u00ed. Proch\u00e1zej\u00ed jeden druh\u00fdm, ani\u017e by do sebe narazily\u00a0\u2013 na rozd\u00edl od atom\u016f, z\u00a0nich\u017e jsme stvo\u0159eni my i\u00a0sv\u011bt kolem n\u00e1s.<\/p>\n Z\u00e1hada v\u00a0polovodi\u010dov\u00e9m v\u011bzen\u00ed<\/p>\n Abychom pochopili velikost tohoto okam\u017eiku, mus\u00edme se pod\u00edvat na samotn\u00e9 m\u00edsto \u010dinu. Ne\u0161lo o\u00a0ob\u0159\u00ed urychlova\u010d \u010d\u00e1stic o\u00a0rozloze men\u0161\u00edho m\u011bsta. Ital\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci pou\u017eili speci\u00e1ln\u00ed mikroskopickou platformu vyrobenou ze slou\u010deniny zvan\u00e9 AlGaAs (arsenid hlinito-galit\u00fd).<\/p>\n Kdy\u017e do t\u00e9to nepatrn\u00e9 struktury vpustili sv\u011btlo, neprolet\u011blo ven. Ani se neodrazilo. Za\u010dalo se d\u00edt n\u011bco naprosto nepochopiteln\u00e9ho. Sv\u011btlo se uvnit\u0159 platformy za\u010dalo samo od sebe uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1vat do opakuj\u00edc\u00edho se prostorov\u00e9ho vzoru. Vytvo\u0159ilo m\u0159\u00ed\u017eku. Stalo se pevnou l\u00e1tkou.<\/p>\n A p\u0159ece to nebyl oby\u010dejn\u00fd krystal.<\/p>\n V\u011bdci zpozorovali, \u017ee i\u00a0kdy\u017e je sv\u011btlo organizovan\u00e9 do pevn\u00e9 struktury, dok\u00e1\u017ee z\u00e1rove\u0148 plynout prostorem naprosto bez jak\u00e9hokoliv m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9ho odporu \u010di viskozity.<\/p>\n Zn\u00ed to paradoxn\u011b? P\u0159edstavte si kostku ledu, kter\u00e1 si dokonale zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u016fj pevn\u00fd, krystalick\u00fd tvar, ale kdy\u017e ji polo\u017e\u00edte na st\u016fl, dok\u00e1\u017ee bez jak\u00e9hokoliv t\u0159en\u00ed prot\u00e9ct kl\u00ed\u010dovou d\u00edrkou jako ta nej\u0159id\u0161\u00ed voda na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n Tato neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e1 kombinace vlastnost\u00ed definuje stav hmoty, kter\u00e9mu fyzikov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed supersolidita<\/a> (superpevnost). V\u011bdci po supersolidn\u00edch stavech p\u00e1traj\u00ed cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161inou se je sna\u017eili vytvo\u0159it ochlazov\u00e1n\u00edm atom\u016f helia nebo speci\u00e1ln\u00edch plyn\u016f na teploty bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se absolutn\u00ed nule<\/a>(tedy t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 -273\u00a0stup\u0148\u016fm Celsia). Tyto d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed experimenty v\u0161ak vy\u017eadovaly extr\u00e9mn\u00ed, finan\u010dn\u011b nesm\u00edrn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 a\u00a0vysoce nestabiln\u00ed podm\u00ednky.<\/p>\n A te\u010f tu p\u0159ed nimi le\u017eelo \u201ezmrazen\u00e9 sv\u011btlo\u201c za podm\u00ednek, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u00a0modern\u00edch laborato\u0159\u00edch mnohem sn\u00e1ze dosa\u017eiteln\u00e9. Jak je to v\u016fbec mo\u017en\u00e9?<\/p>\n Tajemstv\u00ed jm\u00e9nem polariton<\/p>\n Zde p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed rozuzlen\u00ed cel\u00e9ho dramatu a\u00a0obrovsk\u00fd triumf lidsk\u00e9ho rozumu. V\u011bdci ve skute\u010dnosti nezmrazili pouze \u010dist\u00e9 sv\u011btlo ve vakuu\u00a0\u2013 pro n\u011bco takov\u00e9ho by fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1kony skute\u010dn\u011b nem\u011bly pochopen\u00ed. M\u00edsto toho vyu\u017eili fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed kvantov\u00fd trik.<\/p>\n Kdy\u017e fotony (\u010d\u00e1stice sv\u011btla) proniknou do polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 struktury z\u00a0arsenidu hlinito-galit\u00e9ho, za\u010dnou extr\u00e9mn\u011b siln\u011b interagovat s\u00a0tamn\u00ed hmotou\u00a0\u2013 konkr\u00e9tn\u011b s\u00a0excitovan\u00fdmi elektrony. Tato interakce je natolik intenzivn\u00ed, \u017ee sv\u011btlo a\u00a0hmota ztrat\u00ed svou odd\u011blenou identitu.