• Nader JL, Mathers TC, Ward BJ, Pachebat JA, Swain MT, Robinson G, et al. Evolutionary genomics of anthroponosis in Cryptosporidium. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4:826–36.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tůmová L, Ježková J, Prediger J, Holubová N, Sak B, Konečný R, et al. Cryptosporidium mortiferum n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae), the species causing lethal cryptosporidiosis in Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). Parasit Vectors. 2023;16:235.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Holubová N, Sak B, Hlásková L, Květoňová D, Hanzal V, Rajský D, et al. Host specificity and age-dependent resistance to Cryptosporidium avium infection in chickens, ducks and pheasants. Exp Parasitol. 2018;191:62–5.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cohn IS, Henrickson SE, Striepen B, Hunter CA. Immunity to Cryptosporidium: lessons from acquired and primary immunodeficiencies. J Immunol. 2022;209:2261–8.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ryan UM, Feng Y, Fayer R, Xiao L. Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia—a 50 year perspective (1971–2021). Int J Parasitol. 2021;51:1099–119.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Stenger BL, Clark ME, Kváč M, Khan E, Giddings CW, Dyer NW, et al. Highly divergent 18S rRNA gene paralogs in a Cryptosporidium genotype from eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus). Infect Genet Evol. 2015;32:113–23.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Stenger BLS, Horčičková M, Clark ME, Kváč M, Čondlová S, Khan E, et al. Cryptosporidium infecting wild cricetid rodents from the subfamilies Arvicolinae and Neotominae. Parasitology. 2017;145:1–9.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Helmy YA, Krucken J, Abdelwhab EM, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Hafez HM. Molecular diagnosis and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in turkeys and chickens in Germany reveals evidence for previously undetected parasite species. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0177150.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pavlásek I, Lávisková M, Horák P, Král J, Král B. Cryptosporidium varanii n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in Emerald monitor (Varanus prasinus Schlegal, 1893) in captivity in Prague zoo. Gazella. 1995;22:99–108, Zoo Praha.

  • Xiao L, Ryan UM, Graczyk TK, Limor J, Li L, Kombert M, et al. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in captive reptiles. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70:891–9.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Richter B, Nedorost N, Maderner A, Weissenböck H. Detection of species in feces or gastric contents from snakes and lizards as determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis and partial sequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2011;23:430–5.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pedraza-Diaz S, Ortega-Mora LM, Carrion BA, Navarro V, Gomez-Bautista M. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium isolates from pet reptiles. Vet Parasitol. 2009;160:204–10.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rinaldi L, Capasso M, Mihalca AD, Cirillo R, Cringoli G, Caccio S. Prevalence and molecular identification of Cryptosporidium isolates from pet lizards and snakes in Italy. Parasite. 2012;19:437–40.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kik MJ, van Asten AJ, Lenstra JA, Kirpensteijn J. Cloaca prolapse and cystitis in green iguana (Iguana iguana) caused by a novel Cryptosporidium species. Vet Parasitol. 2011;175:165–7.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Levine ND. Some corrections of coccidian (Apicomplexa: Protozoa) nomenclature. J Parasitol. 1980;66:830–4.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Koehler AV, Scheelings TF, Gasser RB. Cryptosporidium cf. avium in an inland-bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps)—a case report and review of the literature. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2020;13:150–9.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xiao L, Sulaiman IM, Ryan UM, Zhou L, Atwill ER, Tischler ML, et al. Host adaptation and host-parasite co-evolution in Cryptosporidium: implications for taxonomy and public health. Int J Parasitol. 2002;32:1773–85.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Miláček P, Vítovec J. Differential staining of cryptosporidia by aniline-carbol-methyl violet and tartrazine in smears from feces and scrapings of intestinal mucosa. Folia Parasitol. 1985;32:50.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Kváč M, Ondráčková Z, Květoňová D, Sak B, Vítovec J. Infectivity and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium andersoni to a novel host, southern multimammate mouse (Mastomys coucha). Vet Parasitol. 2007;143:229–33.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Arrowood MJ, Donaldson K. Improved purification methods for calf-derived Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using discontinuous sucrose and cesium chloride gradients. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 1996;43:89S.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Henriksen SA, Pohlenz JF. Staining of cryptosporidia by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Acta Vet Scand. 1981;22:594–6.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ley DH, Levy MG, Hunter L, Corbett W, Barnes HJ. Cryptosporidia-positive rates of avian necropsy accessions determined by examination of auramine o-stained fecal smears. Avian Dis. 1988;32:108–13.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sak B, Kváč M, Hanzlíková D, Cama V. First report of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection on a pig farm in the Czech Republic. Vet Parasitol. 2008;153:220–4.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jiang J, Alderisio KA, Xiao L. Distribution of Cryptosporidium genotypes in storm event water samples from three watersheds in New York. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71:4446–54.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xiao L, Singh A, Limor J, Graczyk TK, Gradus S, Lal A. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium oocysts in samples of raw surface water and wastewater. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001;67:1097–101.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sulaiman IM, Lal AA, Xiao LH. Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary relationships of Cryptosporidium parasites at the actin locus. J Parasitol. 2002;88:388–94.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chelladurai JJ, Clark ME, Kváč M, Holubová N, Khan E, Stenger BL, et al. Cryptosporidium galli and novel Cryptosporidium avian genotype VI in North American red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Parasitol Res. 2016;115:1901–6.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Spano F, Putignani L, Guida S, Crisanti A. Cryptosporidium parvum: PCR-RFLP analysis of the TRAP-C1 (thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of Cryptosporidium -1) gene discriminates between two alleles differentially associated with parasite isolates of animal and human origin. Exp Parasitol. 1998;90:195–8.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kváč M, Havrdová N, Hlasková L, Daňková T, Kanděra J, Ježková J, et al. Cryptosporidium proliferans n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae): molecular and biological evidence of cryptic species within gastric Cryptosporidium of mammals. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0147090.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kváč M, Vítovec J. Prevalence and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium andersoni in one herd of beef cattle. J Vet Med B. 2003;50:451–7.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Kváč M, Vlnatá G, Ježková J, Horčičková M, Konečný R, Hlásková L, et al. Cryptosporidium occultus sp. n. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae) in rats. Eur J Protistol. 2018;63:96–104.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nordhausen K, Sirkia S, Oja H, Tyler D. CSNP: tools for Multivariate Nonparametrics. 2018. R package version 1.1–1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ICSNP.

