Scientists find weird ‘hot’ gas cluster from about 12 billion years ago that shouldn’t be there

The object is from just 1.4 billion years after the Big Bang, and blazing with hot gas. It was found far earlier in the universe, and is far hotter, than researchers would ever have expected.

The find was so surprising that researchers initially thought it might actually be a mistake.

“We didn’t expect to see such a hot cluster atmosphere so early in cosmic history,” Dazhi Zhou, from the University of British Columbia in Canada, said.

“In fact, at first I was sceptical about the signal as it was too strong to be real.

“But after months of verification, we’ve confirmed this gas is at least five times hotter than predicted, and even hotter and more energetic than what we find in many present-day clusters.”

Scientists believe that something in the early universe – probably three supermassive black holes that were found in that cluster – was pumping hot air around the cluster.

Understanding galaxy clusters is the key to understanding the biggest galaxies in the universe

They didn’t think that something so powerful would be happening so early in the life of the universe.

That could change our understanding of how the clusters of galaxies that clump together and form the shape of the universe first formed.

The work focused on a “baby” galaxy cluster called SPT2349-56, which scientists looked back about 12 billion years to see.

Though it is young, it is massive, with 30 active galaxies and a core that measures 500,000 light years across.

They looked at it using a set of telescopes called the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, or Alma.

To measure it, they used a tool called the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, which allows them to work out the thermal energy of a cluster.

The fact that it is so hot suggests that the birth of galaxy clusters is far more explosive than researchers had thought.

That might suggest a need for a rethink of our understanding of how they begin and evolve.

“Understanding galaxy clusters is the key to understanding the biggest galaxies in the universe,” Scott Chapman, a professor at Dalhousie University, said.

“These massive galaxies mostly reside in clusters, and their evolution is heavily shaped by the very strong environment of the clusters as they form, including the intracluster medium.”

The work is described in a new study, “Sunyaev-Zeldovich detection of hot intracluster gas at redshift 4.3”, published in the journal Nature.