<\/p>\n P\u0159edstavte si to jako m\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bsta. Kdy\u017e spoj\u00edte mouku (hmotu) a\u00a0vodu (sv\u011btlo) a\u00a0za\u010dnete rychle m\u00edchat, vznikne v\u00e1m zcela nov\u00e1 substance, kter\u00e1 se nechov\u00e1 ani jako such\u00e1 mouka, ani jako tekouc\u00ed voda. V\u00a0kvantov\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b takto spojen\u00edm fotonu a\u00a0hmoty vznik\u00e1 \u201ehybridn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice\u201c\u00a0\u2013 polariton.<\/p>\n Pro\u010d jsou polaritony tak v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9?<\/p>\n Maj\u00ed hmotnost: D\u00edky materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 slo\u017ece z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed fotony iluzi hmotnosti, co\u017e jim umo\u017e\u0148uje do sebe navz\u00e1jem nar\u00e1\u017eet a interagovat.Jsou neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b rychl\u00e9: D\u00edky sv\u011bteln\u00e9 slo\u017ece si zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed svou dynamiku a extr\u00e9mn\u00ed lehkost.<\/p>\n Pr\u00e1v\u011b tyto hybridn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice se v\u00a0experimentu za\u010daly chovat jako superpevn\u00e1 l\u00e1tka. Fotony si obl\u00e9kly \u201ekab\u00e1t\u201c z\u00a0hmoty, aby se mohly na prchav\u00fd okam\u017eik st\u00e1t krystalem, kter\u00fd te\u010de zcela bez t\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n Kvantov\u00fd skok a\u00a0nov\u00e1 \u00e9ra technologi\u00ed<\/p>\n Mo\u017en\u00e1 se te\u010f pt\u00e1te: \u201eJe to sice \u00fachvatn\u00e9, ale k\u00a0\u010demu n\u00e1m bude zmrazen\u00e9 sv\u011btlo v\u00a0praxi dobr\u00e9?\u201c<\/p>\n Odpov\u011b\u010f le\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0budoucnosti na\u0161ich technologi\u00ed. Dosud jsme byli zvykl\u00ed, \u017ee informace zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed elektrony putuj\u00edc\u00ed po k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fdch desk\u00e1ch (sou\u010dasn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de). Nyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci prok\u00e1zali, \u017ee mohou manipulovat se sv\u011btlem (kter\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed informace mnohem rychleji a\u00a0s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi ztr\u00e1tami) do podoby organizovan\u00e9 struktury bez viskozity, otev\u00edraj\u00ed se n\u00e1m dve\u0159e do budoucnosti, jakou jsme si dosud neum\u011bli ani p\u0159edstavit.<\/p>\n Tento pr\u016flom m\u016f\u017ee podle samotn\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f z\u00e1sadn\u011b posunout hned n\u011bkolik obor\u016f:<\/p>\n Fotonick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nov\u00e9 generace: Po\u010d\u00edta\u010de a \u010dipy, kter\u00e9 budou k p\u0159enosu dat a v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016fm vyu\u017e\u00edvat sv\u011btlo m\u00edsto elekt\u0159iny. Budou \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b rychlej\u0161\u00ed a nebudou se p\u0159eh\u0159\u00edvat.Dokonal\u00e9 senzory: D\u00edky absenci viskozity a odporu mohou vlastnosti tohoto supersolidn\u00edho sv\u011btla poslou\u017eit k v\u00fdrob\u011b extr\u00e9mn\u011b p\u0159esn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f pro navigaci, l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed \u010di mapov\u00e1n\u00ed hlubok\u00e9ho vesm\u00edru.Hardware pro kvantov\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty: Stabilita a unik\u00e1tn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed polariton\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt on\u00edm chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edm d\u00edlkem skl\u00e1da\u010dky pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed stabiln\u00edch a v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch kvantov\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f<\/a>. Ty dok\u00e1\u017eou vy\u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9my, na n\u011b\u017e by dne\u0161n\u00ed superpo\u010d\u00edta\u010de pot\u0159ebovaly tis\u00edce let.