{"id":95538,"date":"2026-05-24T09:58:10","date_gmt":"2026-05-24T09:58:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/95538\/"},"modified":"2026-05-24T09:58:10","modified_gmt":"2026-05-24T09:58:10","slug":"osel-cz-cerny-pasazer-na-marsu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/95538\/","title":{"rendered":":: OSEL.CZ :: – \u010cern\u00fd pasa\u017e\u00e9r na Marsu?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Perseverance<\/a>
\nPerseverance (\u010desky Vytrvalost) je voz\u00edtko (\u201erover\u201c), kter\u00e9 je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mise Mars americk\u00e9 agentury NASA. Na sn\u00edmku je v \u010dist\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti Jet Propulsion Laboratory NASA v Pasaden\u011b v Kalifornii. Dal\u0161\u00ed uk\u00e1zky pr\u00e1ce voz\u00edtka v ter\u00e9nu zde.<\/a> Zdroj: NASA\/JPL-Caltech.<\/p>\n

\u201eNeznamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee je kontaminace Marsu pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 vedouc\u00ed nov\u00e9 studie mikrobiolog Kasthuri Venkateswaran z\u00a0kalifornsk\u00e9\u00a0Jet Propulsion Lab. \u201eJen te\u010f m\u00e1me jasn\u011bji v\u00a0ot\u00e1zce p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed mikrob\u016f.\u201c<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tenhle koment\u00e1\u0159 m\u016f\u017eeme vn\u00edmat jako alibi, proto\u017ee to byl pr\u00e1v\u011b Venkateswaran, kdo d\u0159\u00edve pracoval v\u00a0Jet Propulsion Laboratory jako vedouc\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fd pracovn\u00edk v\u00a0Biotechnology a Planet Protection Group. A byl to pr\u00e1v\u011b tento t\u00fdm, kter\u00fd doz\u00edral na to, aby americk\u00e9 kosmick\u00e9 sondy ne\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavou pozemsk\u00fd \u017eivot. Pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 desinfek\u010dn\u00ed postupy ale nov\u00e1 studie Venkateswaranova t\u00fdmu usv\u011bd\u010dila z\u00a0ne\u00fa\u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Experiment<\/a><\/p>\n

Experiment prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee houb\u00e1m se da\u0159\u00ed i na Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vesm\u00edr\u00e9 stanici. Zdroj: NASA\/JPL Caltech.<\/p>\n

\u201eMikroorganismy disponuj\u00ed ne\u010dekanou odolnost\u00ed ke stresov\u00e9mu prost\u0159ed\u00ed,\u201c p\u0159izn\u00e1v\u00e1 Venkateswaran.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b odoln\u00e9 houby<\/p>\n

Zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 vys\u00edlaj\u00ed sondy mimo Zemi, maj\u00ed vypracovan\u00e9 protokoly na sterilizaci v\u0161eho, co opou\u0161t\u00ed na\u0161i planetu. M\u00e1 je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i americk\u00e1 NASA.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Deinococcus<\/a><\/p>\n

Deinococcus radiodurans je bakterie , extremofil a jeden z nejodoln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zn\u00e1m\u00fdch organism\u016f v\u016f\u010di radiaci. Dok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt chlad, dehydrataci , vakuum a kyseliny , a proto je zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako polyextremofil.\u00a0 Sn\u00edmek po\u0159\u00edzen technikou transmisn\u00ed elektronov\u00e1 mikroskopie. Zdroj: Laborato\u0159i Michaela Dalyho, Uniformed Services University.<\/p>\n

Desinfek\u010dn\u00ed postupy ale c\u00edl\u00ed p\u0159ednostn\u011b na bakterie. Houb\u00e1m nev\u011bnuj\u00ed tak velkou pozornost, co\u017e se uk\u00e1zalo jako chyba. Venkateswaran a jeho spolupracovn\u00edci odebrali vzorky z\u00a0tzv. \u010dist\u00fdch m\u00edstnost\u00ed, kde se sestavuj\u00ed kosmick\u00e9 sondy v\u010detn\u011b voz\u00edtek, je\u017e br\u00e1zd\u00ed povrch Marsu. Tyto \u010dist\u00e9 provozy jsou vybaveny tak, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo kontaminaci kosmick\u00fdch sond prachem, organick\u00fdmi molekulami a mikroorganismy.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Houba<\/a><\/p>\n

