• Katz JN, Zimmerman ZE, Mass H, Makhni MC. Diagnosis and management of lumbar spinal stenosis: a review. JAMA. 2022;327(17):1688–99.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ghogawala Z, Dziura J, Butler WE, Dai F, Terrin N, Magge SN, et al. Laminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(15):1424–34.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hwang RW, Briggs CM, Greenwald SD, Manberg PJ, Chamoun NG, Tromanhauser SG. Surgical treatment of single-level lumbar stenosis is associated with lower 2-year mortality and total cost compared with nonsurgical treatment: a risk-adjusted, paired analysis. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2023;105(3):214–22.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Costa F, Sassi M, Cardia A, Ortolina A, De Santis A, Luccarell G, et al. Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: analysis of results in a series of 374 patients treated with unilateral laminotomy for bilateral microdecompression. J Neurosurg Spine. 2007;7(6):579–86.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ha KY, Kim YH, Kim SI, Park HY, Seo JH. Decompressive laminectomy alone for degenerative lumbar scoliosis with spinal stenosis: incidence of post-laminectomy instability in the elderly. Clin Orthop Surg. 2020;12(4):493–502.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Alhaug OK, Dolatowski FC, Solberg TK, Lonne G. Predictors for failure after surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: a prospective observational study. Spine J. 2023;23(2):261–70.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Haider G, Varshneya K, Rodrigues A, Marianayagam N, Stienen MN, Veeravagu A. Progression to fusion after lumbar laminectomy for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: rate and risk-factors. A national database study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2023;233:107919.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Karlsson T, Forsth P, Skorpil M, Pazarlis K, Ohagen P, Michaelsson K, et al. Decompression alone or decompression with fusion for lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized clinical trial with two-year MRI follow-up. Bone Jt J. 2022;104–B(12):1343–51.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Awaya T, Nishimura Y, Eguchi K, Nagashima Y, Ando R, Akahori S, et al. Radiological analysis of minimally invasive microscopic laminectomy for lumbar Canal stenosis with a focus on multilevel stenosis and spondylolisthesis. World Neurosurg. 2022;164:e224–34.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lv B, Sun S, Wang H, Xiao L, Xu T, Ji P, et al. Clinical efficacy and rehabilitation of microscopic over the top for bilateral decompression in degenerative lumbar stenosis: a retrospective study. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:7174354.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kapetanakis S, Gkantsinikoudis N, Charitoudis G. Full-endoscopic ventral facetectomy vs open laminectomy for lumbar lateral recess stenosis: a comparative study and brief literature review. Int J Spine Surg. 2022;16(2):361–72.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Qin L, Jiang X, Zhao S, Guo W, You D. A comparison of minimally invasive surgical techniques and standard open discectomy for lumbar disc herniation: a network meta-analysis. Pain Physician. 2024;27(3):E305–16.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li T, Yang G, Zhong W, Liu J, Ding Z, Ding Y. Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal vs. interlaminar discectomy for L5-S1 lumbar disc herniation: a retrospective propensity score matching study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2024;19(1):64.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li Z, Jiang CY, Xu BS. A comparative study on the clinical efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy and conventional open surgery in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(3Part–II):297–302.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li H, Ou Y, Xie F, Liang W, Tian G, Li H. Linical efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis in elderly patients: a retrospective study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15(1):441.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kambin P, Sampson S. Posterolateral percutaneous suction-excision of herniated lumbar intervertebral discs. Report of interim results. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986;207:37–43.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Choi CM, Chung JT, Lee SJ, Choi DJ. How I do it? Biportal endoscopic spinal surgery (BESS) for treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2016;158(3):459–63.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jia D, Qiao X, Wang X, Li S, Li Q, Hao Y, et al. Early efficacy observation of the unilateral biportal endoscopic technique in the treatment of multi-level lumbar spinal stenosis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2024;19(1):117.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wu T, Liu D, Meng F, Lu JH, Chen YF, Fan Z. Awake unilateral biportal endoscopic decompression under local anesthesia for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis in the elderly: a feasibility study with technique note. Clin Interv Aging. 2024;19:41–50.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jianjian Y, Ma T, Gao G, Chen Q, Nong L. Early clinical and radiological evaluation of unilateral biportal endoscopic unilateral laminotomy bilateral decompression in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: a retrospective study. J Neurol Surg Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2024.

  • Lin GX, Yao ZK, Xin C, Kim JS, Chen CM, Hu BS. A meta-analysis of clinical effects of microscopic unilateral laminectomy bilateral decompression (ULBD) versus biportal endoscopic ULBD for lumbar Canal stenosis. Front Surg. 2022;9:1002100.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • He BL, Zhu ZC, Lin LQ, Sun JF, Huang YH, Meng C, et al. Comparison of biportal endoscopic technique and uniportal endoscopic technique in unilateral laminectomy for bilateral decomprssion (ULBD) for lumbar spinal stenosis. Asian J Surg. 2024;47(1):112–7.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cheng X, Wu Y, Chen B, Tang J. A comparative study of unilateral biportal endoscopic decompression and percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic decompression for geriatric patients with lumbar lateral recess stenosis. J Pain Res. 2023;16:2241–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hua W, Liao Z, Chen C, Feng X, Ke W, Wang B, et al. Clinical outcomes of uniportal and biportal lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a retrospective pair-matched case-control study. World Neurosurg. 2022;161:e134–45.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Heo DH, Lee DC, Park CK. Comparative analysis of three types of minimally invasive decompressive surgery for lumbar central stenosis: biportal endoscopy, uniportal endoscopy, and microsurgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;46(5):E9.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tang Z, Tan J, Shen M, Yang H. Comparative efficacy of unilateral biportal and percutaneous endoscopic techniques in unilateral laminectomy for bilateral decompression (ULBD) for lumbar spinal stenosis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):713.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hwang YH, Kim JS, Chough CK, Cho J, Kim HS, Jang JW, et al. Prospective comparative analysis of three types of decompressive surgery for lumbar central stenosis: conventional, full-endoscopic, and biportal endoscopic laminectomy. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):19853.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tan Y, Lao G, Wei Z, Zhang H, Liang S, Huang Y, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness between UBE and PELD in the treatment of degenerate lumbar spinal stenosis. Chin J Orthop Clin Basic Res. 2024;14(2):115–20. (in Chinese).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Han G, Ma L, Cheng Y, Zheng K, Qi J, Dong Z, et al. Comparison of effectiveness between unilateral biportal endoscopic and uniportal interlaminar endoscopic decompression in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Chin J Repar Reconstr Surg. 2024;38(03):324–30. (in Chinese).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Bi J, Li R, Sun N, Li Y, Wang J, Sun Z. Comparison of unilateral biportal endoscopic and percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for lumbar spinal stenosis. Chin J Min Inv Surg. 2022;22(2):102–7. (in Chinese).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Meng F, Dai X, Yu Y, Jia Q, Wang C, Kuang L. Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopy versus unilateral biportal endoscopy for lumbar spinal stenosis in elderly. Orthop J China. 2024;32(06):493–9. (in Chinese).


    Google Scholar
     

  • He F, Han P, Wang X, Zhang W, Wu B. Comparison of the effect of biportal endoscopy and percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy and fenestration discectomy in lumbar spinal stenosis. Xinjiang Med J. 2023;53(11):1321–6. (in Chinese).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang G, Qi W, Chen Y, Sun J. Comparison of two kinds of endoscopic surgery for lumbar lateral recess stenosis accompanied with disc herniation. Orthop J China. 2022;30(15):1350–5. (in Chinese).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chen Y, Tian D, Wang L, Chen L, Zhu B, Yu X, et al. Comparison of two endoscopic decompression procedures for lumbar spinal stenosis. Orthop J China. 2023;31(15):1345–50. (in Chinese).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Li C, Zhong C, Shi Y, Xu N, Zhang B, Wang H. Comparison of the efficacy of foraminoscopy and unilateral biportal spinal endoscopy in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Mod Med Health Res. 2024;8(10):47–50. (in Chinese).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Yu X, Yue H, Wei H, Li Q, Li Z. Comparative study of unilateral biportal endoscopic and traditional open surgery in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Altern Ther Health Med. 2023;29(5):370–4.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tan B, Yang QY, Fan B, Xiong C. Decompression via unilateral biportal endoscopy for severe degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: a comparative study with decompression via open discectomy. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1132698.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xu D, Shu W, Lian L, Jiang W, Hu X, Gan K et al. The clinical effect of unilateral decompressive laminectomy plus fusion with unilateral biportal endoscopic technique for single level lumbar spinal stenosis. Asian J Surg. 2024.

  • Ozer MI, Demirtas OK. Comparison of lumbar microdiscectomy and unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy outcomes: a single-center experience. J Neurosurg Spine. 2024;40(3):351–8.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Park SM, Lee HJ, Park HJ, Choi JY, Kwon O, Lee S, et al. Biportal endoscopic versus microscopic discectomy for lumbar herniated disc: a randomized controlled trial. Spine J. 2023;23(1):18–26.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yang YC, Hsieh MH, Chien JT, Liu KC, Yang CC. Outcomes of FETD versus UBE in the treatment of L5S1 foraminal stenosis: A comparative study. Heliyon. 2024;10(6):e27592.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhuang H, Li J, Guo S, An N, Fan Z, Tan H, et al. Hidden blood loss in three different endoscopic spinal procedures for lumbar disc herniation. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2024;86(2):655–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wu S, Zhong D, Zhao G, Liu Y, Wang Y. Comparison of clinical outcomes between unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy and percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy for migrated lumbar disc herniation at lower lumbar spine: a retrospective controlled study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2024;19(1):21.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhou H, Wang X, Chen Z, Liu W, Luo J. Unilateral biportal endoscopy versus microscopic decompression in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(14):e32756.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang YP, Qin SL, Yang S, Xu YF, Han PF. Efficacy and safety of unilateral biportal endoscopy compared with microscopic decompression in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review and updated meta–analysis. Exp Ther Med. 2023;26(1):309.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Junjie L, Jiheng Y, Jun L, Haixiong L, Haifeng Y. Comparison of unilateral biportal endoscopy decompression and microscopic decompression effectiveness in lumbar spinal stenosis treatment: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Asian Spine J. 2023;17(2):418–30.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xu J, Wang D, Liu J, Zhu C, Bao J, Gao W, et al. Learning curve and complications of unilateral biportal endoscopy: cumulative sum and risk-adjusted cumulative sum analysis. Neurospine. 2022;19(3):792–804.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jiang HW, Chen CD, Zhan BS, Wang YL, Tang P, Jiang XS. Unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy versus percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation: a retrospective study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2022;17(1):30.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lin GX, Huang P, Kotheeranurak V, Park CW, Heo DH, Park CK, et al. A systematic review of unilateral biportal endoscopic spinal surgery: preliminary clinical results and complications. World Neurosurg. 2019;125:425–32.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Park HJ, Kim SK, Lee SC, Kim W, Han S, Kang SS. Dural tears in percutaneous biportal endoscopic spine surgery: anatomical location and management. World Neurosurg. 2020;136:e578–85.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kim N, Jung SB. Percutaneous unilateral biportal endoscopic spine surgery using a 30-Degree arthroscope in patients with severe lumbar spinal stenosis: a technical note. Clin Spine Surg. 2019;32(8):324–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Choi DJ, Choi CM, Jung JT, Lee SJ, Kim YS. Learning curve associated with complications in biportal endoscopic spinal surgery: challenges and strategies. Asian Spine J. 2016;10(4):624–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ahn Y, Lee S, Son S, Kim H, Kim JE. Learning curve for transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy: a systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2020;143:471–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yin J, Gao G, Chen S, Ma T, Nong L. Comparative study between unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy and percutaneous interlaminar endoscopic discectomy for the treatment of L5/S1 disc herniation. World Neurosurg. 2025;194:123526.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chang H, Xu J, Yang D, Sun J, Gao X, Ding W. Comparison of full-endoscopic foraminoplasty and lumbar discectomy (FEFLD), unilateral biportal endoscopic (UBE) discectomy, and microdiscectomy (MD) for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation. Eur Spine J. 2023;32(2):542–54.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li L, An J, Guo L, Shan X, Sun Y, Li J, et al. Comparison of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) and unilateral biportal endoscopic (UBE) discectomy in the treatment of Far lateral lumbar disc herniation (FLLDH): a retrospective study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2025;20(1):510.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yang YF, Yu JC, Zhu ZW, Li YW, Xiao Z, Zhi CG, et al. Comparison of clinical outcomes and cost-utility between unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy and percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy for single-level lumbar disc herniation: a retrospective matched controlled study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2024;19(1):755.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang B, Lü G, Patel AA, Ren P, Cheng I. An evaluation of the learning curve for a complex surgical technique: the full endoscopic interlaminar approach for lumbar disc herniations. Spine J. 2011;11(2):122–30.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar