{"id":9367,"date":"2026-02-27T15:24:10","date_gmt":"2026-02-27T15:24:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/9367\/"},"modified":"2026-02-27T15:24:10","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T15:24:10","slug":"zapomenute-fresky-gemeru-stredoveke-kosteliky-ktere-vypraveji-silne-pribehy-davnych-dob","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/9367\/","title":{"rendered":"Zapomenut\u00e9 fresky Gemeru: st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 kostel\u00edky, kter\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed siln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy d\u00e1vn\u00fdch dob"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le\u017e\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou v\u00a0mal\u00fdch, u\u017e pomalu vym\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch vesni\u010dk\u00e1ch, ale svou um\u011bleckou hodnotou zasahuj\u00ed daleko za\u00a0hranice Slovenska. Nekone\u010dn\u00e9 gemersk\u00e9 lesy, kter\u00e9 je obklopuj\u00ed, jako by cht\u011bly toto zapomenut\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed i\u00a0duchovn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed Evropy uchovat skryt\u00e9 a\u017e do\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f. Interi\u00e9r st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f ukr\u00fdv\u00e1 tajemn\u00e9 a\u00a0vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 fresky prvot\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed um\u011bleck\u00e9 kvality, kde st\u011bny \u017eiv\u011b vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed d\u00e1vn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy. Sta\u010d\u00ed si jen sednout a\u00a0pozorn\u011b vn\u00edmat.<\/p>\n

Historick\u00e9 regiony Gemer a\u00a0Malohont naleznete na\u00a0rozhran\u00ed mezi st\u0159edn\u00edm a\u00a0v\u00fdchodn\u00edm Slovenskem, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b na\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed okres\u016f Rimavsk\u00e1 Sobota, Rev\u00faca a\u00a0Ro\u017e\u0148ava. Dnes snad nejchud\u0161\u00ed oblasti pat\u0159ily ve\u00a0st\u0159edov\u011bku k\u00a0nejrozvinut\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0Uhersku. Krok dr\u017eely dokonce s\u00a0tehdej\u0161\u00edmi nejvysp\u011blej\u0161\u00edmi regiony Evropy. D\u016fvodem byly \u017eelezo, zlato, st\u0159\u00edbro a\u00a0m\u011b\u010f. T\u011b\u017eba spolu se zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm zejm\u00e9na \u017eelezn\u00fdch rud dosahovaly na\u00a0Gemeru mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho v\u00fdznamu. P\u0159inesly sem prosperitu a\u00a0bohatstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mohly jin\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti zem\u011b jen ti\u0161e z\u00e1vid\u011bt. Upom\u00ednkou na\u00a0za\u0161l\u00fd lesk a\u00a0sl\u00e1vu t\u011bchto \u010das\u016f jsou n\u00e1dhern\u00e9 starobyl\u00e9 kostel\u00edky pln\u00e9 \u00fachvatn\u00fdch fresek. Obdob\u00ed jejich vzniku (v\u011bt\u0161inou 13. a\u017e 15. stolet\u00ed) se shoduje s\u00a0dobou vrcholn\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho rozmachu Gemeru.<\/p>\n

Stavbu kostel\u016f financovali m\u00edstn\u00ed vl\u00e1dci hlavn\u011b ze zisk\u016f d\u016fln\u00ed \u010dinnosti. D\u00edky obchodu a\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm funkc\u00edm na\u00a0kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9m dvo\u0159e m\u011bli \u010dil\u00e9 styky se zahrani\u010d\u00edm \u2013 zejm\u00e9na se severn\u00ed It\u00e1li\u00ed, kde se p\u0159i cest\u00e1ch sezn\u00e1mili s\u00a0um\u011bn\u00edm fresky na\u00a0d\u00edlech italsk\u00fdch mistr\u016f. Ty pozvali na\u00a0sv\u00e1 panstv\u00ed, aby jim pomohli zrealizovat n\u00e1st\u011bnnou v\u00fdzdobu rodov\u00fdch poh\u0159ebn\u00edch kostel\u016f v\u00a0Ple\u0161ivci a\u00a0ve\u00a0\u0160t\u00edtniku. Dal\u0161\u00ed chr\u00e1my zdobili malbami u\u017e z\u0159ejm\u011b dob\u0159e vy\u0161kolen\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00ed uher\u0161t\u00ed mist\u0159i se sv\u00fdmi putovn\u00edmi d\u00edlnami. Italsk\u00e9 vzory si r\u016fzn\u011b upravovali i\u00a0podle vlastn\u00edch p\u0159edstav \u010di zad\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161t\u011bdr\u00fdch don\u00e1tor\u016f. Na\u00a0st\u011bn\u00e1ch mali\u010dk\u00fdch st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch gemersk\u00fdch kostel\u00edk\u016f tak vytvo\u0159ili origin\u00e1ln\u00ed velkolep\u00e1 d\u00edla nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed um\u011bleck\u00e9 kvality. Auto\u0159i fresek v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1vali v\u00a0anonymit\u011b.<\/p>\n