Houba Aspergilus calidoustus je potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed invazivn\u00ed patogen. Na sn\u00edmku jsou kolonie vyp\u011bstovan\u00e9 z klinick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f s c\u00edlem zjistit citlivosti na na antimykotika. Panely C, D, E, G a H ukazuj\u00ed konidiofory. (F) H\u00fclleho bu\u0148ky. (I) Konidie. M\u011b\u0159\u00edtko zna\u010d\u00ed 10 \u03bcm. Zdroj: J. Varga a kol. Eukaryot Cell (NIH).<\/p>\n

Ve vzorc\u00edch z\u00a0\u010dist\u00fdch m\u00edstnost\u00ed NASA identifikovali Venkateswaran a spol. 27 r\u016fzn\u00fdch hub. Poch\u00e1zely z\u00a0vybaven\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo pou\u017eito pro p\u0159\u00edpravu mise, je\u017e dopravila na rudou planetu voz\u00edtko Perserverance (n\u011bco m\u00e1lo o tomto voz\u00edtku jsme psali zde<\/a>). Zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 houby p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaly steriliza\u010dn\u00ed procedury a byla ot\u00e1zka, zda jsou s to p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt i cestu na Mars. Experimenty, jejich\u017e v\u00fdsledky zve\u0159ejnil v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u010dasopis Applied and Environmental MIcrobiology, uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee houba Aspergillus calidoustus, mohla na voz\u00edtku Perserverance na Mars dorazit. Jako zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b odoln\u00e9 se uk\u00e1zaly jej\u00ed spory, tzv. konidie.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Spory houby Aspergillus calidoustus odolaly \u0161est m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f trvaj\u00edc\u00edmu oza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, je\u017e napodobilo z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e b\u011bhem letu na Mars. Vzdorovaly \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b tak\u00e9 dvouhodinov\u00e9mu zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed na 125 \u00b0C, co\u017e je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za dostate\u010dnou teplotu pro sterilizaci kosmick\u00fdch sond. Na ot\u00e1zku, jak by se spor\u00e1m vedlo na povrchu Marsu odpov\u011bd\u011bly experimenty, v\u00a0kter\u00fdch se houba dostala do kontaktu s\u00a0napodobeninou hornin z\u00a0povrchu rud\u00e9 planety, a nav\u00edc \u010delila n\u00e1podob\u011b martsk\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9ry p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00e9m tlaku, t\u0159eskut\u00fdm mraz\u016fm a siln\u00e9 slune\u010dn\u00ed radiaci. Houbu zab\u00edjela pouze kombinace extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot s\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00ed radiac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Kasthuri<\/a><\/p>\n

Kasthuri Venkateswaran (uprost\u0159ed) v laborato\u0159i JPL. Zdroj: NASA.<\/p>\n

\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed?<\/p>\n

Cassie Conleyov\u00e1, kter\u00e1 pracovala v\u00a0NASA jako \u0161\u00e9fka programu na ochranu planet p\u0159ed zavle\u010den\u00edm pozemsk\u00fdch forem \u017eivota, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee ji v\u00fdsledky studie nep\u0159ekvapily.<\/p>\n