  • R Core Team: R. A language and environment for statistical computing. In: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria; 2019.

  • Abe N, Matsubara K. Molecular identification of isolates from exotic pet animals in Japan. Vet Parasitol. 2015;209:254–7.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ootawa T, Toda M, Takahashi H, Saruta T, Murakami Y, Iguchi Y, et al. Record of cryptosporidium serpentis from goniurosaurus kuroiwae sengokui (Reptilia, Squamata, Eublepharidae) in Tokashikijima, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 2023;85:1142–5.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Terrell SP, Uhl EW, Funk RS. Proliferative enteritis in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) associated with Cryptosporidium sp. infection. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2003;34:69–75.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Deming C, Greiner E, Uhl EW. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection and characteristics of oocyst shedding in a breeding colony of leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2008;39:600–7.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Taylor MA, Geach MR, Cooley WA. Clinical and pathological observations on natural infections of cryptosporidiosis and flagellate protozoa in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius). Vet Rec. 1999;145:695–9.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Graczyk TK, Cranfield MR, Bostwick EF. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum treatment of moribund Leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) infected with Cryptosporidium sp. Vet Res. 1999;30:377–82.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Takaki Y, Takami Y, Watanabe T, Nakaya T, Murakoshi F. Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium isolates from ill exotic pet animals in Japan including a new subtype in Cryptosporidium fayeri. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2020;21:100430.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Al-Abedi G, Al-Eodawee E, Khalili S, Gharban H. First molecular genotyping of Cryptosporidium felis in cattle, Iraq. Arch Razi Inst. 2022;77:2345–52.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Beser J, Bujila I, Wittesjo B, Lebbad M. From mice to men: three cases of human infection with Cryptosporidium ditrichi. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;78:104120.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kváč M, Myšková E, Holubová N, Kellnerová K, Kicia M, Rajský D, et al. Occurrence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild foxes, wolves, jackals, and bears in central Europe. Folia Parasitol. 2021;2021:002.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Xiao LH, Bern C, Arrowood M, Sulaiman I, Zhou L, Kawai V, et al. Identification of the Cryptosporidium pig genotype in a human patient. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:1846–8.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Trout JM, Lewis EJ, Farley CA, Sulaiman I, et al. Giardia sp. cysts and infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in the feces of migratory Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64:2736–8.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kváč M, Kestřánová M, Květoňová D, Kotková M, Ortega Y, McEvoy J, et al. Cryptosporidium tyzzeri and Cryptosporidium muris originated from wild West-European house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) and East-European house mice (Mus musculus musculus) are non-infectious for pigs. Exp Parasitol. 2012;131:107–10.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kváč M, Kestřánová M, Pinková M, Květoňová D, Kalinová J, Wagnerová P, et al. Cryptosporidium scrofarum n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa). Vet Parasitol. 2013;191:218–27.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Robinson G, Wright S, Elwin K, Hadfield SJ, Katzer F, Bartley PM, et al. Re-description of Cryptosporidium cuniculus Inman and Takeuchi, 1979 (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae): morphology, biology and phylogeny. Int J Parasitol. 2010;40:1539–48.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Holubová N, Sak B, Horčičková M, Hlásková L, Květoňová D, Menchaca S, et al. Cryptosporidium avium n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae) in birds. Parasitol Res. 2016;115:2243–51.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fayer R, Santín M. Cryptosporidium xiaoi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in sheep (Ovis aries). Vet Parasitol. 2009;164:192–200.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tzipori S, Smith M, Halpin C, Angus KW, Sherwood D, Campbell I. Experimental cryptosporidiosis in calves – clinical manifestations and pathological findings. Vet Rec. 1983;112:116–20.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Holubová N, Zikmundová V, Limpouchová Z, Sak B, Konečný R, Hlásková L, et al. Cryptosporidium proventriculi sp. n. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae) in Psittaciformes birds. Eur J Protistol. 2019;69:70–87.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kváč M, Sak B, Kvetoňová D, Ditrich O, Hofmannová L, Modrý D, et al. Infectivity, pathogenicity, and genetic characteristics of mammalian gastric Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic ruminants. Vet Parasitol. 2008;153:363–7.