References used to create this graphic:

Chasing the Northern Lights,” National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). Dec. 4, 2017. Updated Dec. 20, 2024.

Goswami, Prittam. “Aurora and Its Underlying Science.” Resonance (August 2021). DOI: 10.1007/s12045-021-1208-y..

Hanna, P.B. and C.D. Anger. “Auroral Colour Variations.” Planet. Space Sci. (April 1971). DOI: 10.1016/0032-0633(71)90046-8.

To see more of Brunning’s work, go to compoundchem.com. To see all of C&EN’s Periodic Graphics, visit cenm.ag/periodicgraphics.