\u0160ivetice | Zdroj: Juraj Kapusta<\/p>\n

P\u0159i malov\u00e1n\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvali \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch pigment\u016f, kter\u00e9 se z\u00edsk\u00e1valy jako vedlej\u0161\u00ed produkt d\u016fln\u00ed a\u00a0hutn\u00ed \u010dinnosti v\u00a0regionu. M\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 tak mohli vid\u011bt plody sv\u00e9 t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 manu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1ce i\u00a0na\u00a0st\u011bn\u00e1ch b\u011bhem bohoslu\u017eeb. Fresky v\u00a0gemersk\u00fdch kostel\u00edc\u00edch slou\u017eily p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm oslav\u011b Boha. Tehdej\u0161\u00edm v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159ibli\u017eovaly v\u00fdjevy z\u00a0evangeli\u00ed i\u00a0ze Star\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, \u010d\u00edm\u017e p\u0159edstavovaly \u201ebiblii pauperum\u201c \u2013 tedy bibli chud\u00fdch. Ze st\u011bn promlouvaly i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy ze \u017eivota svat\u00fdch, ale z\u00a0pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch obdob\u00ed najdeme i\u00a0sv\u011btsk\u00e9 v\u00fdjevy.<\/p>\n

Po\u00a0skon\u010den\u00ed slavn\u00e9 d\u016fln\u00ed epochy Gemer \u010dasem zchudl a\u00a0dostal se na\u00a0okraj z\u00e1jmu. Na\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159estavby st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch kostel\u00edk\u016f nebyly pen\u00edze. Jejich osudy byly \u010dasto krut\u00e9. N\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00edcekr\u00e1t vyho\u0159ely, staly se na\u00a0desetilet\u00ed ruinami \u010di dlouhodob\u011b ch\u00e1traly pod vlivem zubu \u010dasu. V\u00a0obdob\u00ed reformace p\u0159e\u0161la velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st z\u00a0nich do\u00a0rukou protestant\u016fm. V\u00a0duchu jejich nov\u00e9ho pohledu na\u00a0k\u0159es\u0165anskou v\u00edru se staly starobyl\u00e9 mal\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fdjevy na\u00a0st\u011bn\u00e1ch nepot\u0159ebn\u00e9. N\u011bkter\u00e9 byly zni\u010deny, jin\u00e9 zab\u011blen\u00e9 nebo p\u0159ekryt\u00e9 v\u00e1penn\u00fdmi om\u00edtkami. To je v\u0161ak dob\u0159e zakonzervovalo a\u00a0na\u00a0p\u00e1r stolet\u00ed ochr\u00e1nilo p\u0159ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi vlivy \u2013 aby jednou, kdy\u017e p\u0159ijde spr\u00e1vn\u00fd \u010das, mohly b\u00fdt odkryty a\u00a0obnoveny v\u00a0pln\u00e9 kr\u00e1se. Zat\u00edmco hornictv\u00ed na\u00a0Gemeru u\u017e d\u00e1vno upadlo v\u00a0zapomn\u011bn\u00ed, unik\u00e1tn\u00ed a\u00a0vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 fresky si st\u00e1le v\u00edce upev\u0148uj\u00ed sv\u00e9 zaslou\u017een\u00e9 m\u00edsto na\u00a0map\u011b evropsk\u00fdch kulturn\u00edch skvost\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"Malebn\u00e1<\/a>Malebn\u00e1 Hr\u010dava je dokonal\u00fdm v\u00fdchoz\u00edm bodem pro turistiku ve t\u0159ech st\u00e1tech<\/a>Kyjatice<\/p>\n

\u00dazk\u00e9 cesty n\u00e1s kopcovit\u00fdm ter\u00e9nem zavedou do\u00a0Kyjatic, mali\u010dk\u00e9 obce s\u00a0asi 60 obyvateli, le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed zhruba 15\u2005km severn\u011b od\u00a0jihoslovensk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta Rimavsk\u00e1 Sobota. Pojmem je sp\u00ed\u0161e v\u00a0archeologick\u00fdch kruz\u00edch: podle n\u00e1lezu asi 200 \u017e\u00e1rov\u00fdch hrob\u016f z\u00a0doby bronzov\u00e9, star\u00fdch kolem 3000 let. Byly tak v\u00fdznamn\u00e9, \u017ee podle nich pojmenovali celou tzv. kyjatickou kulturu.<\/p>\n

Posledn\u00ed soud na rozm\u011brn\u00e9 fresce v Kyjatic\u00edch | Zdroj: Juraj Kapusta<\/p>\n