<\/p>\n To, co za\u010dalo jako na prvn\u00ed pohled absurdn\u00ed my\u0161lenka \u201ezmrazit sv\u011btlo\u201c, se uk\u00e1zalo b\u00fdt elegantn\u00edm tancem mezi kvantovou fyzikou a\u00a0materi\u00e1lov\u00fdm in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00edm. Ital\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci dok\u00e1zali, \u017ee hranice toho, co pova\u017eujeme za nemo\u017en\u00e9, jsou \u010dasto jen iluz\u00ed, kterou sta\u010d\u00ed nasv\u00edtit ze spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho \u00fahlu.<\/p>\n A\u017e p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b rozsv\u00edt\u00edte \u017e\u00e1rovku a\u00a0paprsek sv\u011btla bleskov\u011b zaplav\u00ed m\u00edstnost, vzpome\u0148te si, \u017ee n\u011bkde v\u00a0laborato\u0159i se pr\u00e1v\u011b tento nepolapiteln\u00fd \u017eivel ti\u0161e a\u00a0spo\u0159\u00e1dan\u011b formuje do pevn\u00e9ho krystalu. Budoucnost u\u017e se p\u00ed\u0161e. A\u00a0tentokr\u00e1t inkoustem ze sv\u011btla.<\/p>\n D\u00edky, \u017ee jste se spole\u010dn\u011b se mnou odv\u00e1\u017eili nahl\u00e9dnout do laborato\u0159e, kde se sv\u011btlo m\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0pevn\u00fd krystal! Pokud v\u00e1s fascinuje p\u0159edstava, \u017ee u\u017e brzy mo\u017en\u00e1 budeme m\u00edt po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, kter\u00e9 neb\u011b\u017e\u00ed na elekt\u0159inu, ale na \u201ezmrazen\u00e9 sv\u011btlo\u201c, budu r\u00e1d za va\u0161i podporu. I\u00a0symbolick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek mi pom\u016f\u017ee d\u00e1l sledovat tyto fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed revoluce a\u00a0p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et v\u00e1m fakta o\u00a0technologi\u00edch, kter\u00e9 doslova p\u0159episuj\u00ed u\u010debnice.<\/p>\n Do\u010detli jste a\u017e sem? Podpo\u0159te autora libovolnou \u010d\u00e1stkou.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"P\u0159edstavuje jeden ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch stavebn\u00edch kamen\u016f na\u0161eho vesm\u00edru. Pohybuje se rychlost\u00ed bezm\u00e1la 300\u00a0000\u00a0kilometr\u016f za sekundu, proklouz\u00e1v\u00e1 mezi prsty,…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":80271,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[13],"tags":[6069,19392,19929,19649,7892,74,73,13465,78,75,77,76,437],"class_list":["post-80270","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-veda-a-technika","tag-fyzika","tag-kvantova-fyzika","tag-kvantova-mechanika","tag-kvantove-pocitace","tag-laboratore","tag-science","tag-science-technology","tag-svetlo","tag-technika","tag-technology","tag-veda","tag-veda-a-technika","tag-zajimavosti"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116544079358789902","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80270","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=80270"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80270\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/80271"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=80270"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=80270"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=80270"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}