Vesm\u00edrn\u00fd poklad v\u00a0p\u011bti gramech prachu<\/p>\n
V\u0161e za\u010dalo v\u00a0prosinci roku 2020, kdy se na Zemi po \u0161estilet\u00e9m putov\u00e1n\u00ed vr\u00e1tila kapsle se vz\u00e1cn\u00fdm n\u00e1kladem. Sonda Hajabusa 2\u00a0odebrala z\u00a0povrchu asteroidu Ryugu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 5,4\u00a0gramu \u010dern\u00e9ho prachu a\u00a0drobn\u00fdch kam\u00ednk\u016f. Ryugu je asteroid bohat\u00fd na uhl\u00edk a\u00a0jde v\u00a0podstat\u011b o \u201e\u010dasovou kapsli\u201c \u010di \u201ekonzervu\u201c z\u00a0dob formov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy p\u0159ed 4,5\u00a0miliardami let.<\/p>\n
V\u011bdci vzorky pe\u010dliv\u011b analyzovali v\u00a0ultra\u010dist\u00fdch a\u00a0izolovan\u00fdch laborato\u0159\u00edch, aby vylou\u010dili jakoukoli mo\u017enost pozemsk\u00e9 kontaminace. Ji\u017e prvn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy z\u00a0roku 2023\u00a0odhalily p\u0159\u00edtomnost uracilu<\/a>, jedn\u00e9 ze slo\u017eek RNA.<\/p>\n A\u017e letos\u00a0v\u0161ak mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed t\u00fdm pod veden\u00edm biogeochemika To\u0161ikiho Kogy z\u00a0japonsk\u00e9 agentury JAMSTEC p\u0159inesl \u0161okuj\u00edc\u00ed zpr\u00e1vu: v\u00a0prachu z\u00a0Ryugu se nach\u00e1z\u00ed kompletn\u00ed p\u011btice kanonick\u00fdch nukleob\u00e1z\u00ed: adenin, guanin, cytosin, thymin a\u00a0uracil, nav\u00edc ve vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9m pom\u011bru na rozd\u00edl od minul\u00fdch vzork\u016f poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch z\u00a0asteroidu Bennu a\u00a0meteorit\u016f.<\/p>\n Tato zpr\u00e1va byla publikov\u00e1na 16.\u00a0b\u0159ezna tohoto roku v\u00a0\u010dasopise Nature Astronomy<\/a>. V\u011bdci ze vzork\u016f extrahovali organick\u00e9 molekuly pomoc\u00ed vody a\u00a0kyseliny chlorovod\u00edkov\u00e9 a\u00a0pot\u00e9 je pro\u010distili pro dal\u0161\u00ed anal\u00fdzy.<\/p>\n Prvky, kter\u00e9 definuj\u00ed pozemsk\u00fd \u017eivot<\/p>\n Pro\u010d je tento objev tak fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed? V\u0161echno \u017eiv\u00e9 na Zemi, od bakteri\u00ed po velryby, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k\u00a0ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed dv\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed molekuly: DNA a\u00a0RNA. Tyto molekuly jsou tvo\u0159eny dlouh\u00fdmi \u0159et\u011bzci, vyroben\u00fdmi z\u00a0nukleob\u00e1z\u00ed.<\/p>\n Nukleob\u00e1ze jsou tzv. (hetero)cyklick\u00e9 organick\u00e9 molekuly, obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed uhl\u00edk a\u00a0dus\u00edk. P\u011bt hlavn\u00edch nukleob\u00e1z\u00ed jsou adenin (A) a\u00a0guanin (G)\u00a0\u2013 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako puriny, cyklick\u00e9 slou\u010deniny, tvo\u0159en\u00e9 dv\u011bma r\u016fzn\u00fdmi a\u00a0propojen\u00fdmi cykly\u00a0\u2013, d\u00e1le cytosin (C), thymin (T) a\u00a0uracil (U)\u00a0\u2013 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako pyrimidiny, cyklick\u00e9 slou\u010deniny obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed jeden cyklus.<\/p>\n Tyto molekuly se b\u011bhem chemick\u00fdch reakc\u00ed spojuj\u00ed s\u00a0cukry a\u00a0fosf\u00e1ty a\u00a0vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed tzv. nukleotidy\u00a0\u2013 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 stavebn\u00ed kameny genetick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Bez nukleob\u00e1z\u00ed by genetick\u00fd k\u00f3d, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje organism\u016fm r\u016fst, rozmno\u017eovat se a\u00a0vyv\u00edjet se, neexistoval.<\/p>\n \u201eTo neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee na Ryugu n\u011bkdy \u017eivot existoval,\u201c cituje nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00fd server Phys.org<\/a> v\u00fdzkumn\u00edka Kogu, kter\u00fd toto zd\u016fraznil pro agenturu AFP.<\/p>\n Ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b zat\u00edmco RNA vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u201ep\u00edsmena\u201c A, G, C a\u00a0U, tak DNA se li\u0161\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee m\u00edsto uracilu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 thymin. Pr\u00e1v\u011b n\u00e1lez thyminu byl pro v\u011bdce velk\u00fdm p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm. D\u0159\u00edve se toti\u017e p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo, \u017ee thymin je chemicky slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na v\u00fdrobu a\u00a0ve vesm\u00edru by m\u011bl b\u00fdt vz\u00e1cn\u00fd. Objev v\u0161ech p\u011bti b\u00e1z\u00ed na tomto jedin\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b znamen\u00e1, \u017ee asteroidy jsou schopny produkovat kompletn\u00ed stavebnici pro oba dva typy genetick\u00e9ho k\u00f3du sou\u010dasn\u011b.<\/p>\n Kritici podobn\u00fdch objev\u016f \u010dasto nam\u00edtaj\u00ed: \u201eNena\u0161li jste to jen proto, \u017ee v\u00e1m do vzorku n\u011bkdo k\u00fdchl?\u201c U\u00a0meteorit\u016f, kter\u00e9 dopadnou na Zemi, je podle webu The Debrief<\/a> tato obava opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1. Ryugu je ale jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad. Vzorky byly odebr\u00e1ny p\u0159\u00edmo ve vesm\u00edru a\u00a0dopraveny na Zemi v\u00a0hermeticky uzav\u0159en\u00e9m pouzd\u0159e.<\/p>\n V\u011bdci nav\u00edc pou\u017eili metodu izotopov\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy, co\u017e je v\u00a0podstat\u011b jak\u00fdsi \u201emolekul\u00e1rn\u00ed pr\u016fkaz toto\u017enosti\u201c. Zjistili, \u017ee atomy uhl\u00edku a\u00a0dus\u00edku v\u00a0t\u011bchto b\u00e1z\u00edch jsou v\u00fdrazn\u011b \u201et\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed\u201c ne\u017e ty, kter\u00e9 b\u011b\u017en\u011b nach\u00e1z\u00edme na Zemi.<\/p>\n Nav\u00edc vzorky z\u00a0Ryugu vykazovaly p\u0159\u00edtomnost l\u00e1tek, jako je 6-methyluracil (izomer thyminu), kter\u00fd se v\u00a0pozemsk\u00e9 biologii t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nevyskytuje. To je jasn\u00fd d\u016fkaz, \u017ee tyto molekuly vznikly v\u00a0mraziv\u00e9m vesm\u00edru, nikoliv v\u00a0laborato\u0159i nebo v\u00a0hl\u00edn\u011b.<\/p>\n Chemie \u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 \u010dpavkem<\/p>\n Anal\u00fdza planetky Ryugu p\u0159inesla i\u00a0fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed pohled na ot\u00e1zku, jak takov\u00e1 vesm\u00edrn\u00e1 \u201echemick\u00e1 kuchyn\u011b\u201c funguje. V\u011bdci porovnali vzorky z\u00a0Ryugu se vzorky z\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edho asteroidu, Bennu (p\u0159ivezla n\u00e1m je mise OSIRIS-REx), a\u00a0se slavn\u00fdmi meteority, jako je Murchison<\/a> (dopadl na Zemi v\u00a0r. 1969) nebo Orgueil (1864).<\/p>\n Asteroidy jako Ryugu, Bennu a\u00a0mate\u0159sk\u00e1 t\u011blesa r\u016fzn\u00fdch meteorit\u016f jsou poz\u016fstatky ran\u00e9 Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy. Dok\u00e1\u017eou toti\u017e uchov\u00e1vat materi\u00e1ly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 beze zm\u011bny i\u00a0po dobu 4,5\u00a0miliardy let.<\/p>\n Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v\u00a0tom, jak\u00e9 b\u00e1ze v\u00a0dan\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e vzniknou, hraje amoniak (\u010dpavek). Existuje toti\u017e siln\u00e1 korelace: \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce amoniaku bylo v\u00a0mate\u0159sk\u00e9m t\u011blese asteroidu p\u0159\u00edtomno, t\u00edm v\u00edce vznikalo pyrimidin\u016f (C, T, U) na \u00fakor purin\u016f (A, G). Ryugu m\u00e1 pom\u011br purin\u016f a\u00a0pyrimidin\u016f t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 vyrovnan\u00fd (zhruba, ale ne p\u0159esn\u011b 1:1), zat\u00edmco nap\u0159\u00edklad meteorit Murchison je extr\u00e9mn\u011b bohat\u00fd na puriny.<\/p>\n Oproti tomu ve vzorc\u00edch z\u00a0Bennu p\u0159eva\u017eovaly pyrimidiny. Tento objev d\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u011bdc\u016fm nov\u00fd n\u00e1stroj, jak rekonstruovat historii chemick\u00fdch proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 se odehr\u00e1valy v\u00a0ran\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00edch na\u0161\u00ed Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy na r\u016fzn\u00fdch t\u011blesech, patrn\u011b za p\u016fsoben\u00ed sv\u011btla a\u00a0jin\u00e9ho kosmick\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n Nejen nukleob\u00e1ze. Tak\u00e9 vitaminy a\u00a0mo\u010dovina<\/p>\n Nukleob\u00e1ze v\u0161ak nebyly jedin\u00fdm p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm. Vzorky obsahovaly i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed organick\u00e9 \u201epoklady\u201c. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00a0nich byla mo\u010dovina, kter\u00e1 se uk\u00e1zala b\u00fdt v\u016fbec nejhojn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed organickou molekulou v\u00a0cel\u00e9m vzorku.<\/p>\n Mo\u010dovina je v\u00a0chemii ne\u017eiv\u00fdch proces\u016f (prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch bez p\u0159\u00edtomnosti organism\u016f) nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, proto\u017ee m\u016f\u017ee slou\u017eit jako vstupn\u00ed l\u00e1tka i\u00a0katalyz\u00e1tor v\u00a0reakc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 d\u00e1vaj\u00ed vznik slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm l\u00e1tk\u00e1m, jako jsou pr\u00e1v\u011b nukleob\u00e1ze.<\/p>\n D\u00e1le v\u011bdci ve vzorc\u00edch identifikovali kyselinu nikotinovou (vitamin B3) a\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00e9 aminokyseliny, v\u010detn\u011b sarkosinu, kter\u00fd byl na asteroidu detekov\u00e1n v\u016fbec poprv\u00e9. To v\u0161e dohromady tvo\u0159\u00ed neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b bohat\u00fd molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed koktejl, kter\u00fd mohl b\u00fdt na ranou Zemi doru\u010den b\u011bhem intenzivn\u00edho bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed asteroidy.<\/p>\n Objevy z\u00a0mis\u00ed Hajabusa 2\u00a0a\u00a0OSIRIS-REx z\u00e1sadn\u011b posiluj\u00ed hypot\u00e9zu o\u00a0tzv. panspermii\u00a0\u2013 tedy teorii, \u017ee z\u00e1kladn\u00ed kameny \u017eivota (nebo dokonce \u017eivot s\u00e1m) se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed vesm\u00edrem prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm asteroid\u016f a\u00a0komet.<\/p>\n Ukazuje se tedy, \u017ee vesm\u00edr nen\u00ed zcela pust\u00fdm m\u00edstem, ale gigantickou laborato\u0159\u00ed, kde se b\u011b\u017en\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ingredience pro slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed molekuly DNA a\u00a0RNA. A\u00a0pokud se tyto molekuly tvo\u0159\u00ed na asteroidech v\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b, je vysoce pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee stejn\u00e9 \u010di podobn\u00e9 procesy prob\u00edhaj\u00ed i\u00a0v okol\u00ed jin\u00fdch hv\u011bzd.<\/p>\n N\u00e1lez kompletn\u00ed sady nukleob\u00e1z\u00ed na Ryugu n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh \u017eivota na na\u0161\u00ed planet\u011b je neodd\u011bliteln\u011b spjat s\u00a0histori\u00ed kosmu. Mo\u017en\u00e1 jsme skute\u010dn\u011b stvo\u0159eni z\u00a0hv\u011bzdn\u00e9ho prachu, kter\u00fd p\u0159ed miliardami let dopadl do mlad\u00fdch oce\u00e1n\u016f Zem\u011b a\u00a0za\u010dal zde ps\u00e1t prvn\u00ed kapitoly evoluce. Mise jako Hajabusa 2\u00a0n\u00e1m pom\u00e1haj\u00ed tyto kapitoly \u010d\u00edst a\u00a0mo\u017en\u00e1 n\u00e1m ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee \u201eabeceda \u017eivota\u201c je univerz\u00e1ln\u00edm jazykem vesm\u00edru.<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/My2i1o.jpeg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/radegast.jpeg\")
<\/a>Poch\u00e1zej\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b z\u00a0vesm\u00edru?<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/asteroid-bennu-vzorky-nasa-osiris-rex.jpeg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/1778996169_289_teleso-vesmir-2002-xv93.jpeg\")
<\/a>Z\u00e1rodky \u017eivota se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed vesm\u00edrem<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/ryugu-asteroid.jpeg\")
Foto: NotebookLM, Pavel Vachtl![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rover-mars-organicka-latka.jpeg\")
<\/a>![](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/k2-18-b-exoplaneta.jpeg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"V\u011bdci potvrdili, \u017ee na asteroidu Ryugu se nach\u00e1z\u00ed kompletn\u00ed sada v\u0161ech p\u011bti tzv. nukleob\u00e1z\u00ed. Tedy molekul\u00e1rn\u00edch \u201ep\u00edsmen\u201c, ze…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":88166,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[13],"tags":[9264,245,27271,10575,27269,74,73,8279,27270,78,75,77,76,1716],"class_list":["post-88165","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-veda-a-technika","tag-asteroidy","tag-japonsko","tag-jaxa","tag-planetky","tag-ryugu-planetka","tag-science","tag-science-technology","tag-slunecni-soustava","tag-sonda-hajabusa-2","tag-technika","tag-technology","tag-veda","tag-veda-a-technika","tag-zivot"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116588300675221514","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88165","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=88165"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88165\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/88166"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=88165"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=88165"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=88165"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}