Nevelk\u00fd rom\u00e1nsko-gotick\u00fd kostel\u00edk p\u0159ekvap\u00ed v\u00a0interi\u00e9ru monument\u00e1ln\u00ed freskou Posledn\u00edho soudu ve\u00a0form\u011b velk\u00e9ho kruhu. Zab\u00edr\u00e1 celou severn\u00ed st\u011bnu chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 lodi. Velkoryse pojatou kompaktn\u00ed kompozici umo\u017enila absence oken na\u00a0severn\u00ed stran\u011b, co\u017e bylo v\u00a0podobn\u00fdch chr\u00e1mech b\u011b\u017en\u00e9. St\u0159edobodem kruhu je tr\u016fn\u00edc\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 Kristus, soud\u00edc\u00ed na\u00a0fresce du\u0161e \u017eiv\u00fdch i\u00a0mrtv\u00fdch. Ti vst\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00a0hrob\u016f a\u00a0jsou rozd\u011blov\u00e1ni na\u00a0spravedliv\u00e9 a\u00a0odsouzen\u00e9. Malbu datuj\u00ed do\u00a0roku 1426 nebo 1486, podle gotick\u00fdch \u010d\u00edslic na\u00a0n\u00ed. Obsahuje tak\u00e9 n\u00e1pisov\u00e9 p\u00e1sky s\u00a0vysv\u011btlen\u00edm v\u00fdjev\u016f. Dev\u011bt barevn\u00fdch pol\u00ed kruhu symbolizuje dev\u011bt nebesk\u00fdch ch\u00f3r\u016f. Kyjatick\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed Posledn\u00edho soudu je mezi n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00fdmi malbami origin\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0unik\u00e1tn\u00ed v\u00a0cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b. V\u00a0kostele postaven\u00e9m kolem roku 1360 a\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u011b zasv\u011bcen\u00e9m svat\u00e9 Cec\u00edlii se zachovala i\u00a0kamenn\u00e1 k\u0159titelnice ze 13. stolet\u00ed. S\u00a0freskami \u00fa\u017easn\u011b harmonizuje n\u00e1dhern\u00fd d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fd malovan\u00fd strop z\u00a0roku 1637, zdoben\u00fd renesan\u010dn\u00edmi kv\u011btinov\u00fdmi ornamenty.<\/p>\n

Kraskovo<\/p>\n

Obci dali jm\u00e9no pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ital\u0161t\u00ed horn\u00edci ve\u00a013. stolet\u00ed podle m\u011bste\u010dka, ze kter\u00e9ho poch\u00e1zeli \u2013 Carasco. Na\u00a0ji\u017en\u00edm okraji Kraskova stoj\u00ed na\u00a0vyv\u00fd\u0161enin\u011b malebn\u00fd ran\u011b gotick\u00fd kostel z\u00a0poloviny 14. stolet\u00ed. Z\u00a0Kyjatic je to sem po\u00a0cest\u011b pouh\u00fdch p\u011bt kilometr\u016f. Postavili ho na\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b star\u0161\u00ed stavby a\u00a0pozd\u011bji opevnili kolem dokola kamennou zd\u00ed. A\u017e dodnes se zachoval v\u00a0podob\u011b, jakou m\u011bl v\u00a0dob\u011b sv\u00e9ho vzniku. Jeho celkov\u00fd r\u00e1z dotv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed srubov\u00e1 zvonice z\u00a0roku 1657, stoj\u00edc\u00ed uvnit\u0159 ohrady.<\/p>\n

Z maleb v chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 lodi proto vynik\u00e1 kompletn\u011b zachovan\u00e1 Svatoladislavsk\u00e1 legenda | Zdroj: Juraj Kapusta<\/p>\n

St\u011bny kostel\u00edka v\u00a0Kraskov\u011b pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed n\u00e1dhern\u00e9 fresky ze 14. stolet\u00ed. Dosv\u011bd\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee obrazy p\u016fsob\u00ed na\u00a0lidsk\u00e9 city mnohem v\u00edc ne\u017e jen slova. V\u00a0obdob\u00edch vzniku maleb neum\u011bli tehdej\u0161\u00ed chud\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed dob\u0159e \u010d\u00edst ani ps\u00e1t. Fresky tak p\u0159edstavovaly ve\u00a0sv\u00e9 dob\u011b obr\u00e1zkovou kn\u00ed\u017eku na\u00a0zdi, ze kter\u00e9 mohli lid\u00e9 pozn\u00e1vat tajemstv\u00ed sv\u00e9 v\u00edry. Pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed celou severn\u00ed ze\u010f lodi, v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00fd oblouk i\u00a0v\u0161echny st\u011bny presbyt\u00e1\u0159e. Na\u00a0kompletn\u00ed Svatoladislavsk\u00e9 legend\u011b je kuri\u00f3zn\u00ed zejm\u00e9na zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed velbloud\u016f (jako kon\u00ed s\u00a0hrby), kter\u00e9 mal\u00ed\u0159 evidentn\u011b nikdy nevid\u011bl. Vedle tohoto freskov\u00e9ho cyklu najdeme vyobrazen\u00ed Panny Marie Ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b \u010di Abrahama dr\u017e\u00edc\u00edho v\u00a0ubrousku du\u0161e bla\u017een\u00fdch. Na\u00a0prav\u00e9 stran\u011b v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00e9ho oblouku zase na\u00a0jin\u00e9 fresce archand\u011bl Michal v\u00a0brn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed du\u0161e u\u00a0posledn\u00edho soudu. Pr\u00e1v\u011b ta se stala symbolem kraskovsk\u00e9ho kostel\u00edka. V\u00a0prav\u00e9 ruce dr\u017e\u00ed me\u010d, kter\u00fdm p\u0159emohl \u010f\u00e1bla, v\u00a0lev\u00e9 v\u00e1hy s\u00a0posuzovan\u00fdmi du\u0161emi. Ur\u010dit\u011b tak\u00e9 zaujme d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fd malovan\u00fd kazetov\u00fd strop v\u00a0lodi a\u00a0varhany.<\/p>\n

R\u00e1ko\u0161<\/p>\n

Klikat\u00fdmi horsk\u00fdmi cestami p\u0159es hlubok\u00e9 gemersk\u00e9 lesy se dostaneme do\u00a0star\u00e9 hornick\u00e9 obce R\u00e1ko\u0161. U\u017e n\u011bkolik stalet\u00ed nad n\u00ed bd\u00ed rom\u00e1nsko-gotick\u00fd katolick\u00fd kostel Nejsv\u011bt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Trojice. Nen\u00e1padn\u00e1 stavba z\u00a0poloviny 13. stolet\u00ed se \u0161indelovou st\u0159echou, \u00fazk\u00fdmi ok\u00e9nky a\u00a0vedle stoj\u00edc\u00ed zvonic\u00ed se bez p\u0159estaveb zachovala t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00ed podob\u011b. Uvnit\u0159 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed jeden z\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch poklad\u016f st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 freskov\u00e9 v\u00fdzdoby Gemeru. Dob\u0159e zachovan\u00e9 n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00e9 malby nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed kvality pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 celou severn\u00ed st\u011bnu lodi a\u00a0svatyni kostel\u00edka.<\/p>\n

Kostel Nejsv\u011bt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Trojice v R\u00e1ko\u0161i z\u016fstal a\u017e dodnes katolick\u00fd | Zdroj: Juraj Kapusta<\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 netradi\u010dn\u00ed motivy souvis\u00ed z\u0159ejm\u011b s\u00a0existenc\u00ed n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00edho kl\u00e1\u0161tera, stoj\u00edc\u00edho zat\u00edm v\u00a0nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 lokalit\u011b kdesi v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m okol\u00ed. Svatyni netypick\u00e9ho prot\u00e1hl\u00e9ho tvaru dominuje velk\u00e1 malba Krista v\u00a0mandorle (svatoz\u00e1\u0159i obep\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed celou postavu), um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e1 na\u00a0klenb\u011b. Snad nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je tajemn\u00e1 freska, datovan\u00e1 kolem roku 1420, vyobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed Nejsv\u011bt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Trojici \u2013 jako postavu \u017eehnaj\u00edc\u00edho Boha se t\u0159emi tv\u00e1\u0159emi. S\u00e1l\u00e1 doslova nebeskou eleganc\u00ed a\u00a0mystikou. Lo\u010f kostel\u00edka zast\u0159e\u0161uje n\u00e1dhern\u00fd d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fd malovan\u00fd strop z\u00a0konce 17. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u0160t\u00edtnik<\/p>\n

Nejvelkolep\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kontakt se st\u0159edov\u011bkem na\u00a0Gemeru nab\u00edz\u00ed interi\u00e9r gotick\u00e9 baziliky ve\u00a0\u0160t\u00edtniku. Noblesa samotn\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu i\u00a0velikost p\u0159ilehl\u00e9ho n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed d\u00e1vaj\u00ed tu\u0161it, \u017ee vesnice na\u00a0p\u016fli cesty mezi Jel\u0161avou a\u00a0Ro\u017e\u0148avou byla kdysi bohat\u00fdm d\u016fln\u00edm m\u011bste\u010dkem. Jeho rozkv\u011bt souvisel s\u00a0t\u011b\u017ebou a\u00a0zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm \u017eelezn\u00e9 rudy. V\u00a0dobov\u00fdch listin\u00e1ch se zmi\u0148uje dokonce na\u00a0tomto m\u00edst\u011b hamr (poprv\u00e9 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci Uherska). Impozantn\u00ed t\u0159\u00edlo\u010fovou baziliku dali postavit p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 bohat\u00e9 gemersk\u00e9 \u0161lechtick\u00e9 rodiny \u0160t\u00edtnick\u00fdch jako sv\u016fj rodov\u00fd poh\u0159ebn\u00ed kostel. Jeliko\u017e m\u011bli \u010dil\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed styky s\u00a0ji\u017en\u00ed Evropou, inspirovan\u00ed tamn\u00edmi sakr\u00e1ln\u00edmi stavbami, p\u0159izvali k\u00a0jeho vyzdoben\u00ed italsk\u00e9 freska\u0159e. M\u00edstn\u00ed n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00e9 malby se staly pozd\u011bji vzorem pro dal\u0161\u00ed gemersk\u00e9 zem\u011bp\u00e1ny a\u00a0jejich m\u00edstn\u00ed um\u011blce.<\/p>\n

St\u011bny velk\u00e9 gotick\u00e9 baziliky z\u0159ejm\u011b je\u0161t\u011b skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed mnoh\u00e1 p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed (\u0160t\u00edtnik) | Zdroj: Juraj Kapusta<\/p>\n

Chr\u00e1m byl p\u016fvodn\u011b katolick\u00fd, zasv\u011bcen\u00fd Pann\u011b Marii, ale od\u00a0poloviny 16. stolet\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed evangel\u00edk\u016fm. Pod vysok\u00fdmi gotick\u00fdmi klenbami se budete c\u00edtit \u00fapln\u011b mali\u010dc\u00ed. St\u0159edov\u011bk zde na\u00a0v\u00e1s bude d\u00fdchat na\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m kroku. Velkolep\u00fd prostor dok\u00e1\u017ee zcela pohltit hned po\u00a0vstupu. Klenotem je v\u0161ak mal\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fdzdoba interi\u00e9ru, doslova poset\u00e9ho p\u016fsobiv\u00fdmi freskami nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch motiv\u016f. Ze st\u011bn k\u00a0v\u00e1m promluv\u00ed des\u00edtky biblick\u00fdch v\u00fdjev\u016f, podobenstv\u00ed, alegorick\u00fdch postav, sv\u011btc\u016f, prorok\u016f i\u00a0panovn\u00edk\u016f. Vznikaly od\u00a014. do\u00a016. stolet\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u011b ve\u00a0t\u0159ech etap\u00e1ch. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0nejrozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed soubor st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00fdch maleb na\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed Slovenska, zab\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed plochu asi 220 m2. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee dal\u0161\u00ed \u2013 dosud nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 \u2013 malby jsou skryty pod vrstvami mlad\u0161\u00edch om\u00edtek. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed obdiv bud\u00ed honosn\u00e9 malovan\u00e9 d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 empory (nadzemn\u00ed galerie), gotick\u00e9 stallum (lavice pro \u010dleny m\u011bstsk\u00e9 rady) ze 16. stolet\u00ed, \u0161lechtick\u00e9 epitafy, poh\u0159ebn\u00ed \u0161t\u00edty zav\u011b\u0161en\u00e9 na\u00a0st\u011bn\u00e1ch \u010di dvoje varhany. Jedny z\u00a0nich (z\u00a0roku 1492) jsou nejstar\u0161\u00edmi na\u00a0Slovensku, a\u00a0dokonce jedny z\u00a0nejstar\u0161\u00edch v\u00a0cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n

Koce\u013eovce<\/p>\n

Starobyl\u00fd koce\u013eovsk\u00fd kostel (asi \u0161est kilometr\u016f severn\u011b od\u00a0\u0160t\u00edtniku) u\u017e zven\u010d\u00ed upout\u00e1 svou siluetou s\u00a0netradi\u010dn\u011b tvarovanou vysokou v\u011b\u017e\u00ed. Jeho p\u016fvodn\u00ed, asi 500let\u00e9 dubov\u00e9 dve\u0159e okovan\u00e9 \u017eelezem se dosud odemykaj\u00ed autentick\u00fdm kl\u00ed\u010dem. K\u00a0z\u00e1hadn\u00e9 a\u00a0neobvykl\u00e9 \u201ez\u00e1plat\u011b\u201c na\u00a0nich \u2013 pod kl\u00ed\u010dovou d\u00edrkou \u2013 se v\u00e1\u017ee lidov\u00e9 pod\u00e1n\u00ed zachovan\u00e9 v\u00a0dobov\u00e9 obecn\u00ed kronice. P\u0159i jednom z\u00a0\u010detn\u00fdch tureck\u00fdch n\u00e1jezd\u016f v\u00a0roce 1561 se vesni\u010dan\u00e9 skryli uvnit\u0159 kostela. Psohlavci (tak naz\u00fdvali Turky a\u00a0Tatary) se sna\u017eili dostat dovnit\u0159. Do\u00a0dve\u0159\u00ed tedy vysekali mal\u00fd otvor. Kdy\u017e do\u00a0n\u011bj prvn\u00ed tureck\u00fd voj\u00e1k str\u010dil hlavu, aby zjistil, co se nach\u00e1z\u00ed uvnit\u0159 kostela, za\u00a0dve\u0159mi ukryt\u00ed vesni\u010dan\u00e9 mu ji pr\u00fd hned pohotov\u011b od\u0165ali. N\u00e1sledkem byla krut\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 odveta a\u00a0vyplen\u011bn\u00ed cel\u00e9 obce. Asi sotva zjist\u00edme, jak\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu je pravdiv\u00e1. Do\u00a0kostela v\u0161ak budete vch\u00e1zet pr\u00e1v\u011b t\u011bmito dve\u0159mi a\u00a0m\u00e1te se na\u00a0co t\u011b\u0161it.<\/p>\n

Malby v Koce\u013eovc\u00edch jsou specifick\u00e9 dramatick\u00fdm zachycen\u00edm d\u011bje. V presbyt\u00e1\u0159i napo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1te a\u017e 150 postav. | Zdroj: Juraj Kapusta<\/p>\n

Dnes evangelick\u00fd, ale kdysi katolick\u00fd kostel ze za\u010d\u00e1tku 14. stolet\u00ed zasv\u011btili p\u016fvodn\u011b svat\u00e9mu Bartolom\u011bji. Ka\u017ed\u00fd kousek presbyt\u00e1\u0159e vyza\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edho fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ru pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed fresky mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 kompaktnosti z\u00a0let 1360\u20131370. Zobrazuj\u00ed tzv. mari\u00e1nsko-kristologick\u00fd cyklus, tedy v\u00fdjevy ze \u017eivota Panny Marie a\u00a0Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista. Zachovaly se ve\u00a0v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9m rozsahu. Dobov\u00fd autor dok\u00e1zal d\u00e1t i\u00a0b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm sc\u00e9n\u00e1m origin\u00e1ln\u00ed ztv\u00e1rn\u011bn\u00ed. Nejpozoruhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi koce\u013eovsk\u00fdmi n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00fdmi v\u00fdjevy jsou Uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0Ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed do\u00a0hrobu. Sondy objevily dal\u0161\u00ed fresky i\u00a0na\u00a0severn\u00ed st\u011bn\u011b lodi kostela, ale dosud nebyly odkryty. Podobn\u00fd kostel\u00edk s\u00a0pomalovan\u00fdm presbyt\u00e1\u0159em ukr\u00fdv\u00e1 tak\u00e9 nedalek\u00e1 Ochtin\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\"Jihoslovensk\u00e9<\/a>Jihoslovensk\u00e9 Kom\u00e1rno se m\u016f\u017ee pochlubit nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed soustavou pevnost\u00ed ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b<\/a>\u0160ivetice<\/p>\n

Rom\u00e1nsk\u00e1 cihlov\u00e1 rotunda z\u00a0prvn\u00ed poloviny 13. stolet\u00ed v\u00a0\u0160ivetic\u00edch je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed stavbou tohoto typu ve\u00a0st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Jej\u00ed kruhov\u00fd p\u016fdorys m\u00e1 vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 14 metr\u016f. Rotundu zasv\u011bcenou svat\u00e9 Margit\u011b (Mark\u00e9t\u011b) Antiochijsk\u00e9 postavili z\u00a0cihel na\u00a0n\u00e1vr\u0161\u00ed nad vesnic\u00ed a\u00a0obehnali kamennou zd\u00ed. Vskutku neobvykl\u00fdm dojmem p\u016fsob\u00ed zejm\u00e9na d\u00edky \u00fazk\u00fdm slep\u00fdm ark\u00e1d\u00e1m v\u00a0obvodov\u00e9m zdivu. Architektura i\u00a0n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00e9 malby d\u00e1vaj\u00ed tomuto objektu v\u00a0r\u00e1mci st\u0159edoevropsk\u00e9ho prostoru v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed (rotunda \u0160ivetice) | Zdroj: Juraj Kapusta<\/p>\n

Vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 rom\u00e1nsk\u00e9 fresky vyobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eivot svat\u00e9 Margity a\u00a0uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista, z\u00a0obdob\u00ed kolem roku 1270, jsou nejstar\u0161\u00edmi v\u00a0cel\u00e9 oblasti. Na\u00a0mnoha m\u00edstech byly p\u0159ekryty mlad\u0161\u00edmi gotick\u00fdmi malbami. Na\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch autor mimo jin\u00e9 namaloval samotnou rotundu v\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00ed, st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 podob\u011b s\u00a0\u010dervenou ta\u0161kovou st\u0159echou. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee stavba plnila kv\u016fli strategick\u00e9 poloze p\u016fvodn\u011b i\u00a0str\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Po\u00a0asi \u010dtvrthodince cesty autem p\u0159ij\u00ed\u017ed\u00edme ze \u0160ivetic do\u00a0Ple\u0161ivce, nedaleko Ro\u017e\u0148avy.<\/p>\n

Ple\u0161ivec<\/p>\n

Cel\u00fd st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd um\u011bleck\u00fd rozmach a\u00a0freskov\u00fd \u201eboom\u201c Gemeru se za\u010dal ps\u00e1t pr\u00e1v\u011b zde. V\u00a0Ple\u0161ivci s\u00eddlil kdysi nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0161lechtick\u00fd rod regionu \u2013 Bubekovi. Ti z\u00edskali v\u00a0oblasti rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 majetky od\u00a0kr\u00e1le B\u00e9ly IV. jako jak\u00e9si pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed za\u00a0to, \u017ee jejich p\u0159edek jm\u00e9nem Detrik zachr\u00e1nil uhersk\u00e9mu kr\u00e1li \u017eivot (po\u00a0bitv\u011b proti Mongol\u016fm na\u00a0\u0159ece Slan\u00e1). Pozd\u011bji, p\u0159i sv\u00fdch politick\u00fdch a\u00a0bojov\u00fdch v\u00fdprav\u00e1ch po\u00a0boku kr\u00e1le do\u00a0Neapole, se Bubekovi sezn\u00e1mili s\u00a0dobovou italskou malbu, kterou se inspirovali. Tyto p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed \u017eiv\u00e9 kontakty vy\u00fastily kolem roku 1350 v\u00a0povol\u00e1n\u00ed nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch italsk\u00fdch mistr\u016f, jejich\u017e \u00fakolem bylo zrealizovat v\u00fd-
zdobu jejich rodov\u00e9ho kostela v\u00a0Ple\u0161ivci. M\u011bl slou\u017eit z\u00e1rove\u0148 jako m\u00edsto posledn\u00edho odpo\u010dinku cel\u00e9ho \u0161lechtick\u00e9ho rodu. Katolick\u00fd chr\u00e1m ze za\u010d\u00e1tku 14. stolet\u00ed, zasv\u011bcen\u00fd p\u016fvodn\u011b svat\u00e9mu Ji\u0159\u00edmu, vyp\u00e1lili Turci v\u00a0roce 1558. Z\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed dvoulodn\u00ed baziliky \u2013 velikostn\u011b srovnateln\u00e9 s\u00a0bazilikou ve\u00a0\u0160t\u00edtniku \u2013 z\u016fstaly po\u00a0po\u017e\u00e1ru jen ruiny zd\u00ed, kter\u00e9 desetilet\u00ed ch\u00e1traly. Pozd\u011bji kostel p\u0159evzala reformovan\u00e1 k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 c\u00edrkev. Stavebn\u00edmi \u00fapravami zkr\u00e1tily prvotn\u00ed chr\u00e1movou lo\u010f t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 o\u00a0polovinu a\u00a0zmen\u0161ily sv\u00fdm pot\u0159eb\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Velkou raritou fresek v Ple\u0161ivci jsou plastick\u00e9 svatoz\u00e1\u0159e | Zdroj: Juraj Kapusta<\/p>\n

St\u011bny kostela byly pokryty prav\u00fdmi italsk\u00fdmi freskami prvot\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed kvality. Dnes po\u00a0nich z\u016fstaly v\u011bt\u0161inou jen fragmenty, p\u0159esto se \u0159ad\u00ed mezi nejkvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nejen na\u00a0Gemeru, ale i\u00a0na\u00a0Slovensku. Zp\u016fsob jejich malby je toti\u017e na\u00a0daleko vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni ne\u017e kdekoli jinde. Kostel v\u00a0Ple\u0161ivci a\u00a0jeho fresky z\u00a0poloviny 14. stolet\u00ed byly p\u0159edlohou pro masivn\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bkou v\u00fdmalbu dal\u0161\u00edch sakr\u00e1ln\u00edch objekt\u016f, kter\u00e1 se na\u00a0Gemeru a\u00a0Malohontu rozvinula o\u00a0p\u00e1r desetilet\u00ed pozd\u011bji. Zar\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed paralelu kristologick\u00e9ho cyklu fresek ve\u00a0svatyni ple\u0161iveck\u00e9ho kostel\u00edka na\u0161li odborn\u00edci v\u00a0padovsk\u00e9 kapli Scrovegni\u016f, kterou vyzdobil slavn\u00fd italsk\u00fd mal\u00ed\u0159 Giotto. Velkou raritou dal\u0161\u00edch fresek v\u00a0Ple\u0161ivci jsou plastick\u00e9, z\u00a0om\u00edtky vystupuj\u00edc\u00ed svatoz\u00e1\u0159e postav s\u00a0ryt\u00fdm dekorem, typick\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b pro It\u00e1lii.<\/p>\n

Chy\u017en\u00e9<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0my\u0161lenek o\u00a0analogii italsk\u00fdch maleb se v\u0161ak vra\u0165me zp\u011bt na\u00a0Slovensko. Mali\u010dk\u00fd, ale p\u016fvabn\u00fd \u0159\u00edmskokatolick\u00fd kostel Zv\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed Pann\u011b Marii v\u00a0Chy\u017en\u00e9m se neztrat\u00ed ani v\u00a0seznamu velkolep\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dom\u00e1c\u00edch sakr\u00e1ln\u00edch staveb. Opevn\u011bn\u00fd zd\u00ed stoj\u00ed ve\u00a0vesni\u010dce mezi Jel\u0161avou a\u00a0Rev\u00facou od\u00a013. stolet\u00ed. Svatyn\u011b ukr\u00fdv\u00e1 krom\u011b n\u00e1dhern\u00fdch fresek na\u00a0st\u011bn\u00e1ch a\u00a0klenb\u011b (kolem roku 1370) i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed vz\u00e1cn\u00fd klenot. N\u00e1dhern\u00fd gotick\u00fd k\u0159\u00eddlov\u00fd olt\u00e1\u0159 z\u00a0roku 1508 vytvo\u0159ila toti\u017e nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed um\u011bleck\u00e1 hv\u011bzda st\u0159edoevropsk\u00e9 gotiky, kterou znaj\u00ed v\u00a0cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b \u2013 Mistr Pavel z\u00a0Levo\u010de.<\/p>\n

Kostel\u00edk v Chy\u017en\u00e9m skr\u00fdv\u00e1 pod om\u00edtkou v chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 lodi pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed neodkryt\u00e9 fresky | Zdroj: Juraj Kapusta<\/p>\n

Postavy souso\u0161\u00ed, pln\u00e9 mystiky, citu a\u00a0emoc\u00ed, dopl\u0148uj\u00ed po\u00a0boc\u00edch tabulov\u00e9 malby svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed, Nav\u0161t\u00edven\u00ed Panny Marie u\u00a0Al\u017eb\u011bty, Narozen\u00edJe\u017e\u00ed\u0161e a\u00a0Klan\u011bn\u00edt\u0159\u00edkr\u00e1l\u016f. Laskav\u00e9 p\u00f3zy a\u00a0v\u00fdrazy postav jako by se v\u00e1m sna\u017eily \u017eiv\u011b, ale nen\u00e1siln\u011b vypr\u00e1v\u011bt sv\u00e9 pohnut\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy, p\u0159itom s\u00a0enormn\u00ed d\u00e1vkou nebesk\u00e9ho klidu a\u00a0nadpozemsk\u00e9 elegance. Unik\u00e1tn\u00ed gotick\u00fd olt\u00e1\u0159 jemu podobn\u00fd nenajdete ji\u017e v\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m jin\u00e9m kostel\u00edku tohoto regionu.<\/p>\n

Evropsk\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed<\/p>\n

Soubor 12 gemersk\u00fdch kostel\u00edk\u016f s\u00a0jejich vz\u00e1cn\u00fdmi st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdmi n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00fdmi malbami z\u00edskal v\u00a0roce 2022 zna\u010dku Evropsk\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed (European Heritage Label).Pat\u0159\u00ed sem kostely ve\u00a0\u0160t\u00edtniku, Koce\u013eovc\u00edch, Ochtin\u00e9, Kame\u0148anech, \u0160ivetic\u00edch, Chy\u017en\u00e9m, R\u00e1ko\u0161i, Kraskov\u011b, Kyjatic\u00edch, Rimavsk\u00e9 Bani, Rimavsk\u00e9m Brezovu a\u00a0v\u00a0Ple\u0161ivci.Z\u0159ejm\u011b je jen ot\u00e1zkou \u010dasu, kdy budou zaps\u00e1ny i\u00a0do\u00a0seznamu Sv\u011btov\u00e9ho kulturn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO.Tyto, ale i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed starobyl\u00e9 kostel\u00edky Gemeru spojuje tematick\u00e1 trasa \u2013 tzv. Gotick\u00e1 cesta. Dal\u0161\u00edmi lokalitami na\u00a0n\u00ed jsou nap\u0159. Rybn\u00edk, Lipovn\u00edk, Kr\u00e1snohorsk\u00e9 Podhradie, Dob\u0161in\u00e1, Henckovce, Mal\u00e9 Teriakovce, Rimavsk\u00e9 Janovce, ale tak\u00e9 n\u00e1dhern\u00e1 katedr\u00e1la v\u00a0Ro\u017e\u0148av\u011b \u010di dal\u0161\u00ed jin\u00e9 kostely.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Le\u017e\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou v\u00a0mal\u00fdch, u\u017e pomalu vym\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch vesni\u010dk\u00e1ch, ale svou um\u011bleckou hodnotou zasahuj\u00ed daleko za\u00a0hranice Slovenska. Nekone\u010dn\u00e9 gemersk\u00e9 lesy,…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9368,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[3],"tags":[536,109,108,106,5860,5858,441,5861,5863,5859,3724,184,5862,45,1682],"class_list":["post-9367","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-evropa","tag-cestovani","tag-europa","tag-europe","tag-evropa","tag-fresky","tag-gemer","tag-historie","tag-kostely","tag-lide-a-zeme","tag-malohont","tag-pamatky","tag-region","tag-sakralni-stavby","tag-slovensko","tag-umeni"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9367","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9367"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9367\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9368"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9367"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9367"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9367"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}