{"id":8552,"date":"2026-04-29T15:32:11","date_gmt":"2026-04-29T15:32:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/germany\/8552\/"},"modified":"2026-04-29T15:32:11","modified_gmt":"2026-04-29T15:32:11","slug":"demography-and-life-histories-across-the-roman-frontier-in-germany-400-700-ce","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/germany\/8552\/","title":{"rendered":"Demography and life histories across the Roman frontier in Germany 400\u2013700 ce"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Meier, M. Geschichte der V\u00f6lkerwanderung. Europa, Asien und Afrika vom 3. bis zum 8. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (C. H. Beck, 2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Schmidt-Hofner, S. Barbarian migrations and the economic challenges to the Roman landholding elites in the fourth century CE. J. Late Antiq. 10, 372\u2013404 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1353\/jla.2017.0021\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1353\/jla.2017.0021\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353%2Fjla.2017.0021\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1353\/jla.2017.0021\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Barbarian%20migrations%20and%20the%20economic%20challenges%20to%20the%20Roman%20landholding%20elites%20in%20the%20fourth%20century%20CE&amp;journal=J.%20Late%20Antiq.&amp;doi=10.1353%2Fjla.2017.0021&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=372-404&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Schmidt-Hofner%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Halsall, G. Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West 376\u2013568 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Bavuso, I. &amp; Castrorao Barba, A. in The European Countryside during the Migration Period: Patterns of Change from Iberia to the Caucasus (300\u2013700\u2009CE) (eds Bavuso, I. &amp; Castrorao Barba, A.) 1\u201311 (De Gruyter, 2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Halsall, G. in Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity? (eds Drinkwater, J. &amp; Elton, H.) 196\u2013207 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Brownlee, E. Grave goods in Early Medieval Europe: regional variability and decline. Internet Archaeol. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11141\/ia.56.11\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.11141\/ia.56.11\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11141\/ia.56.11<\/a> (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.11141\/ia.56.11\" data-track-item_id=\"10.11141\/ia.56.11\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11141%2Fia.56.11\" aria-label=\"Article reference 6\" data-doi=\"10.11141\/ia.56.11\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Grave%20goods%20in%20Early%20Medieval%20Europe%3A%20regional%20variability%20and%20decline&amp;journal=Internet%20Archaeol.&amp;doi=10.11141%2Fia.56.11&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Brownlee%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Hamerow, H. Early Medieval Settlements: The Archaeology of Rural Communities in Northwest Europe, 400\u2013900 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Brather-Walter, S. in The European Countryside during the Migration Period: Patterns of Change from Iberia to the Caucasus (300-700\u2009CE) (eds Bavuso, I. &amp; Castrorao Barba, A.) 201\u2013231 (De Gruyter, 2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Theuws, F. in The Oxford Handbook of the Merovingian World (eds Effros, B. &amp; Moreira, I.) 883\u2013915 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Brather, S. in Rome, Constantinople and Newly-Converted Europe. Archaeological and Historical Evidence Vol. 1 (eds Salamon, M. et al.) 333\u2013349 (Krak\u00f3w, Leipzig, Rzesz\u00f3w, Warszawa, 2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Sebrich, J. Das sp\u00e4tantik-fr\u00fchmittelalterliche Gr\u00e4berfeld von Essenbach-Altheim. Materialhefte zur Bayerischen Arch\u00e4ologie 110 (Michael La\u00dfleben, 2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Heitmeier, I. &amp; Haberstroh, J. Gr\u00fcnderzeit: Siedlung in Bayern zwischen Sp\u00e4tantike und fr\u00fchem Mittelalter (EOS, 2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Fehr, H. &amp; Heitmeier, I. Die Anf\u00e4nge Bayerns. Von Raetien und Noricum zur fr\u00fchmittelalterlichen Baiovaria (EOS, 2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Veeramah, K. R. et al. Population genomic analysis of elongated skulls reveals extensive female-biased immigration in Early Medieval Bavaria. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 3494\u20133499 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.1719880115\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.1719880115\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.1719880115\" aria-label=\"Article reference 14\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.1719880115\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2018PNAS..115.3494V\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXht1Cmur7E\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29531040\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5879695\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Population%20genomic%20analysis%20of%20elongated%20skulls%20reveals%20extensive%20female-biased%20immigration%20in%20Early%20Medieval%20Bavaria&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1719880115&amp;volume=115&amp;pages=3494-3499&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Veeramah%2CKR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Amorim, C. E. G. et al. Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics. Nat. Commun. 9, 3547 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-06024-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-06024-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-06024-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-06024-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3547A\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30206220\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6134036\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Understanding%206th-century%20barbarian%20social%20organization%20and%20migration%20through%20paleogenomics&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-018-06024-4&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Amorim%2CCEG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Gretzinger, J. et al. The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool. Nature 610, 112\u2013119 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-022-05247-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-022-05247-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-05247-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 16\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-022-05247-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2022Natur.610..112G\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XisVGlsb3J\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36131019\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9534755\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20Anglo-Saxon%20migration%20and%20the%20formation%20of%20the%20early%20English%20gene%20pool&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-022-05247-2&amp;volume=610&amp;pages=112-119&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Gretzinger%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Patterson, N. et al. Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age. Nature 601, 588\u2013594 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-04287-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-04287-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04287-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 17\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-04287-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2022Natur.601..588P\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhsF2nt7o%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34937049\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Large-scale%20migration%20into%20Britain%20during%20the%20Middle%20to%20Late%20Bronze%20Age&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04287-4&amp;volume=601&amp;pages=588-594&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Patterson%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Antonio, M. L. et al. Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobility. eLife 13, e79714 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7554\/eLife.79714\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7554\/eLife.79714\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554%2FeLife.79714\" aria-label=\"Article reference 18\" data-doi=\"10.7554\/eLife.79714\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXitlKksrjN\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38288729\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10827293\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Stable%20population%20structure%20in%20Europe%20since%20the%20Iron%20Age%2C%20despite%20high%20mobility&amp;journal=eLife&amp;doi=10.7554%2FeLife.79714&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Antonio%2CML\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Vyas, D. N. et al. Fine-scale sampling uncovers the complexity of migrations in 5th-6th century Pannonia. Curr. Biol. 33, 3951\u20133961.e11 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.07.063\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.07.063\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2023.07.063\" aria-label=\"Article reference 19\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.07.063\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhslOgs7zJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37633281\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Fine-scale%20sampling%20uncovers%20the%20complexity%20of%20migrations%20in%205th-6th%20century%20Pannonia&amp;journal=Curr.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cub.2023.07.063&amp;volume=33&amp;pages=3951-3961.e11&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Vyas%2CDN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Olalde, I. et al. A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations. Cell 186, 5472\u20135485.e9 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.10.018\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.10.018\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2023.10.018\" aria-label=\"Article reference 20\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.10.018\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXisFOitb%2FM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38065079\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10752003\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20genetic%20history%20of%20the%20Balkans%20from%20Roman%20frontier%20to%20Slavic%20migrations&amp;journal=Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2023.10.018&amp;volume=186&amp;pages=5472-5485.e9&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Olalde%2CI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">O\u2019Sullivan, N. et al. Ancient genome-wide analyses infer kinship structure in an Early Medieval Alemannic graveyard. Sci. Adv. 4, eaao1262 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/sciadv.aao1262\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/sciadv.aao1262\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aao1262\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/sciadv.aao1262\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2018SciA....4.1262O\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30191172\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6124919\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ancient%20genome-wide%20analyses%20infer%20kinship%20structure%20in%20an%20Early%20Medieval%20Alemannic%20graveyard&amp;journal=Sci.%20Adv.&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fsciadv.aao1262&amp;volume=4&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=O%E2%80%99Sullivan%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Speidel, L. et al. High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe. Nature 637, 118\u2013126 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08275-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08275-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08275-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 22\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08275-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2025Natur.637..118S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXis1amsw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39743601\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11693606\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=High-resolution%20genomic%20history%20of%20early%20medieval%20Europe&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08275-2&amp;volume=637&amp;pages=118-126&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Speidel%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Speidel, L., Forest, M., Shi, S. &amp; Myers, S. R. A method for genome-wide genealogy estimation for thousands of samples. Nat. Genet. 51, 1321\u20131329 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41588-019-0484-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41588-019-0484-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41588-019-0484-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 23\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41588-019-0484-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhs12nsrnJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31477933\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7610517\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20method%20for%20genome-wide%20genealogy%20estimation%20for%20thousands%20of%20samples&amp;journal=Nat.%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41588-019-0484-x&amp;volume=51&amp;pages=1321-1329&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Speidel%2CL&amp;author=Forest%2CM&amp;author=Shi%2CS&amp;author=Myers%2CSR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Lawson, D. J., Hellenthal, G., Myers, S. &amp; Falush, D. Inference of population structure using dense haplotype data. PLoS Genet. 8, e1002453 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002453\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002453\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002453\" aria-label=\"Article reference 24\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002453\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xit1Ciu7Y%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22291602\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3266881\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Inference%20of%20population%20structure%20using%20dense%20haplotype%20data&amp;journal=PLoS%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002453&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Lawson%2CDJ&amp;author=Hellenthal%2CG&amp;author=Myers%2CS&amp;author=Falush%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">de Gennaro, L. et al. PANE: fast and reliable ancestral reconstruction on ancient genotype data with non-negative least square and principal component analysis. Genome Biol. 26, 29 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s13059-025-03491-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s13059-025-03491-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s13059-025-03491-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 25\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s13059-025-03491-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39934833\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11818073\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=PANE%3A%20fast%20and%20reliable%20ancestral%20reconstruction%20on%20ancient%20genotype%20data%20with%20non-negative%20least%20square%20and%20principal%20component%20analysis&amp;journal=Genome%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs13059-025-03491-z&amp;volume=26&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Gennaro%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Lee, A. D. War in Late Antiquity: A Social History (Blackwell, 2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">McColl, H. et al. Steppe ancestry in western Eurasia and the spread of the Germanic Languages. Preprint at bioRxiv <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.03.13.584607\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1101\/2024.03.13.584607\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.03.13.584607<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Velte, M. et al. Between Raetia Secunda and the duchy of Bavaria: exploring patterns of human movement and diet. PLoS ONE 18, e0283243 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283243\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283243\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0283243\" aria-label=\"Article reference 28\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283243\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXnvV2htb8%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37018190\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10075417\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Between%20Raetia%20Secunda%20and%20the%20duchy%20of%20Bavaria%3A%20exploring%20patterns%20of%20human%20movement%20and%20diet&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0283243&amp;volume=18&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Velte%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Tian, Y. et al. The role of emerging elites in the formation and development of communities after the fall of the Roman Empire. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2317868121 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.2317868121\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.2317868121\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.2317868121\" aria-label=\"Article reference 29\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.2317868121\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXit1ClsrnL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39159385\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11388374\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20role%20of%20emerging%20elites%20in%20the%20formation%20and%20development%20of%20communities%20after%20the%20fall%20of%20the%20Roman%20Empire&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.2317868121&amp;volume=121&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Tian%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Treggiari, S. Roman Marriage: Lusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian (Oxford Univ. Press, 1991).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Frier, B. W. in The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, AD 70\u2013192 Vol. 11 (eds Bowman, A. K., Garnsey, P. &amp; Rathbone, D.) 787\u2013816 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Barbiera, I., Castiglioni, M. &amp; Dalla-Zuanna, G. Demography, peasantry, and family in Early Medieval Provence, 813\u2013814. Population 77, 249\u2013274 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3917\/popu.2202.0263\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3917\/popu.2202.0263\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917%2Fpopu.2202.0263\" aria-label=\"Article reference 32\" data-doi=\"10.3917\/popu.2202.0263\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Demography%2C%20peasantry%2C%20and%20family%20in%20Early%20Medieval%20Provence%2C%20813%E2%80%93814&amp;journal=Population&amp;doi=10.3917%2Fpopu.2202.0263&amp;volume=77&amp;pages=249-274&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Barbiera%2CI&amp;author=Castiglioni%2CM&amp;author=Dalla-Zuanna%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Jussen, B. Der Name der Witwe. Erkundungen zur Semantik der mittelalterlichen Bu\u00dfkultur (Ver\u00f6ffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts f\u00fcr Geschichte 158) (G\u00f6ttingen, 2000).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Ubl, K. Inzestverbot und Gesetzgebung: Die Konstruktion eines Verbrechens (300\u20131100) (Millennium-Studien 20) (De Gruyter, 2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Evans-Grubbs, J. in A companion to Late Antiquity (ed. Rousseau, P.) 201\u2013219 (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Harper, K. in The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity (ed. Johnson, S. F.) 667\u2013714 (Oxford, 2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Wang, K. et al. Ancient DNA reveals reproductive barrier despite shared Avar-period culture. Nature 638, 1007\u20131014 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08418-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08418-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08418-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 37\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08418-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2025Natur.638.1007W\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhsVWhsLs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39814885\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11864967\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ancient%20DNA%20reveals%20reproductive%20barrier%20despite%20shared%20Avar-period%20culture&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08418-5&amp;volume=638&amp;pages=1007-1014&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Wang%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Saag, L. et al. North Pontic crossroads: mobility in Ukraine from the Bronze Age to the early modern period. Sci. Adv. 11, eadr0695 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/sciadv.adr0695\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/sciadv.adr0695\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fsciadv.adr0695\" aria-label=\"Article reference 38\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/sciadv.adr0695\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2025SciA...11..703S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhs1Wrsb8%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39772694\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11708899\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 38\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=North%20Pontic%20crossroads%3A%20mobility%20in%20Ukraine%20from%20the%20Bronze%20Age%20to%20the%20early%20modern%20period&amp;journal=Sci.%20Adv.&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fsciadv.adr0695&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Saag%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Gnecchi-Ruscone, G. A. et al. Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites. Cell 185, 1402\u20131413.e21 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.007\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.007\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2022.03.007\" aria-label=\"Article reference 39\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.007\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XovFSitrg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35366416\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9042794\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 39\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ancient%20genomes%20reveal%20origin%20and%20rapid%20trans-Eurasian%20migration%20of%207th%20century%20Avar%20elites&amp;journal=Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2022.03.007&amp;volume=185&amp;pages=1402-1413.e21&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Gnecchi-Ruscone%2CGA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Mar\u00f3ti, Z. et al. The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians. Curr. Biol. 32, 2858\u20132870.e7 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.04.093\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.04.093\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.04.093\" aria-label=\"Article reference 40\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.04.093\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35617951\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 40\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20genetic%20origin%20of%20Huns%2C%20Avars%2C%20and%20conquering%20Hungarians&amp;journal=Curr.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.04.093&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=2858-2870.e7&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Mar%C3%B3ti%2CZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Gretzinger, J. et al. Ancient DNA connects large-scale migration with the spread of Slavs. Nature 646, 384\u2013393 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-025-09437-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-025-09437-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-025-09437-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 41\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-025-09437-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2025Natur.646..384G\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXitFOrs7fI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40903570\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12507669\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 41\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ancient%20DNA%20connects%20large-scale%20migration%20with%20the%20spread%20of%20Slavs&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-025-09437-6&amp;volume=646&amp;pages=384-393&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Gretzinger%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Akram-Lodhi, A. H. et al. (eds) Handbook of Critical Agrarian Studies (Edward Elgar, 2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Kohl, T. Lokale Gesellschaften: Formen der Gemeinschaft in Bayern vom 8. bis zum 10. Jahrhundert (Mittelalter-Forschungen 29) (Ostfildern, 2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Guyon, L., Guez, J., Toupance, B., Heyer, E. &amp; Chaix, R. Patrilineal segmentary systems provide a peaceful explanation for the post-Neolithic Y-chromosome bottleneck. Nat. Commun. 15, 3243 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-47618-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-47618-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-024-47618-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 44\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-47618-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024NatCo..15.3243G\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXptlSmtL0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38658560\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11043392\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Patrilineal%20segmentary%20systems%20provide%20a%20peaceful%20explanation%20for%20the%20post-Neolithic%20Y-chromosome%20bottleneck&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-024-47618-5&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Guyon%2CL&amp;author=Guez%2CJ&amp;author=Toupance%2CB&amp;author=Heyer%2CE&amp;author=Chaix%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Guyon, L., Heyer E., Chaix, R. Was descent in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe patrilineal or bilateral? Proc. Biol. Sci. 292, 20250815 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Ly, G. et al. From matrimonial practices to genetic diversity in Southeast Asian populations: the signature of the matrilineal puzzle. Philos. Trans. R. 374, 20180434 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0434\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0434\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frstb.2018.0434\" aria-label=\"Article reference 46\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0434\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=From%20matrimonial%20practices%20to%20genetic%20diversity%20in%20Southeast%20Asian%20populations%3A%20the%20signature%20of%20the%20matrilineal%20puzzle&amp;journal=Philos.%20Trans.%20R.&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frstb.2018.0434&amp;volume=374&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Ly%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Arjava, A. Women and Law in Late Antiquity (Oxford Univ. Press, 1996).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Gardner, J. F. Women in Roman Law &amp; Society (Croom Helm, 1986).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Shaw, B. D. &amp; Saller, R. P. Close-kin marriage in Roman society? Man 19, 432\u2013444 (1984).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.2307\/2802181\" data-track-item_id=\"10.2307\/2802181\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F2802181\" aria-label=\"Article reference 49\" data-doi=\"10.2307\/2802181\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 49\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Close-kin%20marriage%20in%20Roman%20society%3F&amp;journal=Man&amp;doi=10.2307%2F2802181&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=432-444&amp;publication_year=1984&amp;author=Shaw%2CBD&amp;author=Saller%2CRP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Cassidy, L. M. et al. Continental influx and pervasive matrilocality in Iron Age Britain. Nature 637, 1136\u20131142 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08409-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08409-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08409-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 50\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08409-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2025Natur.637.1136C\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhsVSrsrY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39814899\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11779635\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Continental%20influx%20and%20pervasive%20matrilocality%20in%20Iron%20Age%20Britain&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08409-6&amp;volume=637&amp;pages=1136-1142&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Cassidy%2CLM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Gnecchi-Ruscone, G. A. et al. Network of large pedigrees reveals social practices of Avar communities. Nature 629, 376\u2013383 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-07312-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-07312-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07312-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 51\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-07312-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024Natur.629..376G\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXpt1Sitr8%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38658749\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11078744\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 51\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Network%20of%20large%20pedigrees%20reveals%20social%20practices%20of%20Avar%20communities&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07312-4&amp;volume=629&amp;pages=376-383&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Gnecchi-Ruscone%2CGA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Rivollat, M. et al. Extensive pedigrees reveal the social organization of a Neolithic community. Nature 620, 600\u2013606 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-023-06350-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-023-06350-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06350-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 52\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-023-06350-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023Natur.620..600R\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhsFCqu7zI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37495691\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10432279\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 52\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extensive%20pedigrees%20reveal%20the%20social%20organization%20of%20a%20Neolithic%20community&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06350-8&amp;volume=620&amp;pages=600-606&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Rivollat%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Brather, S. Ethnische Interpretationen in der fr\u00fchgeschichtlichen Arch\u00e4ologie. Geschichte, Grundlagen und Alternativen (Erg\u00e4nzungsb\u00e4nde zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 42) (Walter de Gruyter, 2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Brather, S. in Antike im Mittelalter \u2013 Fortleben, Nachwirken, Wahrnehmung. 25 Jahre Forschungsverbund \u201cArch\u00e4ologie und Geschichte des ersten Jahrtausends in S\u00fcdwestdeutschland\u201d (eds Brather, S. et al.) 217\u2013234 (Ostfildern, 2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Pohl, W. in Strategies of Identification: Ethnicity and Religion in Early Medieval Europe (eds Pohl, W. &amp; Heydemann, G.) 1\u201364 (Turnhout, 2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Schipp, O. Der westr\u00f6mische Kolonat von Konstantin bis zu den Karolingern (332 bis 861). Studien zur Geschichtsforschung des Altertums (21) (Dr. Kovac, 2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR57\">Schulz, I. et al. Ancient genomes provide evidence of demographic shift to Slavic-associated groups in Moravia. Genome Biol. 26, 259 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s13059-025-03700-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s13059-025-03700-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s13059-025-03700-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 57\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s13059-025-03700-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40903774\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12409924\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 57\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ancient%20genomes%20provide%20evidence%20of%20demographic%20shift%20to%20Slavic-associated%20groups%20in%20Moravia&amp;journal=Genome%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs13059-025-03700-9&amp;volume=26&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Schulz%2CI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR58\">Haubrichs, W. in The Languages of Early Medieval Charters. Latin, Germanic Vernaculars and the Written Word (eds Gallagher, R. et al.) 68\u2013116 (Brill, 2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR59\">Zedda, N. et al. Biological and substitute parents in Beaker period adult-child graves. Sci Rep. 13, 18765 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41598-023-45612-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41598-023-45612-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-023-45612-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 59\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41598-023-45612-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023NatSR..1318765Z\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 59\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXit1KltL3E\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 59\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37907573\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 59\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10618162\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 59\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 59\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Biological%20and%20substitute%20parents%20in%20Beaker%20period%20adult-child%20graves&amp;journal=Sci%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-023-45612-3&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Zedda%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR60\">Link, V. et al. ATLAS: Analysis Tools for Low-depth and Ancient Samples. Preprint at bioRxiv <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/105346\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1101\/105346\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/105346<\/a> (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR61\">Tarasov, A., Vilella, A. J., Cuppen, E., Nijman, I. J. &amp; Prins, P. Sambamba: fast processing of NGS alignment formats. Bioinformatics 31, 2032\u20132034 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv098\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv098\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtv098\" aria-label=\"Article reference 61\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv098\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28Xht1ensr7O\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25697820\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4765878\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 61\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Sambamba%3A%20fast%20processing%20of%20NGS%20alignment%20formats&amp;journal=Bioinformatics&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtv098&amp;volume=31&amp;pages=2032-2034&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Tarasov%2CA&amp;author=Vilella%2CAJ&amp;author=Cuppen%2CE&amp;author=Nijman%2CIJ&amp;author=Prins%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR62\">McKenna, A. et al. The Genome Analysis Toolkit: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data. Genome Res. 20, 1297\u20131303 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1101\/gr.107524.110\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1101\/gr.107524.110\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101%2Fgr.107524.110\" aria-label=\"Article reference 62\" data-doi=\"10.1101\/gr.107524.110\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFeru7jM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20644199\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2928508\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 62\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20Genome%20Analysis%20Toolkit%3A%20a%20MapReduce%20framework%20for%20analyzing%20next-generation%20DNA%20sequencing%20data&amp;journal=Genome%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1101%2Fgr.107524.110&amp;volume=20&amp;pages=1297-1303&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=McKenna%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR63\">Rubinacci, S., Ribeiro, D. M., Hofmeister, R. J. &amp; Delaneau, O. Efficient phasing and imputation of low-coverage sequencing data using large reference panels. Nat. Genet. 53, 120\u2013126 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41588-020-00756-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41588-020-00756-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41588-020-00756-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 63\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41588-020-00756-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXosVOluw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33414550\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 63\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Efficient%20phasing%20and%20imputation%20of%20low-coverage%20sequencing%20data%20using%20large%20reference%20panels&amp;journal=Nat.%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41588-020-00756-0&amp;volume=53&amp;pages=120-126&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Rubinacci%2CS&amp;author=Ribeiro%2CDM&amp;author=Hofmeister%2CRJ&amp;author=Delaneau%2CO\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR64\">Rubinacci, S., Hofmeister, R., da Mota, B. S. &amp; Delaneau, O. Imputation of low-coverage sequencing data from 150,119 UK Biobank genomes. bioRxiv <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.11.28.518213\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1101\/2022.11.28.518213\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.11.28.518213<\/a> (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR65\">Mathieson, I. et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528, 499\u2013503 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature16152\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature16152\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature16152\" aria-label=\"Article reference 65\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature16152\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2015Natur.528..499M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 65\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhvVOqs7fF\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 65\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26595274\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 65\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4918750\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 65\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 65\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Genome-wide%20patterns%20of%20selection%20in%20230%20ancient%20Eurasians&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature16152&amp;volume=528&amp;pages=499-503&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Mathieson%2CI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR66\">Sch\u00f6nherr, S., Weissensteiner, H., Kronenberg, F. &amp; Forer, L. Haplogrep 3\u2014an interactive haplogroup classification and analysis platform. Nucleic Acids Res. 51, W263\u2013W268 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkad284\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkad284\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkad284\" aria-label=\"Article reference 66\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkad284\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37070190\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 66\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10320078\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 66\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 66\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Haplogrep%203%E2%80%94an%20interactive%20haplogroup%20classification%20and%20analysis%20platform&amp;journal=Nucleic%20Acids%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkad284&amp;volume=51&amp;pages=W263-W268&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Sch%C3%B6nherr%2CS&amp;author=Weissensteiner%2CH&amp;author=Kronenberg%2CF&amp;author=Forer%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR67\">Ralf, A., Gonz\u00e1lez, D. M., Zhong, K. &amp; Kayser, M. Yleaf: software for human Y-chromosomal haplogroup inference from next-generation sequencing data. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35, 1291\u20131294 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msy032\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msy032\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsy032\" aria-label=\"Article reference 67\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msy032\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXislWlu7g%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 67\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29518227\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 67\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 67\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Yleaf%3A%20software%20for%20human%20Y-chromosomal%20haplogroup%20inference%20from%20next-generation%20sequencing%20data&amp;journal=Mol.%20Biol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsy032&amp;volume=35&amp;pages=1291-1294&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Ralf%2CA&amp;author=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2CDM&amp;author=Zhong%2CK&amp;author=Kayser%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR68\">Mallick, S. et al. The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR) a curated compendium of ancient human genomes. Sci. Data 11, 182 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41597-024-03031-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41597-024-03031-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41597-024-03031-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 68\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41597-024-03031-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38341426\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10858950\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 68\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20Allen%20Ancient%20DNA%20Resource%20%28AADR%29%20a%20curated%20compendium%20of%20ancient%20human%20genomes&amp;journal=Sci.%20Data&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41597-024-03031-7&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Mallick%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR69\">Mallick, S. &amp; Reich, D. The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR): a curated compendium of ancient human genomes. Harvard Dataverse <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/FFIDCW\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.7910\/DVN\/FFIDCW\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/FFIDCW<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR70\">Patterson, N., Price, A. L. &amp; Reich, D. Population structure and eigenanalysis. PLoS Genet. 2, e190 (2006).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0020190\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0020190\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0020190\" aria-label=\"Article reference 70\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0020190\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=17194218\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 70\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1713260\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 70\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 70\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Population%20structure%20and%20eigenanalysis&amp;journal=PLoS%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0020190&amp;volume=2&amp;publication_year=2006&amp;author=Patterson%2CN&amp;author=Price%2CAL&amp;author=Reich%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR71\">Maier, R. et al. On the limits of fitting complex models of population history to f-statistics. eLife 12, e85492 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7554\/eLife.85492\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7554\/eLife.85492\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554%2FeLife.85492\" aria-label=\"Article reference 71\" data-doi=\"10.7554\/eLife.85492\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXmtFant78%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 71\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37057893\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 71\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10310323\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 71\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 71\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=On%20the%20limits%20of%20fitting%20complex%20models%20of%20population%20history%20to%20f-statistics&amp;journal=eLife&amp;doi=10.7554%2FeLife.85492&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Maier%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR72\">Maier, R. &amp; Patterson, N. admixtools: Inferring demographic history from genetic data. R package version 2.0.4. GitHub <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/uqrmaie1\/admixtools\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/github.com\/uqrmaie1\/admixtools\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/github.com\/uqrmaie1\/admixtools<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR73\">1000 Genomes Project Consortium. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature 526, 68\u201374 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature15393\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature15393\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature15393\" aria-label=\"Article reference 73\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature15393\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 73\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20global%20reference%20for%20human%20genetic%20variation&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature15393&amp;volume=526&amp;pages=68-74&amp;publication_year=2015\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR74\">Chac\u00f3n-Duque, J.-C. et al. Latin Americans show wide-spread Converso ancestry and imprint of local Native ancestry on physical appearance. Nat. Commun. 9, 5388 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-07748-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-07748-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-07748-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 74\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-07748-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5388C\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 74\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30568240\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 74\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6300600\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 74\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 74\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Latin%20Americans%20show%20wide-spread%20Converso%20ancestry%20and%20imprint%20of%20local%20Native%20ancestry%20on%20physical%20appearance&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-018-07748-z&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Chac%C3%B3n-Duque%2CJ-C\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR75\">Ringbauer, H., Novembre, J. &amp; Steinr\u00fccken, M. Parental relatedness through time revealed by runs of homozygosity in ancient DNA. Nat. Commun. 12, 5425 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-25289-w\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-25289-w\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-25289-w\" aria-label=\"Article reference 75\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-25289-w\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2021NatCo..12.5425R\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 75\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitVCmsLbJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 75\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34521843\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 75\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8440622\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 75\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 75\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Parental%20relatedness%20through%20time%20revealed%20by%20runs%20of%20homozygosity%20in%20ancient%20DNA&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-021-25289-w&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Ringbauer%2CH&amp;author=Novembre%2CJ&amp;author=Steinr%C3%BCcken%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR76\">Ringbauer, H. et al. Accurate detection of identity-by-descent segments in human ancient DNA. Nat. Genet. 56, 143\u2013151 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41588-023-01582-w\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41588-023-01582-w\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41588-023-01582-w\" aria-label=\"Article reference 76\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41588-023-01582-w\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXis1Kms7%2FE\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38123640\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 76\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Accurate%20detection%20of%20identity-by-descent%20segments%20in%20human%20ancient%20DNA&amp;journal=Nat.%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41588-023-01582-w&amp;volume=56&amp;pages=143-151&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Ringbauer%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR77\">Popli, D., Peyr\u00e9gne, S. &amp; Peter, B. M. KIN: a method to infer relatedness from low-coverage ancient DNA. Genome Biol. 24, 10 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s13059-023-02847-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s13059-023-02847-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s13059-023-02847-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 77\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s13059-023-02847-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhvVGksr4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 77\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36650598\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 77\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9843908\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 77\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 77\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=KIN%3A%20a%20method%20to%20infer%20relatedness%20from%20low-coverage%20ancient%20DNA&amp;journal=Genome%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs13059-023-02847-7&amp;volume=24&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Popli%2CD&amp;author=Peyr%C3%A9gne%2CS&amp;author=Peter%2CBM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR78\">Ala\u00e7aml\u0131, E. et al. READv2: advanced and user-friendly detection of biological relatedness in archaeogenomics. Genome Biol. 25, 216 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s13059-024-03350-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s13059-024-03350-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s13059-024-03350-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 78\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s13059-024-03350-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39135108\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 78\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11318251\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 78\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 78\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=READv2%3A%20advanced%20and%20user-friendly%20detection%20of%20biological%20relatedness%20in%20archaeogenomics&amp;journal=Genome%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs13059-024-03350-3&amp;volume=25&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Ala%C3%A7aml%C4%B1%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR79\">Bl\u00f6cher, J. et al. Descent, marriage, and residence practices of a 3,800-year-old pastoral community in Central Eurasia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2303574120 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.2303574120\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.2303574120\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.2303574120\" aria-label=\"Article reference 79\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.2303574120\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37603728\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 79\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10483636\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 79\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 79\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Descent%2C%20marriage%2C%20and%20residence%20practices%20of%20a%203%2C800-year-old%20pastoral%20community%20in%20Central%20Eurasia&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.2303574120&amp;volume=120&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Bl%C3%B6cher%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR80\">Pouyet, F., Aeschbacher, S., Thi\u00e9ry, A. &amp; Excoffier, L. Background selection and biased gene conversion affect more than 95% of the human genome and bias demographic inferences. eLife 7, e36317 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7554\/eLife.36317\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7554\/eLife.36317\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554%2FeLife.36317\" aria-label=\"Article reference 80\" data-doi=\"10.7554\/eLife.36317\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30125248\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 80\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6177262\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 80\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 80\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Background%20selection%20and%20biased%20gene%20conversion%20affect%20more%20than%2095%25%20of%20the%20human%20genome%20and%20bias%20demographic%20inferences&amp;journal=eLife&amp;doi=10.7554%2FeLife.36317&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Pouyet%2CF&amp;author=Aeschbacher%2CS&amp;author=Thi%C3%A9ry%2CA&amp;author=Excoffier%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR81\">Haller, B. C. &amp; Messer, P. W. SLiM 3: forward genetic simulations beyond the Wright-Fisher model. Mol. Biol. Evol. 36, 632\u2013637 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msy228\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msy228\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsy228\" aria-label=\"Article reference 81\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msy228\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhvFWms7nI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 81\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30517680\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 81\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6389312\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 81\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 81\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=SLiM%203%3A%20forward%20genetic%20simulations%20beyond%20the%20Wright-Fisher%20model&amp;journal=Mol.%20Biol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsy228&amp;volume=36&amp;pages=632-637&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Haller%2CBC&amp;author=Messer%2CPW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR82\">Seabold, S. &amp; Perktold, J. in Proc. 9th Python in Science Conference (eds van der Walt, S. &amp; Millman, J.) 92\u201396 (SciPy, 2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR83\">GEBCO Compilation Group. GEBCO 2022 Grid <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5285\/e0f0bb80-ab44-2739-e053-6c86abc0289c\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.5285\/e0f0bb80-ab44-2739-e053-6c86abc0289c\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5285\/e0f0bb80-ab44-2739-e053-6c86abc0289c<\/a> (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR84\">Hunter, J. D. Matplotlib: a 2D graphics environment. Comput. Sci. Eng. 9, 90\u201395 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109%2FMCSE.2007.55\" aria-label=\"Article reference 84\" data-doi=\"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 84\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Matplotlib%3A%20a%202D%20graphics%20environment&amp;journal=Comput.%20Sci.%20Eng.&amp;doi=10.1109%2FMCSE.2007.55&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=90-95&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Hunter%2CJD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR85\">Wegmann, D., Eckel, R. Demography and life histories across the Roman frontier in Southern Germany 400\u2013700\u2009ce. Zenodo <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.17192653\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.5281\/zenodo.17192653\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.17192653<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Meier, M. Geschichte der V\u00f6lkerwanderung. Europa, Asien und Afrika vom 3. bis zum 8. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (C.&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8553,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[2476,8370,8371,5,939,7102,7103,134],"class_list":{"0":"post-8552","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-germany","8":"tag-archaeology","9":"tag-genetic-variation","10":"tag-genomics","11":"tag-germany","12":"tag-history","13":"tag-humanities-and-social-sciences","14":"tag-multidisciplinary","15":"tag-science"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/germany\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8552","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/germany\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/germany\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/germany\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/germany\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8552"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/germany\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8552\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/germany\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8553"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/germany\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8552"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/germany\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8552"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/germany\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8552"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}