\u201eNev\u00edme, co v\u0161echno pozemsk\u00fd \u017eivot zvl\u00e1d\u00e1, a nem\u011bli bychom ani p\u0159edst\u00edrat, \u017ee to v\u00edme. V\u011bt\u0161ina mikrobiolog\u016f zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch se extremofiln\u00edmi mikroorganismy nepot\u0159ebuje ani dv\u011b sekundy na to, aby si byli jist\u00ed, \u017ee na Zemi \u017eij\u00ed mikrobi, kte\u0159\u00ed by p\u0159e\u017eili i na Marsu,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Conleyov\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Venkateswaran ale zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee spory pozemsk\u00e9 houby zat\u00edm nikdo na Marsu nena\u0161el, tak\u017ee m\u016f\u017eeme b\u00fdt v\u00a0klidu. Naopak, studie pom\u016f\u017ee NASA p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed mnohem \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch steriliza\u010dn\u00edch protokol\u016f, co\u017e rizika kontaminace jin\u00fdch t\u011bles slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy pozemsk\u00fdm \u017eivotem d\u00e1le sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Cassie<\/a><\/p>\n

Cassie Conley, expertka na prevenci biologick\u00e9 kontaminace na Zemi i mimo ni. Zdroj: MIT Technology Review 2024.<\/p>\n

A\u010dkoli se studie publikovan\u00e1 v Applied and Environmental Microbiology soust\u0159ed\u00ed p\u0159ednostn\u011b na houby, z\u00a0jej\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee podobnou odolnost, jakou disponuje Aspergillus calidoustus, vykazuje i bakterie Bacillus pumilus. Nav\u00edc se jako velmi odoln\u00e1 ukazuje i dal\u0161\u00ed houba Aspergillus fumigatus. Voz\u00edtko Perserverance tak mohlo rozv\u00e1\u017eet po Marsu docela pestrou mikrobiologickou zahradu.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b tvrd\u011bji<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky studie zcela jist\u011b donut\u00ed pracovn\u00edky kosmick\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu, aby se chytli za nos a v\u00a0desinfek\u010dn\u00edch protokolech notn\u011b p\u0159itvrdili. Pou\u010den\u00ed by si z\u00a0nich ale m\u011bli vz\u00edt i u\u017eivatel\u00e9 \u201e\u010dist\u00fdch\u201c prostor z\u00a0jin\u00fdch obor\u016f, jako je t\u0159eba potravin\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed nebo farmacie. Pozemsk\u00fd \u017eivot je v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch sv\u00fdch verz\u00edch p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b \u201enerozbitn\u00fd\u201c. A rezistentn\u00ed formy se zdaleka neomezuj\u00ed jen na popul\u00e1rn\u00ed extremofiln\u00ed bakterii Deinococcus radiodurans z\u00a0chilsk\u00fdch vysokohorsk\u00fdch pou\u0161t\u00ed, kter\u00e1 jako p\u0159\u00edklad vysok\u00e9 odolnosti pronikla i do u\u010debnic biologie.<\/p>\n

Objev vysoce rezistentn\u00ed houby je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b vodou na ml\u00fdn teori\u00ed o panspermii, kter\u00e9 nepova\u017euj\u00ed Zemi za kol\u00e9bku \u017eivota, ale vid\u00ed v\u00a0n\u00ed jen jednu z\u00a0mnoha \u201ezast\u00e1vek\u201c \u017eivota vznikl\u00e9ho b\u016fhv\u00edkde a putuj\u00edc\u00edho vesm\u00edrem na t\u011blesech nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho typu.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Pramen: CHANDER, Atul M., et al. Survival of NASA-cleanroom microbial isolates under simulated space and Martian conditions.\u00a0Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2026, e02065-25.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Perseverance (\u010desky Vytrvalost) je voz\u00edtko (\u201erover\u201c), kter\u00e9 je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mise Mars americk\u00e9 agentury NASA. Na sn\u00edmku je v…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":95539,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[13],"tags":[5367,11613,74,73,78,75,77,76],"class_list":["post-95538","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-veda-a-technika","tag-mars","tag-plisen","tag-science","tag-science-technology","tag-technika","tag-technology","tag-veda","tag-veda-a-technika"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@cz\/116628967112026582","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/95538","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=95538"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/95538\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/95539"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=95538"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=95538"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=95538"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}