• Northup, T. E. & Blatt, R. Quantum information transfer using photons. Nat. Photon. 8, 356–363 (2014).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wehner, S., Elkouss, D. & Hanson, R. Quantum internet: a vision for the road ahead. Science 362, eaam9288 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Moreau, P.-A., Toninelli, E., Gregory, T. & Padgett, M. J. Imaging with quantum states of light. Nat. Rev. Phys. 1, 367–380 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhong, H.-S. et al. Quantum computational advantage using photons. Science 370, 1460–1463 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Madsen, L. S. et al. Quantum computational advantage with a programmable photonic processor. Nature 606, 75–81 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Aslam, N. et al. Quantum sensors for biomedical applications. Nat. Rev. Phys. 5, 157–169 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Walmsley, I. A. Quantum optics: science and technology in a new light. Science 348, 525–530 (2015).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chang, D. E., Vuletić, V. & Lukin, M. D. Quantum nonlinear optics—photon by photon. Nat. Photon 8, 685–694 (2014).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Reshef, O., De Leon, I., Alam, M. Z. & Boyd, R. W. Nonlinear optical effects in epsilon-near-zero media. Nat. Rev. Mater. 4, 535–551 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kinsey, N., DeVault, C., Boltasseva, A. & Shalaev, V. M. Near-zero-index materials for photonics. Nat. Rev. Mater. 4, 742–760 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yoshiki, W. & Tanabe, T. All-optical switching using Kerr effect in a silica toroid microcavity. Opt. Express 22, 24332 (2014).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Raja, A. S., et al. Ultrafast optical circuit switching for data centers using integrated soliton microcombs. Nat. Commun. 12, 5867 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Almeida, V. R. et al. All-optical switch on a silicon chip. OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Ser. 96A, 1179–1181 (2004).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Reiserer, A., Ritter, S. & Rempe, G. Nondestructive detection of an optical photon. Science 342, 1349–1351 (2013).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dayan, B. et al. Regulated by one atom. Science 319, 22–25 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shomroni, I. et al. All-optical routing of single photons by a one-atom switch controlled by a single photon. Science 345, 903–906 (2014).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Aoki, T. et al. Observation of strong coupling between one atom and a monolithic microresonator. Nature 443, 671–674 (2006).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Volz, T. et al. Ultrafast all-optical switching by single photons. Nat. Photon. 6, 605–609 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Reithmaier, J. P. et al. Strong coupling in a single quantum dot-semiconductor microcavity system. Nature 432, 197–200 (2004).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Englund, D. et al. Controlling cavity reflectivity with a single quantum dot. Nature 450, 857–861 (2007).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sun, S., Kim, H., Luo, Z., Solomon, G. S. & Waks, E. A single-photon switch and transistor enabled by a solid-state quantum memory. Science 361, 57–60 (2018).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Javadi, A. et al. Single-photon non-linear optics with a quantum dot in a waveguide. Nat. Commun. 6, 8655 (2015).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bhaskar, M. K. et al. Experimental demonstration of memory-enhanced quantum communication. Nature 580, 60–64 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zasedatelev, A. V. et al. Single-photon nonlinearity at room temperature. Nature 597, 493–497 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lee, C. et al. Giant nonlinear optical responses from photon-avalanching nanoparticles. Nature 589, 230–235 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, J., MacDonald, K. F. & Zheludev, N. I. Controlling light-with-light without nonlinearity. Light Sci. Appl. 1, e18 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Roger, T. et al. Coherent perfect absorption in deeply subwavelength films in the single-photon regime. Nat. Commun. 6, 7031 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Furusawa, A. et al. Unconditional quantum teleportation. Science 282, 706–709 (1998).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Soref, R. & Bennett, B. Electrooptical effects in silicon. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23, 123–129 (1987).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Reed, G. T., Mashanovich, G., Gardes, F. Y. & Thomson, D. Silicon optical modulators. Nat. Photon. 4, 518–526 (2010).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jellison, G. E. & Burke, H. H. The temperature dependence of the refractive index of silicon at elevated temperatures at several laser wavelengths. J. Appl. Phys. 60, 841–843 (1986).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li, H. H. Refractive index of silicon and germanium and its wavelength and temperature derivatives. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 9, 561–658 (1980).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kindereit, U. Fundamentals and future applications of laser voltage probing. In Proc. IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (ed. Kaplar, R.) 3F.1.1–3F.1.11 (IEEE, 2014).

  • Ganesh, U. Laser voltage probing (LVP) – Its value and the race against scaling. Microelectron. Reliab. 64, 294–298 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Eisaman, M. D., Fan, J., Migdall, A. & Polyakov, S. V. Invited review article: single-photon sources and detectors. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 071101 (2011).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Stringer, L. F. Thyristor DC systems for non-ferrous hot line. IEEE Ind. Static Power Control 6, 10 (1965).


    Google Scholar
     

  • McKay, K. G. Avalanche breakdown in silicon. Phys. Rev. 94, 877–884 (1954).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Haitz, R. H., Goetzberger, A., Scarlett, R. M. & Shockley, W. Avalanche effects in silicon p-n junctions. J. Appl. Phys. 34, 983 (1963).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Capasso, F. Physics of avalanche photodiodes. Semicond. Semimet. 22, 1–172 (1985).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Logan, R. A., Chynoweth, A. G. & Cohen, B. G. Avalanche breakdown in gallium arsenide p-n junctions. Phys. Rev. 128, 2518–2523 (1962).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cova, S., Longoni, A. & Andreoni, A. Towards picosecond resolution with single-photon avalanche diodes. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 52, 408–412 (1981).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xu, Q. & Lipson, M. Carrier-induced optical bistability in silicon ring resonators. Opt. Lett. 31, 341 (2006).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fan, L. et al. An all-silicon passive optical diode. Science 335, 447–450 (2012).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lin, Y. et al. Monolithically integrated, broadband, high-efficiency silicon nitride-on-silicon waveguide photodetectors in a visible-light integrated photonics platform. Nat. Commun. 13, 6362 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hu, J. et al. Diffractive optical computing in free space. Nat. Commun. 15, 1525 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhao, Y., Yang, Y. & Sun, H.-B. Nonlinear meta-optics towards applications. PhotoniX 2, 3 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Abdollahramezani, S., Hemmatyar, O. & Adibi, A. Meta-optics for spatial optical analog computing. Nanophotonics 9, 4075–4095 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sakaguchi, A. et al. Nonlinear feedforward enabling quantum computation. Nat. Commun. 14, 3817 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tutorial: high speed fiber modulator basics. AeroDiode http://www.aerodiode.com/fiber-modulator-basics (2025).

  • Cheng, Z. et al. On-chip silicon electro-optical modulator with ultra-high extinction ratio for fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing. Nat. Commun. 14, 7409 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xu, Q., Schmidt, B., Pradhan, S. & Lipson, M. Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator. Nature 435, 325–327 (2005).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gardes, F. Y., Reed, G. T., Emerson, N. G. & Png, C. E. A sub-micron depletion-type photonic modulator in silicon on insulator. Opt. Express 13, 8845 (2005).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Clerici, M. et al. Controlling hybrid nonlinearities in transparent conducting oxides via two-colour excitation. Nat. Commun. 8, 15829 (2017).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lee, S. et al. High gain, low noise 1550 nm GaAsSb/AlGaAsSb avalanche photodiodes. Optica 10, 147 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vahala, K. J. Optical microcavities. Nature 424, 839–846 (2003).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bogdanov, S. I., Boltasseva, A. & Shalaev, V. M. Overcoming quantum decoherence with plasmonics. Science 364, 532–533 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dharanipathy, U. P., Minkov, M., Tonin, M., Savona, V. & Houdré, R. High-Q silicon photonic crystal cavity for enhanced optical nonlinearities. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 101101 (2014).

  • Albrechtsen, M. et al. Nanometer-scale photon confinement in topology-optimized dielectric cavities. Nat. Commun. 13, 6281 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sychev, D. V. Supplementary files to ‘All-optical modulation with single photons using electron avalanche’. figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30209770 (2025).