Volatile compounds drifting on the breeze. Electrical pulses firing under bark. Scientists are discovering that trees are anything but silent.
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Typically, the first thing you’re struck by after walking into a forest is stillness. You might notice some rustling pine needles, bird calls or the wind — but, otherwise, we regard forests as quiet, peaceful places. However, little do we know that, beneath that serenity, there’s a constant exchange of chemical messages drifting from leaf to leaf, from tree to tree and from root to root.
Here’s why the “silence” we associate with forests only exists from a human point of view.
The ‘Emergency Broadcast System’ Trees Use In The Forest
Botanists have spent decades trying to determine whether plants simply react to their surroundings, or whether they’re actually communicating with one another in their own unique way. This question gave rise to a wave of research over the last ten years, and it has made the answer increasingly clear: plants do, indeed, “talk,” and other plants understand them, too.
“Talk” isn’t a metaphor here — but it also doesn’t imply communication in the meaningful sense you know it to. Rather, it means “talking” in terms of chemistry.
The late goldenrod or tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima) was found to omit complex VOCs.
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Specifically, when a tree is attacked by insects or stressed by environmental threats, it releases a cloud of volatile organic compounds (VOCs): airborne chemicals that float toward neighboring plants. In turn, those surrounding plants are able to detect the message being sent, and then begin preparing defenses of their own. Some call in predators; others fortify their tissues; some even warn more plants downwind.
This finding was published in a 2019 study from Current Biology, which looked at late goldenrod (Solidago altissima), and unpacked the highly specific VOC signature that plants release when they’re under attack. These essentially served as a chemical “SOS” signal: neighboring plants within the study were observed to respond within hours by ramping up their own defensive compounds.
According to the study’s results, these VOCs include:
- Terpenes, the piney scent that can repel herbivores
- Green leaf volatiles, like (Z)-3-hexenal produced by damaged leaves
- Jasmonates, hormone-like compounds that activate defense genes
Further research, such as a 2021 review published in The Plant Journal, built upon this discovery. This study in particular revealed that terpenes act as mediators of plant-to-plant communication. Namely, they’re what help plants relay information about potential threats: herbivores, pathogens and even environmental stress.
By 2023, researchers were able to witness this communication happen in real time. A Nature Communications study showed that specific green leaf volatiles (a subset of VOCs) release a rapid calcium signaling cascade in nearby plants, which can be considered the molecular equivalent of an alarm bell.
The researchers behind the 2023 identified two specific green-leaf volatiles emitted by damaged leaves: (Z)-3-hexenal (Z-3-HAL) and (E)-2-hexenal (E-2-HAL). In turn, these triggered calcium (Ca²⁺) signaling in neighboring plants within minutes. That calcium flux shows the receiving plant is not merely “smelling” the signal, but actively responding to an airborne alert. Within minutes, the receiving plant begins reallocating resources, shifting chemical priorities, and reinforcing its tissues before danger arrives.
What Trees Are Actually Saying
Botanists are beginning to decode the messages embedded in plant chemical communication. Fascinatingly, the topics of these “conversations” turn out to be surprisingly varied:
- Danger from insects. When caterpillars chew through leaves, the damaged plant releases VOCs that warn nearby plants, attract insects that prey on the caterpillars, and trigger the immediate production of tannins, lignins, and bitter compounds. This indirect defense (calling in predators) is well documented in crops like maize.
- Pathogen threats. Plants infected with fungi or bacteria release signals that activate immune responses in neighbors. In some species, immune priming can last weeks.
- Drought and heat stress. Stressed plants emit different VOC signatures that cause neighbors to conserve water or shift their metabolism even before conditions worsen.
- Mechanical damage. Windstorms and broken branches can trigger a general alert, priming trees for further physical stress.
However, plants’ airborne messaging system is only one aspect of their communication. As a 2024 study from Nature Plants explains, underground tree roots are linked by vast networks of symbiotic fungi called mycorrhizae. These threadlike filaments can connect dozens (sometimes even hundreds) of individual trees across a forest. Ecologists have started to call this underground tangle the “wood-wide web.”
Through these fungal links, plants can exchange:
- Carbon and nitrogen
- Water
- Stress hormones
- Defensive chemicals
- And possibly even electrical signals
While some scientists are still hesitant to attribute real intention or “altruism” to plants and their messages, there is nevertheless mounting evidence for resource sharing and stress buffering under certain conditions.
Are Trees ‘Talking,’ Or Are We Over-interpreting?
Not all scientists agree on the interpretation of plant communication research. Some argue that plants are simply biochemical machines reacting to environmental cues. Others believe the complexity suggests more: coordinated behavior, evolved strategies that benefit entire plant communities.
Still, even skeptics are willing to admit that, regardless of what we call it, plants are perceiving, signaling and responding to one another with remarkable sophistication. The better question, then, is what does this chemical connectivity mean on an ecological scale? The answer comes down to four main factors:
- Enhanced resilience. A single attacked tree can trigger defense responses across a wide area. As a result, they’re able to reduce herbivore spread and limit damage.
- Community-level survival strategies. Dense forests, where communication is usually strong, tend to be much more resilient to pests and disease outbreaks.
- Better adaptation to climate stress. When one plant experiences water stress, the VOC alerts may help neighbors shift into their more drought-tolerant modes more quickly.
- A shift in forest management. Some conservationists now believe that preserving fungal networks and plant diversity is crucial for maintaining communication pathways. Forests that are replanted without these networks may struggle to achieve the resilience of old-growth ecosystems.
We are still in the early chapters of decoding plant communication. But emerging technologies — genetic sensors, airborne VOC detectors, root-network imaging — are opening new windows into the forest’s hidden conversations.
Future researchers may map chemical dialogues in real time, tracing how messages move from canopy to canopy across miles. Some envision forest “health dashboards,” where VOC signatures warn of disease outbreaks long before we can see them.
We may eventually learn that every rustle of leaves, every waft of scent, every invisible molecular pulse is part of a complex ecological symphony. A forest alive with information, cooperation and mutual survival.
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