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Holubová N, Tůmová L, Sak B, Hejzlerová A, Konečný R, McEvoy J, et al. Description of Cryptosporidium ornithophilus sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) as a new species and diversity in farmed ostriches. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:340.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lindsay DS, Upton SJ, Owens DS, Morgan UM, Mead JR, Blagburn BL. Cryptosporidium andersoni n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) from cattle, Bos taurus. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2000;47:91–5.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ryan UM, Monis P, Enemark HL, Sulaiman I, Samarasinghe B, Read C, et al. Cryptosporidium suis n. sp. (apicomplexa : cryptosporidiidae) in pigs (Sus scrofa). J Parasitol. 2004;90:769–73.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vítovec J, Hamadejová K, Landová L, Kváč M, Květoňová D, Sak B. Prevalence and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium suis in pre- and post-weaned pigs. J Vet Med B. 2006;53:239–43.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Kopacz Z, Kváč M, Piesiak P, Szydlowicz M, Hendrich AB, Sak B, et al. Cryptosporidium baileyi pulmonary infection in immunocompetent woman with benign neoplasm. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26:1958–61.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Current WL, Upton SJ, Haynes TB. The life cycle of Cryptosporidium baileyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) infecting chickens. J Protozool. 1986;33:289–96.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, Upton SJ. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:72–97.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ruggiero PC, Zacariotti RL, Bondan EF, Lallo MA. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium serpentis in captive snakes. Cienc Rural. 2011;41:1975–8.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Paiva PR, Grego KF, Lima VM, Nakamura AA, da Silva DC, Meireles MV. Clinical, serological, and parasitological analysis of snakes naturally infected with Cryptosporidium serpentis. Vet Parasitol. 2013;198:54–61.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ježková J, Limpouchová Z, Prediger J, Holubová N, Sak B, Konečný R, et al. Cryptosporidium myocastoris n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae), the species adapted to the nutria (Myocastor coypus). Microorganisms. 2021;9:813.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Umemiya R, Fukuda M, Fujisaki K, Matsui T. Electron microscopic observation of the invasion process of Cryptosporidium parvum in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. J Parasitol. 2005;91:1034–9.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Borowski H, Thompson RC, Armstrong T, Clode PL. Morphological characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum life-cycle stages in an in vitro model system. Parasitology. 2010;137:13–26.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Huang J, Chen M, He Y, Chen H, Huang M, Li N, et al. Cryptosporidium equi n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae): biological and genetic characterisations. Int J Parasitol. 2023;53:545–54.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Horčičková M, Čondlová S, Holubová N, Sak B, Květoňová D, Hlasková L, et al. Diversity of Cryptosporidium in common voles and description of Cryptosporidium alticolis sp. n. and Cryptosporidium microti sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae). Parasitology. 2019;146:220–33.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Čondlová S, Horčičková M, Sak B, Květoňová D, Hlásková L, Konečný R, et al. Cryptosporidium apodemi sp. n. and Cryptosporidium ditrichi sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in Apodemus spp. Eur J Protistol. 2018;63:1–12.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Elwin K, Hadfield SJ, Robinson G, Crouch ND, Chalmers RM. Cryptosporidium viatorum n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae) among travellers returning to Great Britain from the Indian subcontinent, 2007–2011. Int J Parasitol. 2012;42:675–82.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Garcia-R JC, Pita AB, Velathanthiri N, Pas A, Hayman DTS. Mammal-related Cryptosporidium infections in endemic reptiles of New Zealand. Parasitol Res. 2023;122:1239–44.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dellarupe A, Unzaga JM, More G, Kienast M, Larsen A, Stiebel C, et al. Cryptosporidium varanii infection in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) in Argentina. Open Vet J. 2016;6:98–101.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Louro M, Hernandez L, Antunes J, Madeira de Carvalho L, Pereira da Fonseca I, Gomes J. Cryptosporidium spp. in reptiles: Detection challenges, molecular characterization and zoonotic risk. Food Waterborne Parasitol. 2025;40:e00272.

  • Pavlásek I, Ryan U. Cryptosporidium varanii takes precedence over C. saurophilum. Exp Parasitol. 2008;118:434–7.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Koudela B, Modrý D. New species of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from lizards. Folia Parasitol. 1998;45:93–100.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Upton SJ, McAllister CT, Freed PS, Barnard SM. Cryptosporidium spp. in wild and captive reptiles. J Wildl Dis. 1989;25:20–30.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar